杭州市湿地水鸟的分布与多样性研究

１９９７年１２月至１９９８年１１月,对杭州市区６类湿地中水鸟的分布,密度和多样性进行了调查,结果显示,全年共有水鸟３８种,群落的组成季节变化较大,且以迁徒种类为主;留鸟为少数城市适应种,而迁徒鸟主要分布在郊区和郊区,很少深入城区,整个杭州区全年水鸟的多样性波动不大,密在秋冬季较高,但各类湿地水鸟的密度和多样性季节变产大;水产养殖场是杭州水鸟最重要的栖息地类型,西湖和水荡对于维持杭州市水鸟的数量和多     

不同尺度下停歇点湿地对迁徙水鸟的影响研究综述

停歇点湿地是迁徙水鸟重要的能量补给地,在水鸟每年的往返迁徙过程中具有十分重要的生态意义。近年来随着全球变化和人类活动增加,迁飞路线上的停歇点湿地正发生剧烈变化。各个停歇点湿地的生境变化及周围环境不仅是影响水鸟栖息地适宜性的重要因素,还改变了各路线上迁徙水鸟的种群大小和群落多样性。分析不同尺度下停歇点湿地影响迁徙水鸟种群变化的主要生态因子和环境因素,不仅有助于理解各停歇点景观变化的生态效应,也可为迁徙水鸟种群保护提供理论支持。首先分析了在栖息地斑块尺度上停歇点湿地内的水、食物、栖息地格局和人类干扰等生态要素对水鸟觅食和栖息活动的影响;其次,分析了景观尺度上湿地周围的气候变化、土地利用和外来生物等环境条件在各停歇点对水鸟栖息地质量的改变;最后,基于多尺度条件下湿地影响因素的耦合效应,分析了当前湿地生境与水鸟种群关系研究中存在的主要问题,并总结了对湿地和水鸟保护的启示。     

黄河三角洲自然保护区石油开采对水鸟多样性及分布的影响

水鸟是湿地生态系统健康的重要指示物种，易受湿地退化和人为干扰的影响。目前我国渤海湾地区石油开采强度较大，占据了一定面积的水鸟栖息地，会对当地水鸟产生影响。以山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区为研究区域，在该保护区设置4块5 km×5 km样区，在2021年3月、5月、6月、7月和9月采用样线法调查样区内水鸟群落组成，结合深度学习和目视解译处理遥感影像量化区域内的油井密度和距离，使用广义线性模型分析水鸟多度与油井密度和距离的关系，使用Mantel分析检验水鸟群落组成的差异，采用双因素方差分析检验油井密度和距离对水鸟多样性指数的影响。调查期间共记录到水鸟约38994只，隶属于7目14科77种，其中优势类群为鸻鹬类、雁鸭类、鹭类和鸥类。结果表明：（1）随着油井密度增加，水鸟群落的Shannon-Wiener指数升高，而多度呈现先升高后下降的趋势。鸻鹬类在中低密度和中高密度区的多度显著高于低密度区，其他类群差异不显著。油井密度的差异与水鸟群落β多样性的差异呈显著正相关关系，即密度差异越大，水鸟群落组成越不同。（2）随着油井距离增加，水鸟群落的Shannon-Wiener指数出现下降趋势。雁鸭类距油井越远，多度越高，其他水鸟类群未表现出明显趋势。（3）油井距离和密度的交互作用对水鸟多样性指数影响均不显著。研究表明，在黄河三角洲自然保护区，油井密度影响了水鸟群落的多样性和群落组成，这与石油开采的特征和不同类群水鸟对人类活动的适应能力有关；油井距离也影响着水鸟群落的空间分布，这与不同物种对干扰的适应能力及栖息地偏好有关。     

合肥市小微湿地鸟类多样性的时空格局及其影响因素

小微湿地是城市生态系统的重要组成部分, 也是生物多样性的重要庇护场所。鸟类作为城市小微湿地生态系统的指示类群, 其多样性时空格局受多种环境因子影响。本研究于2020年8月至2021年7月采用样点法对合肥市45个小微湿地鸟类的种类、数量分布和生境因子进行了调查, 并获取湿地面积、湿地形状、建筑面积比例、植被面积比例、环境噪声、人为干扰和城市化指数等生境变量。通过α多样性和β多样性分析, 研究城市小微湿地鸟类多样性的时空特征及其决定因素。采用信息论模型选择和模型平均法以及基于距离矩阵的多重回归模型进行计算, 确定影响鸟类群落α多样性和β多样性及其组分的主要环境因子。结果显示, 研究区域共有鸟类13目39科102种, 其中水鸟31种, 国家二级重点保护鸟类2种, 安徽省重点保护鸟类17种, IUCN濒危物种红色名录中的易危(VU)物种1种。湿地面积和城市化指数对小微湿地陆地鸟类和水鸟的α多样性、β多样性及其组分均具有显著影响, 其中陆地鸟类物种丰富度在中度和低度城市化之间的小微湿地中达到最高值, 面积超过4 ha的小微湿地能维持较多的水鸟物种。植被面积比例对陆地鸟类多样性具有重要的影响, 而建筑面积比例对水鸟多样性具有显著影响。此外, 总体β多样性及其组分计算结果显示物种周转组分占明显优势, 表明城市小微湿地群作为城市复合生态系统的重要组成部分, 加强整体保护更为必要。研究结果对于加强城市鸟类保护和提高城市生态环境质量具有指导意义。     

安徽桐城嬉子湖国家湿地公园水鸟多样性

水鸟群落多样性特征可以反映湿地公园内不同功能区的栖息地质量。除了研究水鸟群落的Alpha多样性, 其Beta多样性在空间维度上的物种周转和嵌套组分可以衡量不同功能区物种保护意义。为掌握嬉子湖国家湿地公园水鸟资源以及湿地公园建设成效, 于2019年1月至2019年12月在安徽桐城嬉子湖国家湿地公园内设置14个观测点进行水鸟调查。结果显示, 该湿地公园共有水鸟6目15科54种, 以冬候鸟为主(占53.70%); 鸟类区系组成包括古北界种35种(占64.81%)、东洋界种8种(占14.81%)和两界广布种11种(占20.37%); 有国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类2种, 国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类5种, 安徽省重点保护鸟类12种; 世界自然保护联盟物种红色名录中的近危(NT)物种2种, 易危(VU)物种3种, 濒危(EN)物种1种。各功能区间水鸟多样性差异明显, Shannon-Wiener指数以湿地保育区最高(2.33), 恢复重建区最低(2.05); 恢复重建区与湿地保育区相似性最高(0.8889), 游客开放区与湿地保育区相似性指数最低(0.5000); 湿地保育区和恢复重建区之间的水鸟群落Beta多样性周转组分高于嵌套组分, 其余功能区之间Beta多样性的嵌套组分均高于周转组分。研究结果表明, 嬉子湖湿地公园功能区设置基本合理, 且湿地保育区内水鸟群落结构最为稳定, 但在关注湿地保育区的同时, 也应加强恢复重建区建设, 提高该功能区栖息地的生境多样性。     

极端洪水作用下升金湖消落带生境变化对越冬水鸟群落结构的影响

水鸟是湿地生境质量的重要指示性动物类群,可敏感地反映湿地环境变化。浅水通江湖泊消落带具有复杂多样的生境和丰富的食物资源,是水鸟特别是越冬水鸟的重要聚集区,其食物资源的丰富度和可获得性受水文节律影响。在极端洪水作用下,消落带生境变化对越冬水鸟群落结构及其多样性的影响是一个值得关注的水鸟及湿地生态学问题。选择了具有典型消落带生境的升金湖作为研究区域,对2019年(正常水位)和2020年(异常水位)两个越冬季水鸟的数量、种类进行调查统计,分析了消落带的生境变化情况对越冬水鸟群落结构的影响。2019年越冬期,记录到水鸟(50984.20±9595.71)只(n=5),隶属7目13科51种;2020年越冬期,记录到水鸟(27923.00±13808.47)只(n=5),隶属7目12科53种。整个越冬季消落带的水鸟种类略增但数量减少,2019年游禽中的优势种为豆雁,2020年游禽中的优势种增加为豆雁和斑嘴鸭,但涉禽中的优势种由白琵鹭、反嘴鹬、凤头麦鸡转变为苍鹭、大白鹭和反嘴鹬。洪水导致的草滩-水域混合区生境面积减小使湿生植物退化,可能是导致以豆雁为主的食苔草水鸟数量大幅度减少的重要原因;因湖水延迟...     

四川省东部和西南部冬季水鸟调查

2012年12月中旬至2013年1月中旬,对四川省东部8个中型水库和1条自然河段、西南部3个湖泊的冬季水鸟进行了调查,记录到水鸟41种,隶属7目10科。四川东部地区有23种,其中有国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类鸳鸯Aix galericulata 1种,东部冬季水鸟群落物种数不多,种群数量也不大,种群数量最多的是绿头鸭Anas platyrhynchos、绿翅鸭A.crecca和斑嘴鸭A.poecilorhyncha。四川西南部地区记录到33种,其中国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类中华秋沙鸭Mergus squamatus 1种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类鸳鸯1种,西南部冬季水鸟的群落物种数较多,种群数量也较大,种群数量最多的是骨顶鸡Fulica atra、凤头潜鸭A.fuligula和赤嘴潜鸭Netta rufina。天然湖泊和自然河段的冬季水鸟种类和数量都多于人工湖泊。除二滩水库外,湖泊(库塘)面积与水鸟种类和数量呈正相关。旅游、行船和偷猎是水鸟越冬地面临的主要干扰和威胁。需加强湿地保护和对偷猎行为的大力打击。     

江西都昌保护区越冬水鸟群落多样性及种多度

2015年12月至2016年1月,采用定点直接计数法对江西都昌保护区越冬期湿地水鸟群落的物种多样性和种多度进行了监测分析。结果显示:1)共记录在都昌保护区越冬的湿地水鸟6目11科28种,以雁形目、鸻形目、鹳形目鸟类为主(75.00%),其次为鹤形目、??目(21.42%);古北种占绝对优势(78.57%),其次为东洋种(14.29%);冬候鸟为主(78.57%),其次为留鸟(21.43%);涉禽(57.14%)和游禽(39.29%)居多;绝大部分湿地水鸟种类受到关注,35.71%的鸟种处于受胁状态,57.14%的鸟种已引起关注并被列入保护名录中;2)鸟类群落的多样性指数为0.758,均匀度指数为0.228;3)对数正态分布模型模拟的鸟类群落的种多度关系呈对数正态分布,符合鸟类群落常见性与罕见性分布的特性。     

福建省兴化湾滨海养殖塘冬季水鸟的栖息地利用

20D7年12月至2008年3月对福建省兴化湾东北部江镜华侨农场(25°29′～25°33′N,119°23′～119°26′E)滨海养殖塘水鸟的栖息地利用进行了研究.选取了6个养殖塘作为样地,总面积360 hm2,共记录到水鸟6目8科25种.潮汐变化是影响养殖塘内越冬水鸟栖息的重要因素.高、中、低3种不同潮位下养殖塘水鸟群落特征差异较大.水鸟的种数和数量随潮水的涨高而显著增加,优势种则减少;多样性指数和均匀性指数随潮水的涨高而降低,优势度则增大.养殖塘的水深是影响水鸟栖息的另一个重要因素.4个不同水深区域水鸟群落的种类组成及密度差异显著,鸻鹬类、鸥类、鹭类等鸟类在中等水位区和浅水区栖息,鸭类主要栖息在深水区,而无水区仅有少数鹭类活动.在潮汛期间,滨海养殖塘是水鸟良好的临时栖息地,科学管理可使养殖塘人工湿地与潮间带滩涂共同满足越冬水鸟的栖息需求.     

岛屿栖息地鸟类群落的丰富度及其影响因子

1997年1月至1997年12月间,以杭州市的园林鸟类群落为研究对象,对岛屿栖息地鸟类群落的丰富度与面积,人为干扰,内部结构和周围景观结构等多种因素的关系进行了系统的分析和检验。在杭州市各园林中共观察到82种鸟类。园林单次调查的鸟类物种数（S）与园林全年总物种数（Sy)与园林面积（A）的最佳回归拟合方程分别为;S＝ 2.7432A^0.3846,Sy=10.6574A^0.3669。杭州市园林鸟类群落物种－面积关系的成因不支持平衡假说,随机取样假说,栖息地多样性假说和干扰假说,岛屿栖息地鸟类群落的丰富度是多因素综合作用的结果,包括取样面积效应（排除了取样面积效应之后,小园林具有更高的物种密度）,栖息地结构的多样性（其中树种多样性是最主要的影响因子）,干扰因素,物种因素和研究尺度等几个方面。     

Community structure and association of waterbirds with spatial heterogeneity in the Bahia Magdalena-Almejas wetland complex, Baja California Sur, Mexico

Community structure and association of waterbirds with spatial heterogeneity in the Bahia Magdalena-Almejas wetland complex, Baja California Sur, Mexico. To test the hypothesis that spatial heterogeneity determines waterbird diversity in a coastal wetland, we compared waterbird density, diversity, and species composition among various habitats and landscapes units in Bahia Magdalena-Almejas, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Based on diversity patterns and bird distribution, we assessed the effect of coastal development on the waterbird community structure. To gather information on habitat features and waterbird populations we conducted waterbird censuses in 329 habitat segments along the internal coastline of the study area, from February 2002 to February 2003. We performed non-parametric analyses to test the null hypothesis of no diference on waterbird density, and diversity among landscape units and seasons. The species composition was evaluated using ordination techniques. Waterbird density was higher in winter and autumn in the three lagoons of the study area, particularly in the insular coast, sandy beach and dunes; it was higher in the few segments of antropic sustrate. Diversity was significantly higher in mangrove habitat along the peninsular coast, and in mangrove-dunes association on the insular coast. Although modification of coastal natural habitat and boat transit disturbance had no influence on waterbird density or diversity, the highest richness of waterbirds occurred in well preserved areas. Species composition analysis showed differences between Santo Domingo Channel and Magdalena Bay. Pelagic and mangrove habitat had a species composition difference higher than those associations in other habitats. Such differences in species assemblages by habitat and landscape units suggest that communities are structured according to the range of available natural resources in structurally complex habitats, and that dominant piscivorous waterbird species were favored in this community.     

Habitat Attributes and Waterbird-Use of Four Wetlands in Manas National Park,Assam, India

We studied the relationship between habitat characteristics and the use of wetlands by the waterbirds over 5 years in Manas National Park, Assam. Patterns of temporal and spatial variation in waterbird diversity, abundance and community composition were quantified in relation to eight wetland attributes. There were significant declines in majority of the waterbird species during the course of this study; carnivorous and omnivorous birds being the major sufferers. The waterbird communities exhibited both spatial and temporal shifts in distribution and community composition along with the shifts in their major food resources, and primary productivity of the wetlands did not appear to play a major role in these shifts. Our study also demonstrates that the observed declines in waterbird abundances were associated with declines in zooplankton and macroinvertebrate densities. Temporal changes in wetland size also played some roles in the waterbird decline and community composition.     

崇明东滩鸟类栖息地优化区越冬水鸟的栖息地利用及影响因子

阐明水鸟栖息地利用与环境因子的关系有助于制定针对性的水鸟保护对策。本研究在2012~2013年冬季对崇明东滩鸟类栖息地优化区内越冬水鸟的种类、数量以及6种环境因子(植被面积比例、裸地面积比例、水深、地形变异、栖息地结构多样性和干扰)进行调查,以了解水鸟对人工湿地的栖息地利用及其影响因子。野外调查共记录到水鸟24种9 018只,其中优势种为斑嘴鸭(Anas poecilorhyncha)和绿头鸭(A.platyrhynchos);栖息地优化区内水鸟休息的个体数量占总数量的79.2%,这表明优化区是大多数水鸟的休息地,而小(Tachybaptus ruficollis)、白骨顶(Fulica atra)、黑水鸡(Gallinula chloropus)、白琵鹭(Platalea leucorodia)和黑脸琵鹭(P.minor)的觅食个体数量超过60%,说明优化区也为这些鸟类提供了觅食地。逐步回归分析表明,裸地面积比例是影响越冬水鸟种类分布的最主要因子;尽管游禽在地形变异较大、植被面积比例较低的区域数量较多,但在休息时游禽更偏好于裸地面积比例较高的区域,而涉禽休息时偏好于地形变异较大的区域。为增加栖息地优化区内的水鸟多样性,建议在优化区内种植水鸟可食的沉水植物以增加水鸟的食物资源,同时增加裸地面积比例和地形变异程度,更好地为水鸟提供栖息地。     

Impact of Urban Threats and Disturbance on the Survival of Waterbird Communities in Wetlands of Bengaluru City,India

Threats to waterbird communities on urban wetlands in the Bengaluru city, South India are poorly known. We calculated disturbance scores for 15 lakes along a gradient from low (LDL) to high (HDL) disturbance levels based on vegetation structure and composition. HDL had the highest threat scores and the lowest number of waterbird species whereas LDL supported the highest number of species. Human activities included commercial fishing and aquaculture, and shoreline development leading to habitat fragmentation and degradation. We discuss strategies for the conservation of urban wetlands and the preservation of waterbird diversity.     

Wetland Waterbird Food Resources Increased by Harvesting Invasive Cattails

The conservation of many freshwater marsh waterbirds (i.e., waterfowl, shorebirds, wading birds, and secretive marshbirds) in the Laurentian Great Lakes requires managing invasive emergent macrophytes, which degrade waterbird habitat by creating dense, litter-clogged stands, and excluding plants that produce nutritionally balanced and high-energy food (seeds, tubers, and submerged aquatic vegetation). The most commonly used management approach in the United States Great Lakes region involves the application of herbicides, which can stimulate waterbird forage plants but does not address the accumulation of plant litter, the underlying cause of plant community diversity loss and habitat degradation. We experimentally evaluated the effects of an alternative approach, harvesting invasive plants and their litter followed by flooding, on plant communities, focusing on the effects of these treatments to increase the abundance of high-energy wetland plants. At the Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge in Michigan, USA, we experimentally treated an invasive cattail (Typha × glauca)-dominated wetland in August and September of 2016, 2017, and 2018, using a randomized block design with 4 blocks and 3 treatments (sediment surface harvest, above ground harvest, and control). We monitored the effects of these treatments on the abundance and dominance of waterbird forage-producing plants, plant diversity, and plant communities prior to (Jul 2016) and during the summer following each treatment (late Jul or early Aug 2017, 2018, and 2019). Additionally, we used pre- and post-treatment waterbird use-day data collected at the unit scale and compared values with satellite imagery-derived land cover changes. Compared to control plots, 3 years of harvesting and flooding significantly increased plant species diversity, increased the abundance of waterbird seed- and tuber-producing plant species by 5 times, and increased annual plant dominance by more than 10 times, while substantially reducing all measures of cattail and its litter. Use-days increased for total waterbirds, including waterfowl and dabbling ducks, following treatment. Cattail cover decreased and open water and non-cattail emergent vegetation cover increased. Harvesting invasive plant biomass coupled with flooding promoted a plant community composition and structure beneficial to waterbirds. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.     

多尺度结合的西安市浐灞河湿地水鸟生境保护规划

城市湿地及其物种多样性的保护是城市生态建设的重要内容.结合西安市浐灞河湿地,对城市湿地水鸟生境的保护规划问题进行了探讨.经调查,西安市浐灞河段共发现水鸟20种,分属8目12科,孕育了丰富的水鸟多样性资源.同时保留有本地湿地植物种类,生境类型多样,具有很高的保护价值.浐灞河湿地水鸟生境的保护规划应以景观生态学、保护生物学、复合种群等相关理论为指导,区域/景观-局地-群落多尺度结合,保护与开发结合进行规划,具体从以下方面着手:生境网络的构建;小生境的设计,滨水地带土地利用格局优化及生境水深的控制;生境植物群落的构建.     

Nestedness theory suggests wetland fragments with large areas and macrophyte diversity benefit waterbirds

Many artificial wetland constructions are currently underway worldwide to compensate for the degradation of natural wetland systems. Researchers face the responsibility of proposing wetland management and species protection strategies to ensure that constructed wetlands positively impact waterbird diversity. Nestedness is a commonly occurring pattern for biotas in fragmented habitats with important implications for conservation; however, only a few studies have focused on seasonal waterbird communities in current artificial wetlands. In this study, we used the nestedness theory for analyzing the annual and seasonal community structures of waterbirds in artificial wetlands at Lake Dianchi (China) to suggest artificial wetland management and waterbird conservation strategies. We carried out three waterbird surveys per month for one year to observe the annual, spring, summer, autumn, and winter waterbird assemblages in 27 lakeside artificial wetland fragments. We used the NeD program to quantify nestedness patterns of waterbirds at the annual and seasonal levels. We also determined Spearman partial correlations to examine the associations of nestedness rank and habitat variables to explore the factors underlying nestedness patterns. We found that annual and all four seasonal waterbird compositions were nested, and selective extinction and habitat nestedness were the main factors governing nestedness. Further, selective colonization was the key driver of nestedness in autumn and winter waterbirds. We suggest that the area of wetland fragments should be as large as possible and that habitat heterogeneity should be maximized to fulfill the conservation needs of different seasonal waterbirds. Furthermore, we suggest that future studies should focus on the least area criterion and that vegetation management of artificial wetland construction should be based on the notion of sustainable development for humans and wildlife.     

Waterbird assemblages and associated habitat characteristics of farm ponds in the Western Cape, South Africa

Natural freshwater wetlands are among the most threatened habitats on Earth. Effective wetland biodiversity conservation can not, however, be evaluated without fully understanding the roles of artificial waterbodies as refuges for water-dependent plants and animals. Waterbird assemblages were examined on 59 farm ponds in the Elgin and Caledon districts of the Western Cape, South Africa. This study examines the relationship between waterbird use and habitat characteristics of farm ponds. Patterns of temporal and spatial variation of waterbird species richness and abundance were quantified in relation to the habitat characteristics of each pond. Cluster analysis and multiple regression analyses identified surface area of the farm ponds as an important variable determining the presence and abundance of many waterbird species. Structural diversity in terms of vegetation in and around the ponds was especially important in determining their usage by waterbirds. These variables were evaluated in terms of creating a mosaic of habitat types (by varying vegetation structure and pond topography), which may be a useful way to enhance waterbird diversity at farm ponds. This study concludes that the high number of farm ponds in the transformed habitat matrix of the Western Cape plays an important role in conserving waterbirds.