沈阳西部污灌渠沉积物中污染物积累与生态毒性研究

沉积物样品采自沈阳西部污水灌渠的上、中、下游．进行了污染物(重金属和矿物油)含量分析和生态毒性试验．结果表明,所有沉积物中均有污染物的积累,矿物油含量在400～12500mg·kg^-1,重金属Cd为1．6～27．2mg·kg^-1．沉积物对植物和蚯蚓都有明显的毒性效应．种子发芽根伸长抑制率为10％～60％．蚯蚓试验14d和28d死亡率分别为0%～70％和0%～85％．体重增长抑制率为-21．9%～17．7％和-18．6%～37．0%．研究表明,长期污灌导致河道沉积物中污染物积累和较强生态毒性．沉积物作为重要的污染源,其污染物迁移与释放对地下水和土壤具有潜在危害．     

石油污灌渠底泥生态毒性诊断研究

底泥样品采自沈阳东部石油污水灌渠的上、中、下游.进行了重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、矿物油含量分析和生态毒性试验.结果表明,所有底泥均有污染物积累.矿物油含量为408～118 300 mg·kg^-1,Cu为17.83～78.53 mg·kg^-1,Zn为35.76～155.16 mg·kg^-1,Pb为8.50～31.03 mg·kg^-1,Cd为0.1 mg·kg^-1～1.0mg·kg^-1.底泥对高等植物有不同程度的生长抑制或刺激效应,对蚯蚓有急性致死及慢性亚致死效应.种子发芽根伸长抑制率为-29.81%～93.8%,蚯蚓14d死亡率最大值为100%.蚯蚓14d和28d体重增长抑制率分别为-36.6%～6.08%和-40.4%～6.1%.研究表明,长期石油污水灌溉导致河道底泥中污染物的积累和较强生态毒性.     

土壤重金属污染对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应研究

测定了草甸棕壤条件下 ,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd单一 /复合污染对蚯蚓的急性致死及亚致死效应 .结果表明 ,Cu、Pb浓度与蚯蚓死亡率显著相关 (α=0 .0 5 ,RCu=0 .86 ,RPb=0 .87) ,Cu浓度与生长抑制率显著相关 (α=0 .0 5 ,RCu=0 .84) ,其他供试重金属浓度与蚯蚓死亡率和生长抑制率相关性不显著 .蚯蚓个体对重金属毒性的耐受程度差别较大 .其毒性阈值 (引起个体蚯蚓死亡浓度 )分别为 :Cu 30 0mg·kg-1,Zn 130 0mg·kg-1,Pb 170 0mg·kg-1,Cd 30 0mg·kg-1.LC50 分别为 :Cu 40 0～ 45 0mg·kg-1,Zn15 0 0～ 190 0mg·kg-1,Pb2 35 0～ 2 40 0mg·kg-1,Cd 90 0mg·kg-1.在Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd单一污染引起 >10 %蚯蚓死亡的浓度下 ,复合污染导致 10 0 %蚯蚓死亡 ,表明复合污染极强的协同效应 .     

重金属对土壤中小麦种子发芽与根伸长抑制的生态毒性

测定了4种土壤（红壤、草甸棕壤、暗棕壤和栗钙土）条件下,Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd单一污染对小麦种子发芽与根伸长抑制主及其复合污染效应（暗棕壤条件下）。结果表明,同一浓度下,重金属对小麦根伸长抑制率均明显大于对种子发芽抑制率,植物根对金属污染的生态毒性比种子发芽敏感,土壤有机质和土壤N含量与Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd污染对小麦根伸长抑制率显著负相关（R^2OR=0.91,R^2K-N=0.92),土壤PH和阳离子交换量与Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd污染对小麦根伸长抑制率的相关性不显著（R^2PH=0.62,R^2CEC=0.60),在单一污染对小麦根伸长为刺激作用浓度（较低浓度）或为抑制作用浓度下（较高浓度）,复合污染均表现为协同作用。^     

6种重金属对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性效应与风险评价

【背景】近年来,土壤重金属污染问题日益凸显,对生态环境、食品安全和人体健康构成了严重威胁,其急性毒性尚未明确。【方法】采用滤纸接触法和人工土壤法测定了铜(Cu2+)、锌(Zn2+)、镍(Ni+)、镉(Cd2+)、铅(Pb2+)和锰(Mn2+)等6种重金属对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性效应,并参照欧盟指令91/414/EEC标准评价了其环境风险。【结果】滤纸接触法48h测定结果表明,6种重金属对蚯蚓的LC50为3.17(2.53～3.81)～90.42(69.45～140.47)μg.cm-2,其毒性次序为Cu2+>Zn2+>Ni+>Cd2+>Pb2+>Mn2+。人工土壤法14d测定结果表明,6种重金属对蚯蚓的LC50为1347(1236～1453)～6936(6144～8930)mg.kg-1,其毒性次序为Cu2+>Cd2+>Ni+>Zn2+>Mn2+>Pb2+。风险评价结果显示,Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni+、Cd2+、Pb2+和Mn2+等6种重金属的暴露比(toxicity/exposureratio,TER)分别为3.37、4.46、8.68、1428、13.87和5.85。【结论与意义】6种重金属对土壤动物蚯蚓均具有潜在的毒性效应。Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni+、Mn2+等4种重金属对赤子爱胜蚓存在急性毒性风险,而Cd2+和Pb2+对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性风险水平是可接受的。该评价结果可为我国制定基于风险的土壤环境质量标准提供依据。     

亚致死剂量乙草胺对蚯蚓的毒性效应及敏感生物标记物

本研究以赤子爱胜蚓为受试生物,采用外源添加污染物的方法,将受试生物暴露于含亚致死剂量乙草胺(添加浓度分别为1、2、4、8 mg·kg^-1)的土壤中7 d,研究蚯蚓生长抑制率、细胞色素P450同工酶(CYP1A2、2C9和3A4)活力及代谢组学对乙草胺的响应,从个体、酶、小分子标记物3个层次探讨亚致死剂量乙草胺对蚯蚓的毒性效应,初步推断其毒性作用阈值,筛选敏感生物标记物,探讨其致毒机理。结果表明: 乙草胺暴露下,与对照相比,蚯蚓体重抑制率无明显差异,但CYP1A2、2C9和3A4活力受到明显抑制,10组小分子代谢物(1, 6-二磷酸果糖、胞苷酸、尿苷酸、腺苷酸、腺苷、黄嘌呤、延胡索酸、二羟基戊二酸、鸟氨酸与16-羟二十烷四烯酸)水平显著降低;另有6组小分子代谢物(腺苷琥珀酸、琥珀酸、精氨酸、色氨酸、天冬酰胺与苯丙氨酸)水平在2～8 mg·kg^-1乙草胺暴露下显著升高。乙草胺暴露导致蚯蚓受到氧化损伤,糖酵解功能减弱,三羧酸循环失衡,嘌呤及嘧啶代谢紊乱,氨基酸代谢受损。与个体水平的受试终点相比,CYP同工酶活力与上述16个小分子代谢物对乙草胺暴露的响应更为敏感。建议将CYP同工酶(1A2、2C9及3A4)活力与上述小分子代谢物为一组生物标记物,可以多指标、多层次联合诊断土壤乙草胺污染的生态毒性效应。其诊断结果将更为精准。     

利用彗星试验检测Cu2+对驯化蚯蚓的基因损伤

为研究Cu2+对驯化蚯蚓的损伤影响,将赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)在非致死浓度(100mgCu2+·kg-1)下驯化培养2周,以未驯化的蚯蚓为对照,测定Cu2+对驯化及未驯化蚯蚓的急性毒性,并通过彗星试验(cometassay)观察铜胁迫下(400mg·kg-1)驯化后蚯蚓基因损伤的动态变化。结果显示:14d时,Cu2+对驯化蚯蚓和未驯化蚯蚓的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为321.83～542.45和230.83～342.91mg·kg-1,驯化后蚯蚓的存活率得到显著提高。彗星试验结果表示:蚯蚓体腔细胞的尾长、尾部DNA含量以及尾矩呈非正态分布,在11和14d时,驯化后的蚯蚓基因损伤程度明显比未驯化蚯蚓低。彗星试验是检测Cu2+对蚯蚓活体基因损伤的有效手段,蚯蚓体的DNA损伤可以作为指示重金属污染物影响的生物标志物。     

重金属在土壤生态系统中的富集及毒性效应

对清水塘重金属污染区土壤生态系统重金属的富集及毒性效应的研究结果表明,土壤中 主要富集的重金属元素为生物毒性较强的Cd、Hg、As以及具有一定毒性的Zn、Pb、Cu,平均综 合污染指数为640.大型土壤动物重金属含量的分析结果表明,重金属富集量随污染程度的 增加而增加,尤其某些巨蚓科种类对Cd表现高富集,富集系数为1196.通过染毒试验进一 步证明,土壤动物种类和数量随Cd浓度的增加而减少.同工酶分析表明,Cd对蚯蚓同工酶活性 有明显的毒性效应.污染区主要种植蔬菜作物,而重金属在蔬菜体内的富集量也随污染 程度的增加而增加,其中蔬菜对Cd的富集有明显的品种间差异.     

北京城郊土壤镉对大麦的毒害研究

选取北京城郊 5 个区县土壤为研究对象, 通过急性毒性试验, 研究了土壤外源镉(Cd)对大麦毒性的影响。结果表明 , 5 个采样点土壤的大麦根伸长与土壤中总 Cd 和有效态 Cd 含量的变化趋势均符合剂量效应关系 , 基于土壤总Cd 的 EC50(使大麦根伸长降低至对照一半时土壤中的 Cd 浓度 )和有效态 Cd 的 EC50 分别变化了 1.75 倍和 1.65 倍, 基于总 Cd 和有效态 Cd 的 EC10(大麦根伸长相对对照降低 10%的土壤 Cd 的浓度 )分别变化了 2.73 倍和 2.21 倍。基于总Cd 的 EC50 最低值出现在阳离子交换量(CEC)最小的丰台土壤, 而最高值出现在有机质含量最多的灵山土壤。土壤有效态 Cd 含量与大麦根伸长的剂量效应关系优于土壤总 Cd, 用土壤中 Cd 的有效态表征 Cd 的生态风险更准确。     

土壤四环素污染对蚯蚓生长发育、抗氧化防御系统及基因表达的毒性效应

采用室内模拟实验,研究了土壤四环素污染对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)生长发育、抗氧化系统及基因表达的毒性效应。结果表明:与对照组相比,四环素暴露初期(≤14d),蚯蚓体重及可溶性蛋白(SP)含量变化不显著;随着暴露时间的延长及四环素浓度的增加,蚯蚓体重呈现下降趋势,SP含量显著上升。1~100 mg·kg-1四环素胁迫下,蚯蚓体内抗氧化防御系统遭到破坏,暴露14 d后蚯蚓体内SOD、POD和CAT活性均有不同程度的上升。DDRT-PCR试验结果显示,1~100 mg·kg-1四环素胁迫下,暴露28 d后的蚯蚓基因表达发生变化。研究表明,四环素对蚯蚓具有慢性生态毒性效应,可以综合运用抗氧化酶和基因表达等生物标志物评价四环素的生态毒性。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.