代谢性内毒素血症在果糖诱发的NAFLD等代谢疾病中的作用研究

目的:探讨果糖饮食诱发大鼠发生非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)等代谢疾病中,代谢性内毒素血症发挥的作用及机制。方法:30只SD雄性大鼠随机分为三组:正常对照组(NC组)、高果糖组(HFD组,8%高果糖水喂养)、内毒素组(LPS组,300μg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)皮下注射)。8周糖耐量实验后,测定血浆内毒素(LPS)、胰岛素、血脂系列,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),检测促炎因子(TNF-α、IL-6)表达,观测肝组织病理学变化,Western blot检测肝组织胰岛素信号转导关键蛋白、内毒素受体表达。结果:与NC组比较,HFD组与LPS组大鼠血浆LPS、血脂(TG、TC、FFA、HDL)、促炎因子(TNF-α、IL-6),FPG(Fasting plasm glucose)、FINS(Fasting insulin)、HOME-IR(homeostasis model assessment of IR)的水平有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01),胰岛素受体底物P-IRS1Tyr632/IRS1比值下降、内毒素受体TLR-4表达升高(P0.05,P0.01),HFD组与LPS组上述指标变化无统计学差异。结论:高果糖饮食及皮下注射LPS诱发大鼠发生NAFLD等代谢疾病时,普遍伴有内毒素血症;LPS通过炎症机制引发胰岛素抵抗,促进NAFLD等代谢疾病的发生发展。     

针刺对胰岛素抵抗模型血管内皮功能的影响

目的:探讨针刺对实验性胰岛素抵抗模型大鼠血管内皮功能的影响.方法:将50只大鼠随机分成空白对照组、模型1组、模型2组、针刺1组、针刺2组,每组10只.采用高脂高糖高盐饲料喂养方法复制胰岛素抵抗模型.造模成功后,空白对照组继续以普通饲料喂养;模型1组继续以高脂高糖高盐饲料饲养;模型2组改为普通饲料喂养;针刺1组继续以高脂高糖高盐饲料喂养2周,同时给予针刺治疗,1次/d;针刺2组给予普通饲料喂养2周,同时给予针刺治疗,1次/d.治疗结束后继续取血观察各组大鼠的FPG、FINS、ISI、PGI2、TXA2、ET、NO的变化.结果:模型1组大鼠的FPG、FINS、ISI、TXA2、ET均较空白对照组升高(P＜0.01),而PGI2、NO低于空白对照组(P＜0.01).FPG、FINS、ISI、TXA2、ET在饮食及针刺联合干预的针刺2组中得到显著的改善,与针刺1组、模型1组及模型2组相比P＜0.01或P＜0.05;针刺1组与模型1组、模型2组相比,P＜0.05,模型2组与模型1组相比,P＜0.05.结论:胰岛素抵抗可造成血管内皮功能的损伤,针刺对胰岛素抵抗血管内皮功能的损伤具有一定的逆转效应,合理饮食可以促进这种效应.     

双歧杆菌三联活菌肠溶胶囊对高脂饮食所致大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝的疗效及机制探讨

目的 观察微生态制剂贝飞达(双歧杆菌三联活菌肠溶胶囊)治疗高脂饮食所致大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝的疗效并探讨其可能的作用机制.方法 雄性SD大鼠32只,适应性饲养1周后,随机分为3组,正常组:12只给予普通饲料喂养;模型组:12只,贝飞达治疗组:8只,均给予高脂饲料喂养;于喂养12周末正常组及模型组各处死4只,经肝组织HE染色确定造模成功后,贝飞达治疗组给予贝飞达[0.113 g/(kg·d)]灌胃,于16周末全部处死.检测大鼠血清AST、ALT、TC、TG、LDL、HDL、血清内毒素水平,观察其肝组织学变化.结果 模型组于高脂饲料喂养12周末出现脂肪肝,与正常组比较,模型组大鼠血清AST、ALT、TG、TC、LDL、HDL及血清内毒素水平均明显升高(P＜0.01).贝飞达治疗组大鼠各项指标较模型组均有显著改善,肝脏脂肪变性程度减轻.结论 微生态制剂贝飞达可能通过改善肠道菌群紊乱,减轻内毒素血症,从而调节肝脏脂质代谢紊乱,对非酒精性单纯性脂肪肝起到治疗作用.     

高脂饲喂联合链脲佐菌素诱导的Beagle犬糖尿病模型

目的应用高脂饲喂联合链脲佐菌素(STZ)构建Beagle犬T2DM模型,并观察其相关特征。方法将普通级雄性Beagle犬30只随机分为3组:对照组,高脂组,糖尿病模型组,每组10只。糖尿病模型组饲喂高脂饲料同时在饲喂2个月时注射STZ;高脂组饲喂高脂饲料;对照组饲喂普通饲料,连续饲喂5个月。定期测定动物Lee指数、空腹血糖、胰岛素、尿糖,并在3月时进行OGTT试验,试验结束后进行血脂等血液生化检测和肝、胰腺组织病理检查。结果高脂组和糖尿病模型组高脂饲养2个月后Lee指数显著增加(P0.01),并出现高胰岛素血症和胰岛素抵抗伴血脂异常;糖尿病模型组STZ注射后空腹血糖显著升高(P0.01),且持续3个月维持在高血糖水平;而高脂组的空腹血糖无明显变化(P0.05),糖尿病模型组OGTT试验3 h血糖值11.1mmol/L,且3 h未恢复,胰腺组织病理学检查出现一定程度的损伤和病变。结论高脂饲料饲喂诱导Beagle犬胰岛素抵抗和高血脂症,但未能形成高血糖状态,而高脂饲料饲喂联合注射STZ后Beagle犬在出现高血脂症的同时发生胰岛素抵抗,与人类T2DM的胰岛素抵抗伴高血糖、高胰岛素血症和高血脂等典型症状相似。     

非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠PPARα基因表达及脂代谢和胰岛素水平的变化

目的观察非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）大鼠肝组织中PPARα基因的表达,并用PPARct激动剂进行干预,探讨其与胰岛素抵抗、脂代谢紊乱的关系。方法大鼠随机分为①正常对照组、②高脂模型组、③PPARα激动剂干预组,利用高脂饮食建立大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝模型。12周后,检测大鼠血脂、肝功能、血糖、胰岛素水平及胰岛素抵抗指数;RT-PCR法分析PPARα基因的表达;观察肝脏的形态学改变。结果PPARa激动剂可降低NAFLD大鼠转氨酶、血脂水平及胰岛素抵抗指数,可促进NAFLD大鼠中PPARa基因的表达;肝脏形态学明显改善。结论PPARα激动剂能改善NAFLD大鼠脂质代谢紊乱,有明显的保肝降酶作用,具有适度的胰岛素增敏作用。PPARα及其配体在NAFLD发病机制及治疗中的进一步深入研究,将为临床防治NAFLD提供新的思路。     

三种啮齿类动物非酒精性脂肪肝形成及机制探讨

目的 分析物种差异对NAFLD模型复制的影响,探讨不同鼠种NAFLD形成及其机制.方法 长爪沙鼠、SD大鼠、ICR小鼠各20只,按种属随机分为对照组及模型组,对照组给予普通饲料,模型组给予高脂饲料.16周后,观察肝脏HE及Mallory三色染色病理变化,计算肝指数,检测血清血脂(CHO、TG、LDL-c、HDL-c)、肝功能(GOP、GPT)及肝组织中抗氧化酶(SOD、GSH-PX、CAT)活性及羟脯氨酸(Hyp)、丙二醛(MDA)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)水平.结果 与对照组比较,各模型组:沙鼠Hyp、CHO、TG、LDL-c、HDL-c、肝指数、GOP、GPT、MDA、FFA均升高,SOD、GSH-PX、CAT活性降低(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),肝脏出现纤维化;大鼠CHO、肝指数、GOP、GPT、FFA、SOD活性升高,MDA含量、GSH-PX、CAT活性降低(P ＜0.05,P＜0.01),有局灶性脂肪肝炎;小鼠CHO、LDL-c、HDL-c、肝指数、CAT活性升高,MDA含量降低(P ＜0.05,P＜0.01),肝脏病理正常.结论 三种动物在脂质代谢、肝功能、氧化应激等方面有显著的差异,并形成了不同的NAFLD模型:沙鼠形成伴高TG、CHO血症的肝纤维化模型、大鼠形成伴高CHO血症的局灶性脂肪肝炎模型、小鼠形成高胆固醇血症模型但肝脏未发生明显的病理改变.     

运动对胰岛素抵抗大鼠肝脏BIM信号通路的影响*

目的: 探究运动干预对肥胖诱导的胰岛素抵抗大鼠肝脏BIM-JNK1-IRS1-Akt信号通路的影响。方法: 40只雄性SD大鼠随机分4组(n=10):对照组(普通膳食喂养16周);高脂膳食安静组(高脂膳食喂养16周);慢性运动组(高脂膳食喂养16周且后8周进行慢性运动干预,5%体重负重的游泳运动,1 h/d,5天/周)和急性运动组(高脂膳食喂养16周后进行同样5%体重负重的6 h急性运动干预,分两个3 h进行,中间间隔休息45 min)。干预结束后,所有大鼠称重后进行口服糖耐量和胰岛素释放实验,分别使用罗氏血糖仪和大鼠胰岛素ELISA试剂盒测定血糖含量和血清胰岛素含量,以胰岛素敏感性指数衡量胰岛素抵抗状态。Western blot方法检测肝脏Bcl-2细胞死亡调节因子(BIM),磷酸化c-Jun氨基末端激酶1(p-JNK1), 磷酸化胰岛素受体底物1(p-IRS1)和磷酸化蛋白激酶B(p-Akt)蛋白水平。结果: 与对照组大鼠相比,高脂膳食安静组大鼠体重和内脏脂肪质量显著增加(P＜0.01),胰岛素敏感性指数显著下降((P＜0.01);肝脏中BIM蛋白水平显著增加(P＜0.01),JNK1和IRS1磷酸化水平显著增加(P＜0.01),Akt磷酸化水平显著下降(P＜0.01)。与高脂膳食安静组相比,慢性运动组大鼠体重和内脏脂肪质量显著降低(P＜0.01),急性运动组大鼠体重和内脏脂肪质量无明显变化。与高脂膳食安静组相比,慢性运动组和急性运动组大鼠的胰岛素敏感性指数显著提高(P＜0.05),肝脏中BIM蛋白水平显著减少(P＜0.01),JNK1和IRS1磷酸化水平显著降低(P＜0.01),Akt磷酸化水平显著增加(P＜0.01)。结论: 慢性运动降低大鼠体重和内脏脂肪质量,急性运动并不影响大鼠体重和内脏脂肪质量,但两种运动方式都可以改善肥胖诱导的胰岛素抵抗,这可能与大鼠肝脏中BIM调节的JNK1-IRS1-Akt信号通路的改变有关。     

新加越鞠丸对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠血清脂联素及瘦素水平的影响

目的:观察新加越鞠丸对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠血清脂联素及瘦素的影响.方法:3只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组,每组9只.高脂高糖饲料喂养制备大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝模型.8W病理显示造模成功后,每组给予相应药物干预,连续4W.酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法测定各组大鼠血清中脂联素(ADP)浓度及瘦素(LP)浓度,HE染色观察肝脏病理变化.结果:与正常对照组大鼠比较,模型对照组血清中ADP浓度明显降低(P＜0.05),LP明显升高(P＜0.05);与模型对照组大鼠比较,新加越鞠丸组血清中ADP浓度明显升高(P＜0.05),LP明显降低(P＜0.05);新加越鞠丸组大鼠较水林佳组,血清中ADP浓度显著升高(P＜0.05),LP有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:新加越鞠丸可通过升高血清脂联素水平,降低血清瘦素水平,减轻非酒精性脂肪肝的损伤.     

高脂饮食对西藏小型猪胰岛素抵抗及肝胰岛素受体底物1、2表达的影响

目的探讨高脂饮食对西藏小型猪胰岛素抵抗(IR)及肝胰岛素受体底物(IRS)1、2表达的影响。方法将10只西藏小型猪随机分为正常对照组(Ctr)5只饲喂普通饲料、IR模型(IR model)组5只饲喂高脂饲料,连续造模12周。造模12周后,称重并测量体长,计算体质量指数(BMI),空腹取前腔静脉血测定总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、空腹血糖(FBG)和胰岛素(insulin),计算胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance,HOMA-IR);同时进行糖耐量试验,并计算糖耐量曲线下面积(AUC);取肝组织检测IRS-1和IRS-2基因和蛋白表达,并行油红O、PAS和HE染色,分别观察肝脂质沉积、糖原及组织病理变化。结果与正常对照组比,IR模型组体重、BMI指数、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C、FFA、FBG、insulin和HOMA-IR指数均显著升高(P0.05,P0.01);糖耐量试验显示血糖和胰岛素水平曲线下降延缓,而AUC_(血糖)和AUC_(胰岛素)均明显升高(P0.05,P0.01);肝组织中出现脂质沉积、糖原增加和局部肝细胞浊肿、部分胞核消失或被挤向一端,偶见淋巴细胞浸润;同时肝组织中IRS-1和IRS-2 mRNA和蛋白表达均显著降低(P0.05,P0.01)。结论高脂饮食可引起西藏小型猪胰岛素抵抗,肝组织IRS-1和IRS-2表达降低是高脂饮食影响西藏小型猪胰岛素敏感性的分子机制之一。     

HFJ和Wistar大鼠脂肪肝及胰岛素抵抗动物模型的比较

目的建立近交系HFJ大鼠和封闭群Wistar大鼠脂肪肝胰岛素抵抗动物模型及比较其生物学特性。方法雄性HFJ大鼠和Wistar大鼠,分别随机分为模型组和正常组,模型组喂养高脂饮食,正常组喂养普通饮食,两组脂肪分别占摄入能量的44.2%和19.2%,共饲养12周。每周称体质量,测定血糖、甘油三酯、胆固醇、ALT、AST、HDLC、LDLC和血胰岛素水平。实验期末处死动物摘取肝脏并称质量,计算肝指数;鼠肝脏用10%甲醛固定,石蜡包埋切片,HE染色,光镜下评估肝脂肪变性和炎症活动情况。结果镜下可见,HFJ和Wistar大鼠模型组肝细胞均呈现弥漫性脂肪变性,小叶内可见炎症细胞浸润,HFJ比Wistar脂肪变性较重,对照组肝脏均未见异常。两种动物的模型组ALT、AST、肝指数、HOMA-IR指数均显著高于其正常组,HFJ和Wistar种系间各指标的差异无显著性;HFJ大鼠模型组体重和正常组体重具有显著性差异(P<0.01),而Wistar大鼠模型组体重与正常组体重间无显著差异(P>0.05);HFJ大鼠TG和TC含量均显著高于Wistar大鼠。结论通过高脂饮食喂养成功建立了HFJ大鼠和Wistar大鼠脂肪肝与胰岛素抵抗疾病动物模型,与Wistar大鼠比较,HFJ大鼠具有自发性高血脂特征,造模更易成功,可为胰岛素抵抗和脂肪肝的发病机制研究、防治高血脂药物筛选提供一种新的实验动物。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.