龙须菜对富营养化海水的生物修复

于2002年至2004年期间,在福建省东山岛的八尺门鱼类网箱养殖区、西埔湾对虾养殖区、乌礁湾鲍鱼养殖区等进行了龙须菜(G racilaria lem aneaf orm is)对动物海水养殖造成的富营养化的生物修复研究。结果表明,从围隔实验到小面积的海区实验到大面积的海区推广试点,龙须菜对富营养化的海水均有良好的修复效果。围隔实验中,龙须菜能使网箱养殖区缺氧的海水达到过饱和状态,对无机氮(IN)、无机磷(IP)的去除率达80%以上;实验海区,修复区的溶解氧(DO)浓度明显高于非修复区,IN、IP、叶绿素(Ch l-a)浓度低于非修复区;推广海区,鲍鱼养殖污水流经龙须菜养殖区后,IN、IP得到有效的吸收,DO浓度得到提高。因此,大面积养殖龙须菜对减轻养殖污水对海区的污染,防止水体富营养化,抑制赤潮的发生有积极作用。     

一株分离自网箱养殖区沉积物的硫氧化菌B1-1的鉴定及其硫氧化特性

【背景】海水网箱养殖是一种高密度、高投饵的人工养殖方式,其产生的硫化物污染严重影响了海水养殖业的经济效益及可持续发展。【目的】鉴定从网箱养殖区沉积物中分离得到的硫氧化菌B1-1并研究其硫氧化特性,为利用生物技术修复网箱养殖环境提供理论依据。【方法】通过形态观察、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析对硫氧化菌B1-1进行鉴定;通过摇床培养对该菌株氧化硫代硫酸盐的最适培养条件(pH、温度、底物浓度、外加碳源、外加氮源、金属离子)进行研究。【结果】该菌株被鉴定为HalothiobacillushydrothermalisB1-1。菌株B1-1生物氧化硫代硫酸盐的最适pH为8.0,最适生长温度为30°C,最适底物浓度为5.0g/L;外加碳源对该菌株氧化能力无显著影响,外加铵盐(硫酸铵或草酸铵)可以将延滞期缩短至12 h,添加Mg~(2+)可以显著提高菌株的氧化能力,氧化率达100%。【结论】Halothiobacillus hydrothermalisB1-1耐盐性较强,对硫代硫酸盐氧化率高,可作为修复受硫化物污染网箱养殖环境的潜在菌株资源。     

茂名市海水养殖尾水污染综合评价研究

以茂名市东部沿海的工厂化、土塘、网箱三种海水养殖类型为调查对象, 对比不同养殖类型、养殖阶段尾水中主要污染物化学需氧量(COD)、无机氮(DIN)以及活性磷酸盐(DIP)等含量变化, 利用内梅罗综合指数(P)、富营养化指数(E)、营养状态质量指数(NQI)等开展尾水污染状况的综合评价。结果表明, 主要污染物浓度均值呈工厂化养殖>网箱养殖>土塘养殖的趋势, 工厂化养殖尾水主要污染物均超过《海水养殖尾水排放要求》一级排放限值。养殖尾水主要污染物浓度随养殖时间延长而增加, 工厂化养殖尾水DIN含量在成体期比幼苗期增加了22.51倍。养殖尾水的P值、E值以及NQI值均处于重度及以上污染状等级, 存在显著的富营养化问题。高密度连片海水养殖尾水直接排放是周边邻近海域氮磷污染的重要来源。     

海南新村湾海草泰来藻凋落叶特征及其对网箱养殖的响应

以海南岛新村湾海草床海草优势种泰来藻(Thalassia hemprichii)为对象,通过现场观测实验,研究网箱养殖引起海水营养元素的改变对泰来藻叶片凋落量及叶片性状的影响,并结合室内模拟实验初步研究泰来藻叶片分解过程释放溶解有机物(DOM)的动态过程,以探讨网箱养殖对泰来藻凋落叶释放DOM的影响机制。结果表明:新村湾海草泰来藻叶片的平均凋落量为0.26±0.05 g·m-2·d-1,并呈现随着距离网箱养殖区的增加而逐渐降低的变化趋势,而泰来藻叶片的长度和重量却呈现相反的趋势;网箱养殖减少泰来藻叶片的非结构性碳和氨基酸含量,降低泰来藻叶片分解过程溶解有机碳(DOC)和溶解有机氮(DON)的最大释放速率;而网箱养殖却提高了泰来藻叶片的碳、氮含量,增加了叶片分解过程DOC和DON的累积释放量;泰来藻凋落叶的DOM累积释放量平均值为12.08±0.17g·m-2·d-1,并呈现距离网箱养殖区越近越高的趋势。因此,网箱养殖提高了海草泰来藻的叶片凋落量及其DOM的释放量,从而对海草床的碳、氮和磷的生物地球化学循环过程产生影响。     

网箱附着生物的防除研究

网箱附着生物(Periphyton)是指附着在网衣表面的一群绿色和褐色的微型生物,有些网箱养鱼单位产量不高经营失败,多是由于它们的影响所致。大量发生时,就产生以下危害:1.堵塞网目阻碍箱内水体更新,使网箱内外的溶氧和浮游生物失去动态平衡;2.消耗水中营养物质,吞食箱体周围的微细藻类,与鲢鱼争食夺氧;3.增加网箱重量,加大水流对网箱的阻力,导致浮箱下沉;4.腐蚀网线,缩短网箱使用时间。严重时造成箱内缺饵、缺氧、污物堆积、水质恶化、影响箱鱼生长甚至死亡。     

治理养殖污染探索生态畜牧业发展之路

随着人们物质生活水平的提高,我国畜牧业养殖产业发展非常迅速,养殖过程中所造成的污染对于生态环境产生不良的影响,对养殖与环境之间的关系及治理养殖污染过程中必须遵循的原则,近几年我国生态畜牧业发展的成就以及发展生态畜牧业的措施进行了介绍,以期促进我国生态畜牧业的发展。     

象山港网箱养殖区水体和沉积物的细菌生态分布

2006年1月和10月对象山港网箱养殖区细菌数量分布及群落结构进行研究,并与周边非养殖海域进行了比较。结果显示水体和沉积物细菌数量均呈现10月份1月份、网箱养殖区网箱外侧对照区近湾顶对照区近湾口对照区的分布特点,其中网箱养殖区水体异养细菌、弧菌数量分别在1.0×106—7.2×107CFU/L和1.6×105—1.3×106CFU/L之间,沉积物异养细菌、弧菌数量分别在5.9×102—6.1×105CFU/g和8.0×101—7.4×104CFU/g之间。网箱养殖区水体分离细菌89株,归属于12个属,其中不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、弧菌属(Vibrio)等为优势菌属;沉积物分离细菌136株,归属于10个属,其中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、弧菌属(Vibrio)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)等为优势菌属。由于长期受到高营养盐、高有机质等外界条件的选择作用,网箱区及网箱外侧对照区海域的细菌群落多样性较低,某些特定的细菌类群富集。研究表明网箱养殖区的细菌分布和菌属组成特征与养殖自身污染密切相关,并且养殖过程对细菌群落产生的影响已扩展至网箱外侧的邻近海域。     

象山港网箱养殖对近海沉积物细菌群落的影响

微生物在有机物质分解、能量转移等生物地化循环中起着重要作用,研究养殖活动对沉积物中微生物多样性的影响对正确评价近海生态系统结构和功能具有重要意义.结合沉积物的理化分析(T、pH、Eh和SO2-),通过T-RFLP(末端限制性片段长度多态性)分析了象山港网箱养殖对近海不同深度沉积物中细菌群落结构和多样性的影响,构建了对照区0-5 cm沉积物样品的细菌16S rRNA基因克隆文库,并进行了系统发育分析.结果表明,近海网箱养殖活动不但使象山港沉积物Eh、pH值等理化性质有所改变,而且使细菌的群落结构也发生了变化,变形细菌纲细菌的相对丰度降低,细菌群落的多样性和均匀度也显著降低,致使近海沉积物细菌群落由多样性高的稳定结构向多样性降低的不稳定结构转变.     

水产养殖逃逸对长江外来种入侵影响:以鲟鱼为例

水产养殖逃逸有多种途径:直接逃逸为鱼类入侵生态学提供了独特的"天然实验"数据,而民间放生为水产养殖逃逸的主要间接途径,此外还包括观赏渔业的弃养等其他途径。以2016年清江流域外来种鲟鱼逃逸事件为例,探讨了逃逸后对长江外来种入侵影响,包括与土著种——国家一级保护动物中华鲟的竞争排斥、潜在杂交风险和养殖疾病传播等。在此基础上,讨论了通过网箱养殖的陆地工厂化和加强科普宣传使民间放生可能导致的降低生物多样性转化为科学放流的保存甚至提升生物多样性等预防措施,并指明了逃逸发生后续监管的方向,最后展望了水产养殖逃逸对长江外来种入侵影响评估的未来发展方向。     

网箱养鱼对环境影响的研究进展

网箱养鱼是一项高投入、高产出、适合大水面的渔业方式。随着养殖规模和养殖强度的扩大,许多水体局部或全部水质恶化,网箱养鱼对环境影响问题引起了许多学者的关注[1],本文就其研究进展作一综述。1网箱养鱼的废物输出（Wastedischarge）网箱养鱼输出的废物主要包括未食的饲料、排泄和排粪以及化学药品等。1．1未食的饲料无论是精养还是半精养网箱养鱼都需要投喂饲料,而投喂的饲料总有一部分不能为网箱养殖的鱼类所食。原因主要有四个方面：一是饲料可能投唱得太多;二是投喂的方式不当;三是干饲料中有一部分物质呈粉状,投喂后或被风…     

Acoustic Pollution in the Oceans: The Search for Legal Standards

The introduction of noise into the marine environment may have significant impacts on marine species and ecosystems. This article examines how the existing international legal framework can be used to address this issue. After providing some background information on sound in the marine environment, the relevant global and regional instruments dealing with the protection of the marine environment, marine pollution, and the conservation of marine species and ecosystems are discussed. The analysis suggests that international law already requires states to address various aspects of this issue. A number of instruments and institutions provide an adequate framework to prescribe rules and standards regarding most sources of acoustic pollution.     

象山港不同养殖类型海域大型底栖动物群落比较研究

于2009年2月在象山港顶部海域分别对海带、牡蛎和鱼类网箱3种不同养殖区进行了大型底栖动物调查。调查共鉴定大型底栖动物73种,隶属8门12纲53科,以软体动物和环节动物为主。海带养殖区优势种有5种;牡蛎养殖区有4种;网箱养殖区有9种。海带、牡蛎和网箱养殖区大型底栖动物平均栖息密度分别为(132±71)个/m²、(94±91)个/m²和(210±132)个/m²;平均生物量分别为(26.51±11.06) g/m²、(53.03±61.94) g/m²和(108.80±73.56) g/m²。栖息密度和生物量不同养殖区和不同调查站位间差异显著。Tukey多重比较结果显示,栖息密度海带养殖区与牡蛎和网箱养殖区间均无显著差异,而牡蛎与鱼类网箱养殖区间存在显著差异;生物量海带养殖区与牡蛎养殖区间无显著差异,海带养殖区和牡蛎养殖区与网箱养殖区间均显著差异。典范对应分析结果表明,对大型底栖动物群落起主要影响的环境因子有温度、盐度、总氮和总磷等,排序轴对物种-环境关系的贡献率计算结果表明环境变量可以较好的解释主要类群的变化情况。丰度/生物量比较曲线(ABC曲线)分析结果表明,网箱养殖区大型底栖动物群落受较明显扰动,而海带和牡蛎养殖区大型底栖动物群落未受扰动。     

Why artificial light at night should be a focus for global change research in the 21st century

The environmental impacts of artificial light at night have been a rapidly growing field of global change science in recent years. Yet, light pollution has not achieved parity with other global change phenomena in the level of concern and interest it receives from the scientific community, government and nongovernmental organizations. This is despite the globally widespread, expanding and changing nature of night‐time lighting and the immediacy, severity and phylogenetic breath of its impacts. In this opinion piece, we evidence 10 reasons why artificial light at night should be a focus for global change research in the 21st century. Our reasons extend beyond those concerned principally with the environment, to also include impacts on human health, culture and biodiversity conservation more generally. We conclude that the growing use of night‐time lighting will continue to raise numerous ecological, human health and cultural issues, but that opportunities exist to mitigate its impacts by combining novel technologies with sound scientific evidence. The potential gains from appropriate management extend far beyond those for the environment, indeed it may play a key role in transitioning towards a more sustainable society.     

胶州湾海水、海洋生物体中重金属含量的研究

研究了胶州湾海水、海洋生物体中重金属含量.结果表明,沿岸河口地区海水中重金属污染主要受沿岸工业排放废水的影响;海洋生物体内重金属含量不仅受海水中的重金属含量大小的支配,温度对其也有一定的影响.海洋生物体中重金属含量为底栖生物大于鱼类,以沉积物为主要饵料的杂食性底栖动物内重金属含量大于鱼类;海洋生物对于Cu比其它重金属具有较强的富集能力.     

胶州湾海水,海洋生物体中重金属含量的研究

研究了胶州湾海水、海洋生物体中重金属含量 .结果表明 ,沿岸河口地区海水中重金属污染主要受沿岸工业排放废水的影响 ;海洋生物体内重金属含量不仅受海水中的重金属含量大小的支配 ,温度对其也有一定的影响 .海洋生物体中重金属含量为底栖生物大于鱼类 ,以沉积物为主要饵料的杂食性底栖动物内重金属含量大于鱼类 ;海洋生物对于Cu比其它重金属具有较强的富集能力 .     

树鼩独立换气笼具的设计

目的设计研究一种满足于树鼩感染性疾病动物模型实验生物安全要求的独立换气专用隔离笼具。方法根据树驹的生物学特性、实验生物安全要求及有关实验动物笼具标准进行设计。结果该笼舍完全适用于感染性疾病实验树鼢的饲养和实验操作。结论该笼具能达到维护实验动物福利,保证实验动物质量,保障人身健康,保护环境的要求,对于使用树鼩开展人类重大传染病研究具有广泛的应用价值和市场前景。     

Application of in situ cage cultures of phytoplankton for monitoring heavy metal pollution in two Norwegian fjords

A simple apparatus for in situ use of the cage culture technique for growing planktonic algae has been developed and used to follow growth and metal uptake of three diatoms in two Norwegian fjords polluted by heavy metals. Continuous pumping of sea water through a chelating resin and continuous water sampling was used to obtain average values for dissolved and particulate heavy metal content at the various test sites. The metals investigated (zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, and mercury) showed differences in the proportion of dissolved to particulate fractions.The three species of diatoms tested gave systematic growth responses to heavy metal pollution in the moderately polluted fjord; one alga died, one showed reduced growth rate at the more contaminated site compared with those at less polluted sites, while the most tolerant alga was apparently not affected. In the heavily polluted fjord only the most tolerant alga survived, showing decreasing growth rate with increasing pollution.Uptake of heavy metals increased generally with increasing heavy metal content in the sea water. The contents in the algae grown in the most polluted fjord were much higher than those obtained in the less polluted fjord, which were higher than the contents reported for algae from non-contaminated areas.     

Enzyme inhibitors and other bioactive compounds from marine actinomycetes

Several enzyme-inhibitor-producing actinomycetes were isolated from various samples collected from the marine environment and characterized. Most of them produced novel compounds that are useful in medicine and agriculture. Actinomycete strain no. 18, which produces antibiotics against Gram-positive bacteria only in the presence of seawater, was isolated from sediment sampled from neritic sea water and characterized. The production of antibiotics was observed at seawater concentrations ranging from 60 to 110% (v/v). Thus, the production was seawater-dependent. The production of tetrodotoxin (TTX), known otherwise as puffer fish toxin, was investigated in various actinomycetes collected from the marine environment. Of 10 isolates from various sea areas, 9 produced TTX as judged by their retention times on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To our knowledge, this is the first report of actinomycetes from the marine environment that produce TTX.     

Assessing impacts of habitat modification on a subtropical salt marsh: 20 years of monitoring

The impacts of habitat modification for mosquito control by runnelling in a sub-tropical salt marsh in eastern Australia were evaluated over 20 years (1985–2005) on a quarterly basis. Runnels are shallow channels that connect isolated pools to the tidal inlet. Differences between the first month and the last were assessed as two snapshots in time and showed a similar nature of change between the two times for treatment and controls, though these were significant only for substrate moisture (higher in runnel samples) and salinity (lower in runnel samples). Over the whole 20 years the impacts at the Coomera site were to reduce mosquito larval populations, with small magnitude impacts on the environment. These were, for the runnel samples compared to controls: increased substrate moisture, lower substrate salinity, less dense and smaller Sporobolus and Sarcocornia, slightly lower and less saline water table and more crab holes. These differences reflected a similar direction of change for both runnel and control samples, in all the variables observed and may be associated with regional land use or climate or sea level changes. During the last 5 years substrate moisture was higher near runnels than controls and this may be a response to drought conditions over this period. The modification has had no maintenance.