野生与栽培茅苍术挥发油成分的比较分析

采用气相色谱法分析茅苍术〔Atractylodes lancea(Thunb.)DC.〕在原产地及引种栽培1年后5个主要挥发油成分的含量变化。结果表明,江苏产茅苍术挥发油成分以苍术酮和苍术素为主;湖北产茅苍术挥发油的主要成分为茅术醇和β-桉叶醇;不同产地野生茅苍术挥发油的主要成分和含量明显不同;引种栽培至同一环境(江苏南京)后,茅苍术挥发油的主要成分及含量差异明显减小,表明产地对茅苍术挥发油有效成分的组成有一定的影响。     

水分胁迫对茅苍术根茎生长及挥发油含量的影响

通过控制茅苍术[Atractylodes lancea（Thunb．）DC．]不同生长期的土壤含水量,研究了轻度和重度干旱胁迫与涝渍胁迫对茅苍术根茎生长及挥发油含量的影响。结果表明,在不同生长期,茅苍术根茎生长和挥发油成分含量对不同土壤水分条件的反应不同,其中生殖生长期对水分胁迫较敏感,干旱和涝渍胁迫均会导致根茎生长量和挥发油含量下降。水分胁迫对茅苍术根茎生长量和挥发油含量的影响效应是一致的,导致根茎生长量显著下降的水分条件可使挥发油含量下降,对根茎生长量影响不显著的水分条件则有利于挥发油成分的积累。在果后期进行适当的涝渍胁迫（土壤含水量35．5％～38．5％）有利于茅苍术根茎生长和挥发油含量的提高。     

苍术根茎及根际土水提物生物活性研究及化感物质的鉴定

设置水（CK）、苍术根茎水提液10、50、200mg／ml及根际土水提液50、200、500mg／ml共7个处理,每处理3个重复,用作苍术白毒作用的生物学实验。在第5、7天和第14天分别测量苍术种子发芽率、胚根长及胚芽长后,利用单因子方差分析结合多重比较分析各处理组生物活性的差异;采用GC—MS鉴定苍术根茎及根际土水提液中所含的有机化合物,并对根茎中含量较大的倍半萜类成分β-桉叶醇进行了生物活性研究。结果表明：①500mg／ml根际土水提液对苍术种子发芽率无影响,虽然能稍稍抑制苍术胚根和胚芽的伸长,但未达到显著水平;②随根茎提取液浓度的增大,其对苍术种子发芽率、胚根和胚芽伸长的抑制作用增大,200mg／ml根茎提取液显著抑制了苍术种子发芽率及胚根和胚芽的伸长（P〈0．05）;③在根茎和根际土水提液中分别鉴定到20和27个化合物;④β-桉叶醇对苍术种子发芽率、胚根伸长没有明显影响,但100mg／1和250mg／1的β-桉叶醇能强烈抑制苍术胚芽伸长。提示栽培苍术连作障碍可能主要与白毒作用有关。     

三种内生真菌对茅苍术组培苗的生长及主要挥发油成分的影响

采用3种内生真菌与茅苍术组培苗共培养技术,研究了内生真菌对茅苍术组培苗生长及其主要挥发油成分的影响。结果表明：培养4周后,接内生真菌小菌核菌（AL3）的植株平均单株根数最多,比对照多92.7%（P<0.01）,并极显著地提高了平均单株根系干质量,比对照高62.9%（P<0.01）;而接种内生真菌小克银汉霉（AL4）和孔球孢霉（AL12）对茅苍术组培苗的生长影响不显著;AL3、AL4和AL12极显著提高了茅苍术叶片PAL酶活力,分别比对照提高了5.8、8.0和11.1倍（P<0.01）;AL3处理组的POD（过氧化物酶）、CAT（过氧化氢酶）和SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）3种酶活性与对照相似;而AL4处理组的3种酶活性分别比对照降低了9.1%、37.1%和9.7%,AL12处理组的3种酶活性分别比对照提高了10.4%、21.2%和9.6%;AL3、AL4和AL12都对茅苍术叶片总多酚含量有极显著影响,分别比对照提高了179.8%、86.2%和84.1%（P<0.01）;接3种内生真菌都改变了挥发油中4种主要活性成分苍术酮、苍术醇、β-桉叶醇及苍术素的相对百分含量。     

茅苍术药材不同年限部位品质差异研究

茅苍术药材不同部位的物质积累特征及品质差异尚不清楚,本研究针对这一问题研究该药材不同部位的性状、含水量、可溶性糖、淀粉、挥发油含量及成分差异,为阐明该药材不同部位的品质差异及有效成分在药材中的分布和积累规律提供帮助。本研究以2年生茅苍术药材为研究材料,根据其生长部位分离出一年生和二年生药材,利用扫描电子显微镜和常规形态鉴定方法研究药材性状差异,并利用水蒸气蒸馏法测定挥发油含量、蒽酮比色法测定可溶性糖和淀粉含量、GC-MS法分析挥发油成分。结果显示,在性状上,一年生药材断面颜色偏白,二年生药材稍偏黄,且一年生药材较二年生药材松软。与二年生药材相比,一年生药材可溶性糖含量低30.26%,含水量、淀粉、挥发油含量则无显著差异,但二者挥发油成分有所不同。GC-MS共检测出22个成分,15个为二者共有成分。一年生药材中β-桉叶醇和香附烯含量较二年生药材高,而莪术烯、石竹烯等8个成分含量较二年生药材低。茅苍术药材不同部位的性状、初生和次生代谢产物积累均有所差异。     

多波长HPLC梯度洗脱法同时测定保安万灵丹中升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、茅术醇、β-桉叶醇和苍术素的含量

目的：建立同时测定保安万灵丹中升麻素苷、5-O- 甲基维斯阿米醇苷、茅术醇、β- 桉叶醇和苍术素含量的方法。方法：采用多波长 HPLC 梯度洗脱法：色谱柱为C18 柱（200 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相A 为甲醇- 乙腈（2 : 1）,流动相B 为0.1% 磷酸水溶液,流速为1.0 mL · min-1;进样量为20 μL;检测波长分别为254 nm（用于升麻素苷和5-O- 甲基维斯阿米醇苷）、203 nm（用于茅术醇和β- 桉叶醇）和 340 nm（用于苍术素）。结果：升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、茅术醇、β-桉叶醇和苍术素的线性范围分别为4.30～86.00 mg ·L-（1 r=0.999 4）、5.85～117.00 mg · L-1（r=0.999 7）、16.42 ～ 328.40 mg · L-1（r=0.999 3）、15.16 ～ 303.20 mg · L-1（r=0.999 9）和12.78 ～ 255.60 mg · L-1（r=0.999 5）; 精密度、重复性及稳定性试验中所测各目标组分峰面积的RSD 均小于2.0%;升麻素苷、5-O- 甲基维斯阿米醇苷、茅术醇、β- 桉叶醇和苍术素的平 均加样回收率/RSD(n=6) 分别为97.49％ /1.45％、96.81％ /0.94％、98.60％ /1.65％、97.96％ /1.38％和99.22％ /1.24％。结论：本法操作简便、 结果准确、重复性好,可用作保安万灵丹的质量控制方法。     

三种丛枝菌根真菌对茅苍术的生长、生理及主要挥发油成分的影响

在温室条件下研究了3种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus,AMF):Glomus etunicatum BGC AM0048(A1)、Glomus tortuosum BGC AM0001(A2)和Glomus mosseae BGC AM0045(A3)对茅苍术组培苗的成活率、生长、生理特性及挥发油积累的影响。结果表明:接种AMF均提高了茅苍术组培苗的移栽成活率;苍术苗移栽35 d后,3个接种组的菌根侵染率由高至低依次为A3(63.39%)、A2(47.81%)和A1(42.41%);菌株对苍术苗的生长促进作用与侵染率规律一致,以A3对苍术苗的生长促进作用最明显,苍术苗的单株株高、单株根长、单株叶片数较对照组分别增加了21.9%、65.%和38.7%,各项检测指标与对照组的差异均达到显著水平;AMF处理组叶片中抗病相关酶系(PAL、PPO和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶)、抗氧化酶系(SOD、CAT和POD)的活性和叶绿素含量均有不同程度的提高,且接种AM真菌均促进了苍术苗挥发油中3种主要成分苍术醇、β-桉叶油醇和苍术素的积累。不同的AMF与植物之间具有偏好性,在人工栽培中,G.mosseae BGC AM0045菌株可作为茅苍术苗菌根化处理的优良菌株。     

醉香含笑叶挥发油化学成分

应用气相色谱一质谱联用技术对水蒸汽蒸馏法提取的醉香含笑(Michelia maccturei Dandy)叶挥发油的化学成分进行分析.共检出61个峰,鉴定丫其中45个化合物,占挥发油总量的91.41%.其中石竹烯(18.74%)、β-榄香烯(14.56%)、榄香醇(13.14%)、.γ-榄香烯(9.18%)、α-桉叶醇(7.22%)、α-石竹烯(5.20%)和.γ-桉叶醇(4.90%)为主要成分.     

茅苍术内生真菌的分离鉴定及在组培苗中的回接

从茅苍术的叶、茎和根中分离鉴定内生真菌,并观测内生菌回接对茅苍术组培苗生长的影响。共获得茅苍术内生菌16株,其中叶片中14株,根茎中各获得一株。分别为交链孢霉、镰刀霉、小克银汉霉、青霉、茎点霉、小菌核菌、孔球孢霉和不产孢类。经内生菌和茅苍术快繁苗实验初筛,得到两株对植物无害的内生菌:小菌核菌和孔球孢霉,将它们回接到茅苍术组培苗中,可以从苗叶片中染色观察到菌丝。其中小菌核菌能提高茅苍术炼苗的存活率,接入内生菌的茅苍术叶片超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性均高于未接菌的对照,脂肪酸不饱和指数基本不变,说明分离自茅苍术的内生菌回接后可以与宿主建立共生关系。     

茅苍术挥发油对三种内生真菌及七种外源真菌的抑菌活性

为了研究宿主植物次级代谢产物对内生真菌生长的抑制作用,以药用植物茅苍术及其内生真菌为材料,采用有机溶剂萃取法提取茅苍术挥发油,应用滤纸片扩散法和平板涂布法研究茅苍术挥发油对茅苍术内生真菌及其他外源真菌的抑菌作用.结果表明: 挥发油对3种内生真菌生长具有抑制作用;对酵母、水霉有很强的抑菌活性;对根霉、犁头霉抑菌作用不明显;对绿色木霉、黑曲霉的产孢具有抑制作用;对疫霉生长无抑制作用.在高浓度挥发油胁迫下,内生真菌菌丝分支增多,分支间距离变短,气生菌丝生长受到抑制.两种内生真菌对挥发油具有代谢转化能力,降低了其主要成分的含量.表明茅苍术挥发油对内生真菌生长具有限制作用,但内生真菌能够通过自身分解代谢适应茅苍术挥发油.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.