老年人单纯性尿路感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

【摘 要】 目的 研究引起老年人单纯性尿路感染的病原菌的分布情况及其耐药性。 方法 对新疆医科大学第一附属医院2009年至2012年期间患者尿培养分离出的1035株细菌进行鉴定,并采用K\|B纸片扩散法进行耐药性分析。 结果 致老年人单纯性尿路感染的病原菌以大肠埃希菌为主（54.0%）,其次分别为粪肠球菌（15.1%）、肺炎克雷伯菌（8.7%）、金黄色葡萄球菌（7.2%）;大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和变形杆菌除对亚胺培南保持100%敏感外,对其他抗生素的耐药率均呈上升的趋势;粪肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌除同时对万古霉素保持100 %敏感外,对其他抗生素的耐药率也较严重。 结论 老年人单纯性尿路感染的病原菌耐药性严重,不能单凭经验选择抗生素,应该在细菌培养和药敏试验的指导下慎重选用敏感药物。     

457株尿路感染的病原菌及其耐药性研究

目的了解尿路感染的病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法用VITEK-AMS微生物自动分析仪鉴定菌种和药敏试验,同时对大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌进行ESBLs检测,对肠球菌进行氨基糖苷类高水平耐药（HLAR）的筛选。结果尿路感染以大肠埃希菌检出率最高（50．5％）其余依次为肠球菌属（10．5％）,克雷伯菌属（8．6％）,真菌（7．9％）等,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs检出率分别为24．2％和17．9％,HLAR肠球菌检出率为60．4％．尿路感染病原菌对喹诺酮类等常用药物的耐药性较高。结论明确尿路感染的病原菌及其耐药性对合理使用抗生素具有重要意义。     

老年脑梗死并发尿道感染患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的:分析老年脑梗死并发尿道感染的病原菌分布及其耐药性。方法:选取2014年9月-2016年9月于我院治疗的240例老年脑梗死并发尿道感染患者为研究对象,收集患者中段尿标本进行细菌分离培养鉴定,分析病原菌分布情况并测定其耐药性。结果:共检出160株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌108株,占67.50%,革兰阳性菌43株,占26.88%,真菌9株,占5.63%,前五位病原菌分别为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、溶血性葡萄球菌及粪肠球菌。在主要革兰阴性菌中,大肠埃希菌对头孢曲松耐药率最高(69.81%),对亚胺培南最敏感(3.77%);铜绿假单胞菌对环氧沙星耐药率最高(88.24%),对头孢曲松、头孢唑啉、头孢他啶、阿米卡星、哌拉西林、亚胺培南最敏感,耐药率均为0.00%;肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢唑林耐药率最高(75.00%),对呋喃妥因最敏感(6.25%)。在主要革兰阳性菌中,金黄色葡萄球菌对红霉素耐药率最高(85.71%);肠球菌属(粪肠球菌及屎肠球菌)对氨苄西林耐药率最高(70.00%);凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(溶血性葡萄球菌及表皮葡萄球菌)对头孢曲松耐药率最高(93.75%);主要革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺最敏感,耐药率均为0.00%。结论:老年脑梗死并发尿道感染病原菌种类多,应根据耐药性结果合理选用抗生素。     

导管相关尿道感染的病原学及耐药性分析

目的 分析导管相关尿道感染(CAUTI)的病原菌分布及对抗菌药物的耐药情况,为临床诊断和治疗提供依据.方法 收集2009年1月至2011年12月留置导管患者尿标本分离出的414株病原菌,采用美国PHOENIX 100细菌鉴定及药敏系统进行鉴定及药敏试验.结果 导管相关尿道感染的主要致病菌依次是大肠埃希菌(22.7％)、肠球菌(21.7％)、白假丝酵母菌(7.7％)和肺炎克雷伯菌(7.0％).药敏结果显示肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及肠球菌对常用抗菌药物有较高耐药性;肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶阳性率为51.7％、65.9％,高浓度庆大霉素耐药肠球菌为64.4％.结论 CAUTI病原菌以大肠埃希菌和肠球菌属为主,且呈多重耐药现象,开展耐药性监测对临床合理用药具有重要意义.     

医院血流感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解医院血流感染病原菌的分布及其耐药性,为临床治疗提供参考。方法收集2013年1月至12月浙江中医药大学附属第一医院患者血培养标本,采用WHONET 5.6软件对所分离的病原菌及药敏结果进行统计分析。结果 2 017份血培养标本共检出病原菌370株,阳性率为18.34%,其中革兰阳性菌142株占38.38%,革兰阴性菌213株占57.57%,真菌15株,占4.05%。排名前5位病原菌依次是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、肠球菌属和金黄色葡萄球菌,分别占19.73%、17.03%、13.51%、6.22%和4.59%。除哌拉西林/他唑巴坦对大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌仍保持较高的抗菌活性外,革兰阴性菌尤其是肺炎克雷伯菌对多种药物均产生了严重耐药性,其中产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌分别占46.80%和20.00%。革兰阳性菌对利奈唑胺100%敏感,检出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)4株,占25.00%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNs)占92.00%,耐万古霉素的表皮葡萄球菌1株和耐万古霉素的粪肠球菌3株。结论血流感染病原菌分布复杂,以革兰阴性菌为主,耐药率高,且已出现耐万古霉素的表皮葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌,因此,进行早期监测和耐药性分析非常必要,对控制感染、指导合理使用抗菌药物,减缓耐药菌株的出现具有重要的临床意义。     

2008年至2010年泌尿系统感染中病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解泌尿系统感染的病原菌分布及药物耐药性。方法采用法国生物梅里埃公司的VITEK60分析仪对2008年至2010年宁波市妇女儿童医院疑为泌尿系统感染患者的尿液标本进行细菌培养、菌株鉴定,纸片扩散确证试验检测ESBLs。结果 2008年至2010年尿标本中共分离出病原菌1 561株,以大肠埃希菌最多见,占27.2%,其次肺炎克雷伯菌、奇异变形菌、粪肠球菌(D群),各占6.34%、6.28%和6.21%,再次是表皮葡萄球、白色念珠菌和屎肠球菌(D群),各占4.48%、4.36%和3.91%。表皮葡萄球、粪肠球菌(D群)、屎肠球菌(D群)对万古霉素均敏感,对利奈唑烷仅1株粪肠球菌(D群)耐药。3年中,无1例大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南耐药,1株肺炎克雷伯菌和1株奇异变形菌对亚胺培南耐药,其他药物均有不同程度耐药。结论大肠埃希菌是导致泌尿系统感染最常见的致病菌,产ESBLs的菌株已达46.6%。治疗由产ESBLs细菌引起的尿路感染首选亚胺培南和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦;引起尿路感染的革兰阳性菌主要为肠球菌,青霉素可作为治疗粪肠球菌引起的尿路感染,但不适合治疗屎肠球菌引起的尿路感染,耐药率已达95%以上,呋喃妥因、利奈坐烷、万古霉素可作为首选。     

379株血培养病原菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的了解血培养病原菌种类、临床分布及耐药情况。方法对2008年6月至2009年6月的379株血培养病原菌及其药敏情况用WHONET5.4软件进行统计分析。结果 379株病原菌中,分离率从高到低依次是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(133/35.1%)、大肠埃希菌(44/11.6%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(32/8.4%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(30/7.9%)、铜绿假单胞菌(25/6.6%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(18/4.7%)、肠球菌(13/3.4%)和其他(75/22.2%)。这些菌株主要分布在ICU和普外科。药敏结果分析显示:革兰阳性球菌中,未发现利奈唑胺和万古霉素耐药株。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对苯唑西林的耐药率分别为61.1%和89.5%;屎肠球菌对多数抗生素耐药率超过80%,粪肠球菌对青霉素类抗生素敏感性较高。革兰阴性杆菌中,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs菌株比例分别为36.4%和31.3%,且发现2株耐亚胺培南的肺炎克雷伯菌;鲍曼不动杆菌除对卡那霉素保持敏感外,对其他抗生素的耐药率为50%~100%;铜绿假单胞菌对头孢曲松的耐药率为100%,对其他β-内酰胺类抗生素、氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类抗生素的耐药率相对较低。结论临床上应规范血培养标本留取方法以减少污染,加强细菌耐药监测、严格抗生素使用,以延缓细菌耐药情况的发生和发展。     

940株血培养分离菌的临床分布及抗菌药物敏感性分析

目的定期对医院血流感染分离菌的分布和抗菌药物敏感性进行分析,为菌血症的治疗提供可靠的药敏结果,提高治愈率。方法对大连市中心医院2010年1月至2013年12月8 277份血标本采用全自动血培养仪Bac T/Alert3D和Micro Scan Walk Away-40全自动细菌鉴定仪进行细菌培养、鉴定和抗生素敏感性试验。结果 8 277份血标本中检出病原菌940株,阳性率为11.4%。940株病原菌中革兰阳性菌441株,占46.9%;以金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌和肺炎链球菌为主;革兰阴性杆菌486株,占51.7%,以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌为主;真菌13株,占1.4%。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、美洛培南高度敏感;鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、米诺环素高度敏感;粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、葡萄球菌对达托霉素、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、奎奴普丁/达福普汀高度敏感。结论血液培养意义重大,病原菌分布呈多样化趋势,且表现为多重耐药。     

颅脑损伤患者尿路感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨颅脑损伤患者尿路感染病原菌分布及其耐药性,为临床合理选择抗生素提供参考.方法 以颅脑损伤伴尿路感染患者为研究对象,将单纯尿路感染患者作对照,进行菌种鉴定和药敏试验,比较两组病原菌分布及其耐药性.结果 (1)脑外伤组G-杆菌以变形杆菌多见,其次为大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌;对照组以大肠埃希菌多见,其次为肺炎克雷伯菌、变形杆菌和鲍曼不动杆菌.两组G-杆菌细菌分布比较,差异具有显著性(P＜0.01);(2)脑外伤组大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和变形杆菌对头孢噻肟耐药率显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两实验组病原菌对阿米卡星、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南耐药率均较低,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 颅脑损伤伴尿路感染患者病原菌分布与单纯尿路感染患者不同,第三、四代头孢和半合成氨基糖苷类为相对敏感抗生素.     

医院感染病原菌及耐药性监测报告

从３９０４ 例住院病人标本中分离出医院内感染病原菌７８１ 株,结合临床常用的１４ 种抗菌药物药敏试验结果进行整理分析。结果,革兰阳性球菌所占比例呈上升趋势,革兰阴性杆菌呈下降趋势。引起医院感染的主要病原菌为真菌、大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌、肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。２ 年间金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素的耐药率已＞ ９３ ％ ,对第三代喹诺酮类的耐药率下降了１６．６６ ％ ～４０．８３ ％ 。肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率上升了２７．５９ ％ 。克雷伯菌、沙雷菌、大肠埃希菌对头孢菌素类、第三代喹诺酮类的耐药率呈上升趋势。金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、肠杆菌属、铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星的耐药率呈下降趋势。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.