小球藻大规模培养研究的进展

小球藻是被人类研究并开发利用的单细胞藻类之一。本文就小球藻大规模培养中产量、质量、培养方式、培养基与经济上的可行性之间的关系;气候因子、二氧化碳补加、搅拌、分离、收获与干燥等技术条件及其研究的进展进行了综述,认为未来的发展趋势将是光合生物反应器培养。文中也讨论了小球藻大规模培养中生长量以及限制生长量的主要因素与太阳能转换率之间的关系。     

玻璃管道光全生物反应器中小球藻大规模培养的研究

设计并装置容积１０００Ｌ玻璃管道光合和物反应器进行小球藻大规模中试培养研究,当停留时间为３ｄ收获培养总体积的１／３时,可建立稳定的连续培养系统,使小球藻的平均密度保持干重３ｇ／Ｌ,最大生长量为干重０．６０５ｇ／Ｌ．ｄ,平均生长量为干重０．３７５ｇ／Ｌ．ｄ,所设计的光合反应器是稳定的,研究建立的培养技术是具有推广应用前景。     

玻璃管道光合生物反应器中小球藻大规模培养的研究

设计并装置容积1000L玻璃管道光合生物反应器进行小球藻大规模中试培养研究。当停留时间为3d．收获培养物总体积的1／3时。可建立稳定的连续培养系统,使小球藻的平均密度保持干重3g／L,最大生长量为干重0．605g／L·d,平均生长量为干重O．375g／L·d。所设计的光合反应器是稳定的．研究建立的培养技术具有推广应用前景。     

植物单细胞蛋白资源——小球藻开发利用研究的现状

微藻大规模培养的应用研究已越来越受到重视,发展成为生物技术领域的一门新的领域──微藻生物技术Micro-algalBiotechnology．小球藻是微藻中首先被开发利用的种类之一,其培养方式已由开放池培养发展为利用生物反应器进行连续培养。本文就小球藻的培养技术、主要化学成分和作为食品、饲料,以及在工业上的应用研究的现状进行简要评述,并展望了小球藻开发利用的前景。     

几种化学物质对小球藻生长和蛋白含量的效应

研究了不同有机和无机碳源及生长素对小球藻生长量及叶绿素和蛋白质含量的效应。葡萄糖、蔗糖、乙酸钠和碳酸氢钠及萘乙酸均能提高小球藻的生长量和叶绿素含量,对小球藻具有明显的促生效应。培养基加入乙酸钠和萘乙酸小球藻细胞蛋白质含量由对照的43．4％提高到46．9％和52．5％。     

普通小球藻生长与武汉东湖水体磷形态的相关研究

本文探讨了武汉东湖水体中总溶解磷（TSP）、溶解反应磷（SRP）、总反应磷（TRP）、溶解水解磷（SHP）和颗粒磷（PP）对普通小球藻生长的生物有效利用性。进行了普通小球藻生长量与各磷形态及总磷（TP）被利用浓度的一元相关分析,进一步讨论了这些一元相关方程的不足,并用多元回归分析建立了普通小球藻生长量（N）与所测几种磷形态被利用浓度（CTSP,CSRP,CTRP,CSHP,CPP）的相关模型。这些模型可以用于评价湖泊水体富营养化的程度及预测藻的生长潜力。     

植物激素IBA与6-BA对摇瓶分批流加异养培养小球藻的生长及化学组成的影响

研究了植物激素IBA与6-BA对摇瓶分批流加异养培养小球藻的生长及化学组成的影响。结果表明,IBA与6-BA处理摇瓶分批流加异养培养的小球藻,促进了小球藻的生长,提高了小球藻的生物量(15．0％)与对糖转化率(14．8％),同时也提高了小球藻的蛋白质含量(16．3％)。氨基酸分析结果表明,IBA与6-BA能提高摇瓶分批流加异养培养的小球藻的α-氨基酸含量(含量达31．2％,而对照的仅26．0％),增加必需氨基酸的含量及比例,尤其两种重要α-氨基酸Arg和Lys的含量分别提高达22．9％和30．1％,强化了异养小球藻的营养价值。IBA与6-BA能提高摇瓶分批流加异养培养的小球藻叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量。培养工艺研究与化学组成分析将为植物激素应用于小球藻的异养培养奠定基础。     

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本文概述了小球藻的培养技术和小球藻生物活性物质、小球藻天然药物及其它小球藻天然产物的开发利用现状,介绍了小球藻基因工程和利用生物技术将小球藻作为能源开发以及利用小球藻生物技术治理环境污染的最新进展,并对小球藻生物技术的研究应用提出了展望。     

蒲公英提取物对普通小球藻Hg^2＋毒害保护作用的研究

本文研究了Hg^3 对普通小球藻的致毒效应与蒲公英提取物的保护作用,试验显示,普通小球藻的生理代谢活动对H^2 g敏感,单H^2 g处理系列组,随着H^2 g浓度提高,普通小球藻生长量降低,叶绿素A含量降低,自发荧光度强度减弱,显示出H^2 g的毒害效应,H^2 g加蒲公英物取复合处理普通小球藻结果表明,蒲公英提取物可以显著提高普通小球藻的生物量,促进普通小球藻的生长,提高普通小球藻叶绿素a含量与其自发荧光强度,从而显著减轻H^2 g的毒害作用,藻公英叶提取物作用效果最好,花序次之,根相对较弱。     

小球藻生物技术研究应用现状及展望

本文概述了小球藻的培养技术和小球藻生物活性物质、小球藻天然药物及其它小球藻天然产物的开发利用现状,介绍了小球藻基因工程和利用生物技术将小球藻作为能源开发以及利用小球藻生物技术治理环境污染的最新进展,并对小球藻生物技术的研究应用提出了展望。     

pH对小球藻Chlorella sp. XQ-200419光合作用、生长和产油的影响

以一种生长快、油脂含量高的小球藻(Chlorella sp. XQ-200419)为实验材料, 利用测定净光合放氧速率的方法研究了pH对其光合作用的影响; 使用改良的BG-11培养基在微藻环形培养池模拟系统中进行分批培养, 培养周期为8d, 培养过程中使用 pH控制仪在线监测藻液的pH, 根据pH变化, 自动接通、关闭CO2通气管道, 将藻液pH分别控制在5.06.0, 7.08.0, 8.09.0, 9.010.0, 10.011.0内, 研究pH对生长速率、生物质面积产率、总脂含量和总脂面积产率的影响。主要结果如下: 藻液pH对小球藻Chlorella sp. XQ-200419光合放氧、生长速率、生物质产率、总脂含量和产率都有显著影响, 适宜的pH范围是7.09.0, 在此范围内, 光合放氧、生长速率、生物质产率、总脂含量和产率均保持较高水平, 且pH的影响不显著; pH低于7.0, 高于9.0, 其光合放氧、生长速率、生物质产率、总脂含量和产率都显著降低。这表明pH对小球藻Chlorella sp. XQ-200419光合作用的影响和对生长、产油的影响是一致的。pH 7.08.0, 小球藻的生物质平均面积产率和总脂平均面积产率都达到最大值, 分别是8.9 g/(m2d)和2269.5 mg/(m2d); 当藻液pH超过10.0, 生物质平均面积产率和总脂平均面积产率分别降低42.1%和60.0%。适合于小球藻生长的pH也有利于其积累油脂, 所以, pH对小球藻产油的影响是一种适宜模式, 而非胁迫模式。规模化培养小球藻Chlorella sp. XQ-200419, 通过补充CO2将藻液pH控制在7.09.0内, 可以获得高生物质产率和总脂产率。研究结果反映出pH对小球藻光合作用、生长和产油影响的规律, 也为规模化培养小球藻生产微藻油脂过程中合理控制藻液pH提供了依据。       

Optimization for high-density cultivation of heterotrophic Chlorella based on a hybrid neural network model

AIMS: The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable hybrid neural network (HNN) model for heterotrophic growth of Chlorella, based on which optimization for fed-batch (FB) cultivation of Chlorella may be successfully realized. METHODS AND RESULTS: Deterministic kinetic model was preliminarily developed for the optimization of FB cultivation of Chlorella. The highest biomass concentration and the maximum productivity were obtained as: 104.9 g l(-1) dry cell weight and 0.613 g l(-1) h(-1), respectively. After several cultivations had been performed, an HNN model was developed. The efficiency of biomass production was further increased by the optimization using this model. The highest biomass concentration and the maximum productivity attained was: 116.2 g l(-1) dry cell weight and 1.020 g l(-1) h(-1), respectively. CONCLUSION: The HNN model agreed well with experimental results in different cultivations. Comparison between the HNN model and the deterministic model showed that the former had better generalization ability, which made it a reliable tool in modelling and optimization. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The high cell density and productivity of biomass obtained in this study is of significance for the commercial cultivation of Chlorella. The simple and efficient optimization strategy proposed in this paper may be employed in heterotrophic mass culture of Chlorella as well as other similar organisms.     

Predicting Production in Light-Limited Continuous Cultures of Algae

Equations relating productivity, growth rate, cell concentration, and light absorption lead to the prediction that, when incident light is below saturating intensity, maximal productivity will occur at half the maximal growth rate. The freshwater alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa TX71105 and the marine alga Dunaliella tertiolecta were grown in a small continuous culture apparatus with turbidostatic control. With both cultures, the cell concentration showed a linear decrease with dilution rate. Productivity was maximal at about one-half the maximal dilution rate. Average mass per cell increased near the maximal dilution rate, causing some asymmetry in the productivity versus dilution rate curve. The chlorophyll content per unit mass decreased in this region, but the chlorophyll content per cell remained constant. Best production rate in a light-limited algal culture was obtained when the growth rate at very low cell concentration was determined in the apparatus and the dilution rate was set at one-half that value.     

Effects of culture temperature shift and light-dark time cycle on the cellular sugar accumulation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa

We investigated the effect of culture temperature on the maximum specific growth rate and the cellular sugar accumulation, and the effect of a temperature shift on the sugar accumulation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells in a batch culture system. Increase in temperature below 30?°C appeared to correlate with increase in the maximum specific growth rate, on the contrary the cellular sugar content showed a reverse tendency against temperature. We attempted to utilize this tendency for improving sugar productivity in Chlorella. First, we cultured Chlorella at 28?°C during the logarithmic growth phase to obtain a high specific growth rate. The culture temperature was then shifted from 28?°C to 22?°C at the late logarithmic growth phase in order to reduce the specific growth rate and enhance the cellular sugar accumulation. As a result, we obtained a 15% increase in sugar production over that obtained by cultivation at 28?°C throughout the culture. We also investigated the effect of light-dark time cycle on the sugar productivity and found that this operating variable did not affect the cellular sugar content but influenced the final cell concentration. Among the examined light-dark time cycles, maximum sugar productivity was obtained in the case of 12?h light and 12?h dark period.     

Effect of nanoparticle on cellular growth and lipid production in Chlorella vulgaris culture

Magnetic cobalt ferrite/silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and methyl functionalized MSNs (methyl‐MSNs) were used to enhance lipid production in Chlorella vulgaris culture through enhancement of gas‐water mass transfer and increased dissolved concentration of CO₂. Methyl‐MSNs enhanced CO₂–water mass transfer rate better than MSNs, and 0.3 wt% methyl‐MSNs are more effective than 0.1 wt% MSNs. In the cultivation experiment, 0.3 wt% methyl‐MSNs yielded the highest dry cell weight and subsequently, the highest mass transfer rate. However, enhancement of mass transfer rate did not increase lipid content. The volumetric lipid productivity in C. vulgaris culture depends not only on intracellular lipid content but also on the cell mass concentration. Consequently, 0.1 wt% methyl‐MSNs yielded the highest volumetric lipid productivity in C. vulgaris cultivation. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:929–933, 2018     

Photosynthetic productivity of conical helical tubular photobioreactor incorporating Chlorella sorokiniana under field conditions.

The photosynthetic performance of a conical, helical tubular photobioreactor (HTP) incorporating Chlorella sorokiniana was investigated under conditions of high temperature and light intensity during midsummer in an outdoor environment. Although the culture medium temperature exceeded 40 degrees C for approximately 5 h each day, peaking at 47.5 degrees C under sunny conditions, a photosynthetic productivity of 30.0 g x m(-2) (installation area) x day(-1) and a photosynthetic efficiency of 8.66% [photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), 400-700 nm] were achieved. A maximum photosynthetic productivity of 33.2 g x m(-2) x day(-1) was achieved on a sunny day, when solar energy input was also maximal (11.5 MJ x m(-2) x day(-1) [PAR]). On the other hand, a maximum photosynthetic efficiency of 9.54% was obtained on a day that was rainy in the morning and cloudy in the afternoon, and there was relatively little solar energy input. The average daily photosynthetic efficiency over the two culture periods (August 4 to 7 and August 10 to 13, 1999) was 7.25%. Thus, a high level of photosynthetic performance was achieved in the conical HTP incorporating Chlorella sorokiniana despite the fact that culture medium temperature was not controlled. The use of Chlorella sorokiniana in the conical HTP should be a good choice to produce microalgal biomass during the summer under field conditions.     

Improvement of microalgal photosynthetic productivity by reducing the content of light harvesting pigment

Microalgal productivity was examined using both a wild type and a phycocyanin-deficient mutant of Synechocystis PCC 6714 (PD-1). The culture was conducted at various light intensities under low and high cell densities in a continuous culture system. At low light intensity, photosynthetic productivity was almost the same for both low and high cell densities. However, at higher light intensities photosynthetic productivity was higher in mutant PD-1 than in the wild type. At 2000 μmol photon m⁻² s⁻¹ the productivity was 50% higher in mutant PD-1. This result is consistent with our first report (Nakajima & Ueda, 1997), which showed that photosynthetic productivity can be improved by reducing the light harvesting pigment content in high cell density cultures at high light intensities. It is concluded that the technology for reducing LHP content is a useful method for improving photosynthetic productivity in algal mass production. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The effect of degree and timing of nitrogen limitation on lipid productivity in Chlorella vulgaris

Improvements in lipid productivity would enhance the economic feasibility of microalgal biodiesel. In order to optimise lipid productivity, both the growth rate and lipid content of algal cells must be maximised. The lipid content of many microalgae can be enhanced through nitrogen limitation, but at the expense of biomass productivity. This suggests that a two-stage nitrogen supply strategy might improve lipid productivity. Two different nitrogen supply strategies were investigated for their effect on lipid productivity in Chlorella vulgaris. The first was an initial nitrogen-replete stage, designed to optimise biomass productivity, followed by nitrogen limitation to enhance lipid content (two-stage batch) and the second was an initial nitrogen-limited stage, designed to maximise lipid content, followed by addition of nitrogen to enhance biomass concentration (fed-batch). Volumetric lipid yield in nitrogen-limited two-stage batch and fed-batch was compared with that achieved in nitrogen-replete and nitrogen-limited batch culture. In a previous work, maximum lipid productivity in batch culture was found at an intermediate level of nitrogen limitation (starting nitrate concentration of 170 mg L^?1). Overall lipid productivity was not improved by using fed-batch or two-stage culture strategies, although these strategies showed higher volumetric lipid concentrations than nitrogen-replete batch culture. The dilution of cultures prior to nitrogen deprivation led to increased lipid accumulation, indicating that the availability of light influenced the rate of lipid accumulation. However, dilution did not lead to increased lipid productivity due to the resulting lower biomass concentration.     

Effect of nitrate on lipid production by T. suecica, M. contortum, and C. minutissima

Microalgae are an alternative and sustainable source of lipids that can be used as a feedstock for biodiesel production. Nitrate is a good nitrogen source for many microalgae and affects biomass and lipid yields of microalgae. In this study, the effect of nitrate on cell growth and lipid production and composition in Monoraphidium contortum, Tetraselmis suecica, and Chlorella minutissima was investigated. Nitrate affected the production of biomass and the production and composition of lipids of the three microalgae tested. Increasing the nitrate concentration in the culture medium resulted in increased biomass production and higher biomass productivity. Furthermore, increasing the nitrate concentration resulted in a reduction in lipid content and productivity in M. contortum; however, the opposite effect was observed in T. suecica and C. minutissima cultures. C. minutissima and M. contortum lipids contain high levels of oleic acid, with values ranging from 26 to 45.7% and 36.4 to 40.1%, respectively. The data suggest that because of its high lipid productivity (13.79 mg L^?1 d^?1) and high oleic acid productivity (3.78 mg L^?1 d^?1), Chlorella minutissima is a potential candidate for the production of high quality biodiesel.     

环境因子对小球藻(Chlorella sp. XQ-20044)光合作用的影响

小球藻（Chlorella sp.XQ-20044）是一株具有应用潜力的产油微藻,本文利用测定净光合放氧速率的方法研究了光照强度、温度、pH值和盐度对其光合作用的影响。研究结果表明：小球藻适宜的光照强度为500~1200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,光补偿点约30 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,光饱和点在600 μmol·m^-2·s^-1附近;光合作用适宜的温度范围为30~42.5℃,最适温度为40℃;适宜的pH值范围7.0~10.0,最适pH值为8.0;适宜盐度范围0.1~0.3 mol/L,最适盐度为0.2 mol/L。从光合作用特性来看,小球藻能适应较强的光照强度、较高的温度、偏碱性和较高的盐度环境,其中可耐受较高盐度的特性,有助于预防敌害生物的污染,对于实现规模培养,特别是利用开放系统进行规模培养较为有利。