赛罕乌拉自然保护区蝶类多样性及其影响因素

为了解赛罕乌拉自然保护区蝶类多样性及其影响因素, 我们于2017年5-9月分别对保护区的典型草原、湿地、山地沟谷草甸、退化草原、农田、山地旱生灌丛、山地中生灌丛等7种生境中的蝴蝶进行观测调查。共记录和采集蝴蝶2,290只, 隶属5科42属63种。蛱蝶科的种类数(34种)和个体数(991只)最多。柑橘凤蝶(Papilio xuthus)、云粉蝶(Pontia daplidice)、绢粉蝶(Aporia crataegi)、荨麻蛱蝶(Aglais urticae)、银斑豹蛱蝶(Speyeria aglaja)等5种为保护区的优势种。保护区蝶类群落的种-多度曲线呈正态分布模式, 表明保护区生态环境良好, 生境相互重叠, 蝶类活动范围在不同生境中可以延伸。不同生境中蝶类群落种类及数量存在一定差异, 其中山地中生灌丛蝶类群落的多样性指数最高, 优势度指数最低; 退化草原的多样性指数和物种丰富度指数均为最低, 优势度指数最高; 山地沟谷草甸的科、属、种、个体数最多; 退化草原的科、属、种、个体数都是最少。区系组成分析表明广布种占63.49%, 古北种占36.51%。保护区不同生境中蝶类群落多样性特征指数在各月份间有明显差异, 蝴蝶种类及个体数与温度之间呈显著正相关, 与降雨量无显著相关性。综上, 我们认为适当的干扰有利于蝶类多样性发展, 而强烈的人为干扰会严重破坏草场环境, 影响蝶类生存和繁衍, 降低蝶类多样性。     

九龙山国家级自然保护区蝶类资源与区系

于1996—2013年,对九龙山国家级自然保护区的蝶类进行调查,并进行了区系分析和相似度比较。结果表明:调查记录到蝴蝶共251种,隶属于11科138属,其中国家保护种6种,有13种为浙江省新记录种;保护区蝶类种类占浙江省已记载种类的70%,表明该地区是浙江地区蝶类的重点分布区域,该地区分布的蝶类以单种属为多;区系分析表明,九龙山地区蝶类东洋种成分占优势,古北、东洋共有种次之,古北种最少;通过与省内其他保护区蝶类相似度比较,九龙山蝶类同天目山、百山祖存在相互联系,与百山祖的相似性较近,相对较天目山疏远。     

鹞落坪国家级自然保护区蝶类的物种多样性及区系组成

为研究鹞落坪自然保护区蝴蝶物种多样性和区系组成,于2004~2016年间对保护区开展蝶类系统调查。研究表明:鹞落坪国家级自然保护区共有蝶类124种,隶属于9科79属;单种属56个,占70.89%。在世界动物地理区系中,以东洋-古北种成分占优势,兼有一定数量的东洋种和少量的古北种。在中国动物地理区系中,以华中区为主,占100%;华北区和华南区次之,分别占79.84%和59.68%;共有28种分布类型,其中占总数5%以上的有7种。本研究将为保护区蝴蝶资源的保护与合理利用提供一定的理论基础和科学依据。     

内蒙古赛罕乌拉自然保护区蝶类群落多样性

为了解赛罕乌拉自然保护区不同生境下蝶类群落多样性及人为干扰对蝶类多样性的影响,2016—2017年在赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区的山地草原、河流湿地、山地森林、典型草原和湿地草甸5种生境对蝶类多样性进行了调查。共采集记录蝶类1826只71种,隶属5科55属,其中粉蝶科(Pieridae)的个体数最多,蛱蝶科(Nymphalidae)的属数和种数最多。不同生境类型的蝶类群落组成有差异,山地森林的蝶类的属数和种数最多,有47属58种,典型草原最少,有9属10种。对保护区蝶类群落特征分析结果表明,蛱蝶科的Shannon多样性指数(2.93)和Margalef丰富度指数(5.44)最高,弄蝶科(Hesperiidae)的Pielou均匀度指数(0.86)最高,凤蝶科(Papilionidae)的Berger-Parker优势度指数(0.77)最高。各生境蝶类的多样性有明显差异,山地森林的多样性指数最高,典型草原的多样性指数最低。保护区碟类群落多样性指数具明显的时序特征,7月的多样性指数最高,9月的多样性指数最低。通过Jaccard群落相似性系数计算可知,山地草原与湿地草甸的蝶类Jaccard群落相似性系数(0.43)最高。蝶类群落多样性与植被类型有明显的相关性,人为干扰对蝶类群落多样性有破坏作用。     

鸡公山自然保护区蝶类多样性及其影响因素

2019年4-10月,在鸡公山自然保护区的核心区和实验区内不同生境、不同人为干扰程度的区域选取6条样线,对蝶类群落进行了观测研究.共记录蝴蝶3431头,隶属于10科79属127种;其中蛱蝶科Nymphalidae的种类数最多,共23属36种;粉蝶科Pieridae和灰蝶科Lycaenidae为保护区优势科,菜粉蝶Pieris rapae(Linnaeus)、蓝灰蝶Everes argiades (Pallas)和苎麻珍蝶Acraea issoria (Hübner)为保护区优势种.保护区内蝶类群落的种-多度曲线呈正态分布模式,表明区内生态环境整体情况较好.不同样线中蝶类群落的种类、数量及多样性指标存在明显差异,无人类活动的样线Ⅴ和Ⅵ中蝶类群落的各项多样性指数均优于另外4条样线;适度人为干扰的样线Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ中蝶类群落的各项指数均大于旅游景区样线Ⅲ的,且样线Ⅲ的优势度指数明显大于其他样线.各样线蝶类群落的种类数、个体数以及多样性指数的变化趋势与温度相一致,呈显著正相关关系;而与降雨量无显著相关性.由此可见,鸡公山保护区现有的旅游规模、森林经理和项目建设对蝶类群落产生了负面影响,但是适度的人类活动能在一定程度上延缓蝶类多样性的降低.     

重庆市大巴山自然保护区蝶类垂直分布及多样性的初步研究

在 1 999年 7月和 2 0 0 0年 5月 ,对重庆市大巴山自然保护区蝶类的垂直分布进行了调查 ,研究结果表明 ,该保护区蝶类有 1 0科 80属 1 38种。在 4个垂直带中 ,常绿阔叶林带的蝶类物种数和个体数量、物种多样性指数和物种均匀度等指标均高于其他垂直带。垂直带之间蝶类相似性差异显著。     

湖南高望界国家级自然保护区及其周边蝶类多样性与影响因素

为了解湖南高望界国家级自然保护区蝶类多样性本底及其影响因素, 2016年5月至2018年10月, 我们采用样线法对保护区内外的6种生境(保护区内4种, 区外2种)开展了20次蝶类多样性调查。共记录蝴蝶个体13,956只, 依照五科分类系统, 隶属5科113属239种, 其中湖南省蝶类新记录17种。区系成分以东洋种为主(139种, 占58.1%), 广布种次之(97种, 占40.6%), 古北种最少(3种, 占1.3%)。对不同生境的蝶类群落多样性指数进行分析后发现, 人为干扰程度和生境异质性共同影响蝶类多样性。不同生境相似性分析结果表明, 蝶类群落的相似度与人为干扰程度和植被类型差异密切相关。3年间, 蝶类多样性指数月度变化基本一致, 蝶类物种数、多样性指数与月均温间呈显著正相关, 与月降水量无相关性。综上, 蝶类多样性受到人为干扰程度和气象因子的影响。为保护蝶类资源, 建议保护好蝶类栖息地, 减少人为干扰。     

贵州赤水桫椤自然保护区蝶类组成及多样性格局

2008年5～10月期间,对贵州省赤水桫椤自然保护区蝶类资源进行了调查.共采集到蝶类465只,结合文献,计113种,分别隶属于11科66属.从自然保护区3条沟的物种组成和刚捕最来看,幺站沟的种数和网捕量最多,其次是板桥沟,金沙沟种数最少.对保护区的幺站沟、金沙沟和板桥沟的蝶类多样性和均匀度分析表明,幺站沟的物种多样性指数(H')最高,板桥沟的均匀度指数(J)最高.3条沟蝶类之间的相似性系数低.     

鳞翅目若干迁飞昆虫翅形特征分析(英文)

对鳞翅目蛾类 2科 42种和蝶类 7科 31种昆虫的翅形进行数值分析。结果表明 ,无论是蛾类还是蝶类 ,迁飞昆虫前翅形状均具有区别于非迁飞昆虫的共同特征 ,即前翅相对窄长 ,前缘较平直 ;然而与不同的翅振模式相适应 ,蛾类与蝶类迁飞昆虫的翅形特征又有所不同 :蛾类迁飞昆虫翅外侧较宽阔 ;蝶类迁飞昆虫翅外侧较窄小。     

安徽鹞落坪蝶类区系研究

2006-2007年间进行了鹞落坪保护区蝶类区系研究,共采集蝶类标本3026余号,初步鉴定109种,分别隶属10科67属,古北界的种类为21种,占总种数的19.3%,东洋界40种,占总数37.3%,广布种48种,占总数44.0%.广布种的种类占优势.     

安徽鹞落坪国家级自然保护区蝶类的垂直分布及其群落多样性

采用定点法、样线法和随机调查法,2005-2008年间对安徽鹞落坪国家级自然保护区蝶类垂直分布及群落多样性进行调查.本次调查共捕获蝶类3681只,隶属于10科69属111种,其中蛱蝶科的物种数、个体数和多样性指数均高于其他各科;该地区蝶类呈现由东洋界向古北界过渡的特征,且随着海拔的升高东洋界种类逐渐递减,古北界种类逐渐增多.在3个垂直带中（海拔低于800 m、800～1200 m、高于1200 m）,海拔800～1200 m垂直带的蝶类种类最丰富.研究区6种主要生境类型（落叶阔叶林、常绿针叶林、针阔混交林、灌木和次生林、农田、居民点）中,灌木和次生林中蝶类的物种数和个体数量、物种多样性指数均高于其他各生境类型,农田生境中蝶类多样性指数最低;生境之间蝶类物种的相似性系数主要与生境构成要素中的植被类型有关,植被类型相差越大,蝶类物种的相似性系数就越小,研究区针阔混交林与灌木和次生林之间的蝶类物种相似性系数最高（0.61）,而常绿针叶林与灌木和次生林之间的相似性系数最低（0.20）.     

鹞落坪蜻蜓目昆虫区系及多样性研究

2010-2011年对安徽鹞落坪自然保护区的蜻蜓目昆虫区系及多样性进行了抽样调查研究.通过标本采集、制作和鉴定,分析了该地区蜻蜓目昆虫的区系特点、多样性指数、优势度指数和均匀度系数.共采集蜻蜓标本18941号,12科53种,其中以蜻科Liberllulidea最多共13属26种,优势种为黄蜻Pantala flavesens flavesens Fabricius.区系分析结果支持研究地属于东洋界和古北交界过渡地带.结合不同生境物种数、多样性和均匀度分析,研究结果表明蜻蜓分布受环境中水域和植被的分布特点影响.研究结果还表明蜻蜓物种数、多样性指数、均匀度指数随着海拔的升高而降低.与周边地区蜻蜓研究的相关结果对比,鹞落坪地区蜻蜓具有物种数多,多样性、均匀度偏低的特点.     

鹞落坪自然保护区大型真菌的生态分布

为了解及合理开发大型真菌资源,调查了安徽省鹞落坪国家级自然保护区大型真菌的种类组成及生态分布。结果表明:该区大型真菌资源丰富,在食用、药用和营林等方面具有很好的开发前景。     

利用红外相机技术对安徽省鹞落坪国家级自然保护区大中型兽类及林下鸟类的调查

鹞落坪国家级自然保护区位于大别山脉南麓的核心地带。2014-2017年, 作者采用红外相机技术对鹞落坪国家级自然保护区的大中型兽类及林下鸟类进行调查。研究共布设了72个相机位点, 累计完成16,658个相机工作日, 获得独立有效照片2,142张, 共记录野生兽类9种、鸟类15种, 隶属8目15科。包括国家一级重点保护野生动物1种, 即安徽麝(Moschus anhuiensis), 国家二级重点保护野生动物2种, 分别是勺鸡(Pucrasia macrolopha)和白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)。相对多度排名前五的兽类分别为小麂(Muntiacus reevesi)、野猪(Sus scrofa)、赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus)、猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)和岩松鼠(Sciurotamias davidianus)。相对多度排名前五的鸟类为白冠长尾雉、勺鸡、松鸦(Garrulus glandarius)、灰背鸫(Turdus hortulorum)、红嘴蓝鹊(Urocissa erythroryncha)。此外红外相机还拍摄到大量人类活动照片, 表明当地人类活动较为严重, 应加强管理。本研究初步了解了保护区内大中型兽类和林下鸟类群落信息及人类活动的干扰情况, 为保护区未来的保护和管理工作提供了数据基础。     

大别山地区虫生真菌群落结构与生态分布

本文对安徽大别山地区虫生真菌的群落结构和生态分布规律进行了研究。在天堂寨和鹞落坪2个自然保护区共设样方278个,先后采集罹病标本1986个,共计50种,隶属于4目、4科、16属。优势种依次为粉拟青霉、细脚拟青霉、下垂虫草、球孢白僵菌和金龟子绿僵菌。在垂直分布上,种的丰度、多度和物种多样性指数都以海拔1100-1150m最高,随着海拔升高或降低,各多样性指标基本上表现递减的趋势。季节分布上,夏季是虫生真菌物种分布最丰富的季节,随着温度下降和雨量的减少,种的丰度和多度也明显下降。另外,该区虫生真菌群落呈现出明显的水平地带性分布规律。     

Preliminary analysis of forest community structure of Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve in Yuexi County,Anhui Province,China

Three 1-hm² permanent plots were established in the Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve in Anqing of Anhui Province. All trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 2 cm were mapped, tagged with aluminum plates of unique numbers, and identified by species. On the basis of the importance value of the canopy and shrub layer, the three plots in Yaoluoping, Diaoguanjing and Anjiping were classified as Castanea seguinii + Lindera glauca deciduous broad-leaf forest community, Platycarya strobilacea + Lindera glauca deciduous broad-leaf forest community, and Platycarya strobilacea + Lindera chienii deciduous broad-leaf forest community, respectively. The three plots were all dominated by deciduous trees with evergreen trees only found in the Diaoguanjing plot. The Diaoguanjing plot was most abundant in species (81), followed by the Anjiping plot (76) and the Diaoguanjing plot (62). The local plant communites are stable and the vegetation is well restored.     

Thermoregulatory ability and mechanism do not differ consistently between neotropical and temperate butterflies

Climate change is a major threat to species worldwide, yet it remains uncertain whether tropical or temperate species are more vulnerable to changing temperatures. To further our understanding of this, we used a standardised field protocol to (1) study the buffering ability (ability to regulate body temperature relative to surrounding air temperature) of neotropical (Panama) and temperate (the United Kingdom, Czech Republic and Austria) butterflies at the assemblage and family level, (2) determine if any differences in buffering ability were driven by morphological characteristics and (3) used ecologically relevant temperature measurements to investigate how butterflies use microclimates and behaviour to thermoregulate. We hypothesised that temperate butterflies would be better at buffering than neotropical butterflies as temperate species naturally experience a wider range of temperatures than their tropical counterparts. Contrary to our hypothesis, at the assemblage level, neotropical species (especially Nymphalidae) were better at buffering than temperate species, driven primarily by neotropical individuals cooling themselves more at higher air temperatures. Morphology was the main driver of differences in buffering ability between neotropical and temperate species as opposed to the thermal environment butterflies experienced. Temperate butterflies used postural thermoregulation to raise their body temperature more than neotropical butterflies, probably as an adaptation to temperate climates, but the selection of microclimates did not differ between regions. Our findings demonstrate that butterfly species have unique thermoregulatory strategies driven by behaviour and morphology, and that neotropical species are not likely to be more inherently vulnerable to warming than temperate species.     

Butterfly diversity in Mediterranean islands and in Pentadaktylos <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="BoldItalic"> </Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">brutia</Emphasis> forests of Cyprus

We analysed the influence of contemporary geography on butterfly diversity for islands in the Mediterranean Basin. We found that island size and distance from the mainland has a significant effect on the number of species. We also used butterflies as an indicator group to identify the importance of forest habitats for biodiversity conservation in the island of Cyprus. To understand the relative importance of local vegetation characteristics of butterflies in the Pentadaktylos mountains transect counts were used to assess the abundance and butterfly diversity in two different forest types. A total of 1,602 butterflies and 23 species were recorded during this research. We observed highly significant effects of forest type on abundance and species richness of butterflies. For example, number of butterflies was significantly higher in old forest than young pine forest. Also, the abundance of endemic butterflies was highest in old forest habitats. Therefore, the survival of the majority of endemic butterflies in Cyprus may depend on conservation of old forests and their understorey plants.     

Migration in butterflies: a global overview

Insect populations including butterflies are declining worldwide, and they are becoming an urgent conservation priority in many regions. Understanding which butterfly species migrate is critical to planning for their conservation, because management actions for migrants need to be coordinated across time and space. Yet, while migration appears to be widespread among butterflies, its prevalence, as well as its taxonomic and geographic distribution are poorly understood. The study of insect migration is hampered by their small size and the difficulty of tracking individuals over long distances. Here we review the literature on migration in butterflies, one of the best-known insect groups. We find that nearly 600 butterfly species show evidence of migratory movements. Indeed, the rate of ‘discovery’ of migratory movements in butterflies suggests that many more species might in fact be migratory. Butterfly migration occurs across all families, in tropical as well as temperate taxa; Nymphalidae has more migratory species than any other family (275 species), and Pieridae has the highest proportion of migrants (13%; 133 species). Some 13 lines of evidence have been used to ascribe migration status in the literature, but only a single line of evidence is available for 92% of the migratory species identified, with four or more lines of evidence available for only 10 species – all from the Pieridae and Nymphalidae. Migratory butterflies occur worldwide, although the geographic distribution of migration in butterflies is poorly resolved, with most data so far coming from Europe, USA, and Australia. Migration is much more widespread in butterflies than previously realised – extending far beyond the well-known examples of the monarch Danaus plexippus and the painted lady Vanessa cardui – and actions to conserve butterflies and insects in general must account for the spatial dependencies introduced by migratory movements.     

江西官山自然保护区蝶类区系分析

对江西官山自然保护区172种蝶类进行区系分析,结果显示该区蝶类以东洋界为主体,计106种,占总数的61．63％：古北界11种,占总数的6．40％;东洋、古北二界共有种36种,占总数的20．93％。本文记述了官山产39种蝶类分布区的南北限。