不同生育时期干旱胁迫对‘迪庆苦荞''和‘黑丰一号''苦荞生长及生理特性的影响

为明确'迪庆苦荞'和'黑丰一号'苦荞的水分敏感时期,及其合理灌溉、稳产栽培、节水生产,该文以'迪庆苦荞'和'黑丰一号'苦荞为试验材料,采用盆栽人工控水试验,研究了苗期、花期、成熟期干旱胁迫(S)对其生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:(1)干旱胁迫显著影响了这两种苦荞的生长,表现为株高、茎粗、叶面积、茎叶干重、根系体积、根系表面积、根系平均直径、根系干重、根系活力、根系可溶性蛋白含量均显著低于对照(CK);根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、丙二醛(MDA)、游离脯氨酸含量显著高于对照处理,干旱胁迫下'迪庆苦荞'比'黑丰一号'表现更优。(2)不同生育时期干旱胁迫对这两种苦荞各指标的影响程度表现为花期苗期成熟期;花期干旱胁迫对茎叶干重的影响最大,花期干旱胁迫与对照相比,'迪庆苦荞'和'黑丰一号'的茎叶干重分别降低了44.47%、51.04%。综上所述,干旱影响了这两种苦荞的生长,花期干旱胁迫对其影响最大,'迪庆苦荞'在干旱胁迫下生长较好,受到的影响较小,所以,在生产实践中,应注意苦荞花期水分的及时供应。     

‘章姬’草莓茎段愈伤组织诱导及高频植株再生体系的建立

该研究以‘章姬’脱毒苗带节匍匐茎段为外植体,以MS为基本培养基,进行单因素预实验,选取适合‘章姬’草莓生长的植物激素种类和质量浓度范围,进而通过L_9(3~4)正交实验研究不同植物激素种类及其质量浓度对愈伤组织诱导、丛芽发生及植株再生的影响。结果表明:采用的3种基本培养基中,B_5和1/2MS对抑制培养过程中的褐化现象明显优于MS,而附加20 g·L~(-1)Na_2S_2O_3在保证材料存活的前提下,大大降低了褐化率;去除褐化的材料在MS+0.1 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.05 mg·L~(-1)2,4-D+0.1 mg·L~(-1)NAA中可同步进行愈伤组织诱导和丛芽发生;丛芽增殖培养基为MS+0.1 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.1 mg·L~(-1)NAA,30 d后繁殖系数可达12.86;试管苗生根则在1/2MS+1.0 g·L~(-1)AC中进行,35 d后可获得生长健壮的再生植株,生根率92.50%。再生苗移栽成活率在95%以上。该研究建立了‘章姬’草莓体外高效快速繁殖体系,对短期内为‘章姬’草莓栽培提供大量种性稳定、质量优良的种苗具有重要意义,同时为其他草莓品种的体外快繁提供了技术参考。     

粗糙肉齿菌子实体化学成分研究

利用硅胶柱层析、RP-8层析及Sephadex LH-20分离的方法,从高等真菌粗糙肉齿菌(Sarcodon scabrosus)干燥子实体的甲醇提取物中分离并鉴定了8个化合物,经现代光谱技术鉴定分别为苯甲酸(1)、麦角甾-5,7,22-三烯-3β-醇(2)、2',3'-二乙酰基-3,4,5',6',4″-五羟基-对联三苯(3)和1-乙基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4)、对羟基苯甲酸(5)、丁二酸(6)、腺嘌呤(7)、腺嘌呤核苷(8).以上化合物均为首次从粗糙肉齿菌中获得.     

‘东红''猕猴桃高效再生体系的建立

为有力推动猕猴桃产业化种苗生产及推广,快速高效地繁育猕猴桃新种质资源,同时为猕猴桃多倍体育种、转基因育种等新兴育种技术创造新种质资源奠定基础,该研究以‘东红’猕猴桃叶片、叶柄为外植体,探讨了不同植物生长调节剂种类及质量浓度组合对不定芽诱导过程中不定芽形成的影响,并研究了不同植物生长调节剂对‘东红’组培苗不定根诱导的影响。结果表明:‘东红’再生最佳外植体为叶柄,叶柄不定芽再生最佳培养基为MS+0.5μg·mL~(-1)6-BA+0.2μg·mL~(-1)NAA,不定芽平均再生率为91.2%;不定芽经过壮苗培养(MS+0.2μg·mL~(-1)6-BA+0.05μg·mL~(-1)NAA),取2～3 cm高幼苗进行生根诱导,不定根再生率为93%,平均根数为6条;生根后,种苗移栽成活率在80%以上。初步建立了‘东红’叶柄高效再生体系,为猕猴桃快速的产业化种苗生产及推广提供了有力保证,也为后期猕猴桃育种研究提供理论依据。     

5''-Aza-CdR 对B细胞淋巴瘤的抑制作用及对瘤细胞CHFR 表达和甲基化的影响

目的:探讨5-氮杂-2'-脱氧胞苷(5'-Aza-Cd R)对人伯基特淋巴瘤Raji裸鼠移植瘤的抑制作用,以及对瘤组织中CHFR表达和甲基化的影响。方法:1皮下接种Raji细胞悬液构建荷瘤裸鼠模型18只,并随机分为实验组和对照组,分别予腹腔内注射等体积的5'-Aza-Cd R(1μg/g)及生理盐水,计算肿瘤体积大小,绘制肿瘤生长曲线,24天后比较两组移植瘤体积大小和重量。2分别从移植瘤组织中提取DNA及RNA,应用实时荧光定量PCR检测CHFR m RNA的表达,甲基化特异性聚合酶链反应(MSP)检测CHFR基因甲基化情况。结果:1实验组移植瘤生长速度较缓慢。实验结束时,实验组移植瘤体积、重量与对照组相比,差异有显著统计学意义(P0.01)。2实验组瘤细胞中CHFR m RNA的表达水平(3.69±1.20)与对照组(1.04±0.30)相比,差异有显著统计学意义(t=3.94,P0.001)。3实验组中的甲基化条带与对照组相比明显变暗,同时出现非甲基化条带,对照组中CHFR基因启动子只有甲基化条带被扩增。结论:5'-Aza-Cd R能抑制人伯基特淋巴瘤的生长,诱导瘤细胞CHFR m RNA表达增加,其机制可能为5'-Aza-Cd R使甲基化的CHFR启动子发生去甲基化。     

叶面喷施钙镁肥对‘妃子笑''荔枝果肉苹果酸积累的影响

为探讨叶面喷施钙镁肥对‘妃子笑''荔枝果肉苹果酸积累的影响,该文对‘妃子笑''荔枝树冠作喷布0.3%氯化钙(Ca)、0.3%氯化镁(Mg)及其二者混合(Ca+Mg)等水溶液处理,以树冠喷布清水为对照(CK),测定不同生长时期果肉水溶性钙和镁、苹果酸等含量及苹果酸代谢相关酶活性的动态变化,并作多元线性相关分析。结果表明:(1)苹果酸含量呈“L”型变化,Mg、Ca和Ca+Mg处理在果实发育前期促进苹果酸积累,Ca处理在后期促进苹果酸积累。(2)果肉水溶性钙含量总体呈上升趋势,水溶性镁含量大致呈“M”的动态变化趋势。(3)CK和Ca处理的苹果酸含量与NADP-ME活性、Ca+Mg处理的苹果酸含量与PEPC和NAD-MDH活性等均呈正相关,CK的苹果酸含量与PEPC活性、MS活性呈负相关。(4)水溶性钙抑制NAD-MDH、NADP-ME等活性,水溶性镁抑制NAD-MDH、MS等活性。综上认为,钙、镁叶面营养通过改变水溶性钙、镁等含量和苹果酸代谢途径不同关键酶活性而影响果肉苹果酸积累,其中Ca处理可能通过积累更多的苹果酸而抑制果肉呼吸作用,进而使果肉减少糖分损失,在生产中可作施肥技术应用。该研究结果为我国荔枝实际生产提供一定的理论参考和技术支持。     

氮、磷、钾肥对绣球‘花手鞠''容器苗生长及养分状况的影响

为指导绣球容器苗的合理施肥,该研究以两年生盆栽绣球‘花手鞠''(Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Hanatemari'')为材料,利用“3414”平衡施肥设计,研究了氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)三种肥料的4个水平(N、K₂O:0、4、8、12 g·plant^-1; P₂O₅:0、1.5、3.0、4.5 g·plant^-1)对‘花手鞠''生长及植物养分状况的影响,并利用临界浓度法确定适宜的施肥量,为绣球容器苗的科学施肥提供依据。结果表明:(1)在氮(N)肥处理中,‘花手鞠''苗高、蓬径、植物生长指数(PGI)、地上部分及全株生物量均随施肥量升高呈上升趋势,当施肥量超过“2”水平时,这些指标升高不再显著,或略有下降。(2)低水平磷(P)肥(P1)和低水平钾(K)肥(K1)有利于绣球‘花手鞠''生物量的积累。(3)绣球‘花手鞠''叶片和茎中的养分含量均随N、P、K施肥量的增加而升高,而根系中K含量随K肥水平的升高变化不显著,与对照无显著差异。(4)根据临界浓度法确定绣球‘花手鞠''叶片中N和P的适宜范围分别为35.31～46.64 g·kg^-1和1.88～2.28 g·kg^-1。综合考虑养分含量、植物生长指标及生产成本,盆栽绣球N、P、K肥适宜的用量为N2(8 g N·plant^-1)、P1(1.5 g P₂O₅·plant^-1)和K1(4 g K₂O·plant^-1)。     

墨兰‘绿墨素’×大花蕙兰‘世界和平’F1代多倍体诱导初报

该研究以墨兰‘绿墨素’(Cymbidium sinense‘Lv mosu’)和大花蕙兰‘世界和平’(Cymbidium hybridum‘Shijieheping’)杂交兰F1代原球茎为材料,采用浸泡法研究不同浓度秋水仙素和不同处理时间诱导植株加倍的效果。结果表明:0.03%秋水仙素处理72 h,诱导变异率为36%,死亡率为36%,诱导效果最佳;多倍体植株与二倍体植株相比,表现为植株根部木质化加剧,植株矮壮,叶色深绿,叶片变厚、变宽,叶面粗糙,少部分有双叶脉、叶尖开裂、叶片扭曲,生长缓慢等;且多倍体植株气孔大,气孔密度减小;经流式细胞仪分析,二倍体墨兰×大花蕙兰F1代植株的荧光通道值为88,多倍体植株荧光通道值是176,多倍体植株为四倍体。该研究结果为培育兰花新品种奠定了基础。     

‘杨氏金红50号’猕猴桃的离体快繁研究

为建立‘杨氏金红50号’猕猴桃的离体快繁体系,该研究以其带腋芽茎段为外植体,采用组织培养的方法进行离体培养,并建立了两种离体再生途径:途径I为直接诱导茎段腋芽出芽;途径Ⅱ为茎段基部先产生愈伤组织,再分化不定芽。结果表明:‘杨氏金红50号’猕猴桃带腋芽茎段的最佳灭菌方式为75%酒精30 s+15%Ca(Cl O)_25 min+0.1%升汞8 min;在途径I中,诱导茎段腋芽出芽的最优培养基为MS+4.0 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.1 mg·L~(-1)NAA;在途径Ⅱ中,诱导茎段基部产生愈伤组织并产生不定芽的最优培养基为MS+3.0 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.3 mg·L~(-1)NAA;培养丛生芽的最佳植物生长调节剂组合为MS+4.0 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.4 mg·L~(-1)NAA;不定芽生根培养的最佳植物生长调节剂组合为1/2 MS+0.9 mg·L~(-1)IBA,20 d左右分化出不定根,40 d左右获得完整植株;生根后的组培苗在田园土∶细沙=1∶1的基质中能达到96%的移栽成活率。     

帝萝花‘璀璨明珠''的植株高效再生

为解决木本切花植物帝萝花‘璀璨明珠’繁殖效率低的问题,该文以帝萝花‘璀璨明珠’的幼嫩枝芽为外植体,研究了不同基本培养基对其长势的影响、不同激素种类和浓度对其增殖和生根的效果,分析了其离体繁殖的生长特点,并建立了高效的帝萝花‘璀璨明珠’组培快繁技术体系。结果表明:帝萝花‘璀璨明珠’幼嫩枝芽的消毒方法为0.1%的升汞溶液浸泡12 min,污染率为21.5%;外植体在WPM+ZT 1 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.1 mg·L~(-1)培养基上,侧芽萌发率为73%;增殖的最佳培养基为MS+BA 0.4 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.05 mg·L~(-1),增殖系数为6.63,增殖方式为侧芽增殖和植株基部丛生芽增殖;生根的适宜培养基为MS+IBA 0.75mg·L~(-1)+NAA 1 mg·L~(-1),生根率为70%;生根瓶苗移栽于珍珠岩和细草炭(体积比为0.5∶1)的基质中,光照强度为10 000～12 000 lx,空气湿度为70%～80%下培养,60 d后成活率可达72%。该研究结果为帝萝花组培种苗的商业化生产提供了技术支撑,同时促进了该高档木本切花的推广和种植及产业化。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.     

中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系及其在世界区系中的地位和作用

基于吴征镒将中国全部种子植物３２３８个属的分布区划分为１５个大类型和３４个变型的基础上,简要地讨论了中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系,以及它在被子植物起源方面的作用。主要论点如下：（１）与热带亚洲区系的联系。这种联系主要通过第７类型（热带亚洲分布）及其５个变型来体现的。本文列举了１０个科,龙脑香料、狭义隐翼科、交让木科、五隔草科、五列木科、肉实树科、心翼果科、八宝树科、兰花蕉科和四数木科,来说明这