产气荚膜梭菌青海分离株virS基因序列分析与蛋白结构预测

为了探究产气荚膜梭菌virS基因的结构及其编码蛋白的功能,本研究提取了产气荚膜梭菌青海分离株基因组DNA,PCR扩增virS基因、测序并分析序列与蛋白结构,使用在线服务器对VirS蛋白进行功能位点、三级结构、信号肽以及跨膜结构域预测。研究表明,产气荚膜梭菌分离株virS基因长度为1323 bp,编码440个氨基酸;分离株virS基因与JIR4025菌株、FORC-025菌株、Del1菌株、FORC-003菌株、LLY-N11菌株、CP15菌株、13菌株、ATCC13124菌株、JP55菌株、JP838菌株、EHE-NE18菌株以及SM101菌株等参考产气荚膜梭菌比对后,显示其核苷酸序列同源性依次为99.2%、99.5%、99.4%、99.4%、99.3%、99.3%、99.2%、99.0%、98.9%、98.2%、97.9%以及95.4%,氨基酸序列同源性依次为99.1%、99.5%、99.8%、99.5%、99.5%、99.5%、99.1%、99.5%、99.5%、98.2%、97.7%以及94.6%;二级结构预测表明分离株VirS蛋白主要由α螺旋组成,其次是β折叠;三级结构预测显示分离株VirS蛋白有5种结构,蛋白功能位点预测表明分离株virS蛋白具有5个N-糖基化位点、2个N-豆蔻酰化位点、5个蛋白激酶C磷酸化位点、2个酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点、2个酪氨酸激酶磷酸化位点和1个糖基水解酶家族V。     

犬冠状病毒南京株M基因的同源重组分析

对来自腹泻犬粪样的犬冠状病毒(CCV)南京株NJ17株及参考株1-71的M基因进行了克隆、测序,并与GenBank中所有已知CCV毒株及同亚群的猪冠状病毒(TGEV)和猫冠状病毒(FCoV)代表株的M基因进行了同源性比较和系统进化分析,同时对M蛋白的结构和功能进行了预测分析.结果表明,CCV1-71与近年在中国分离到的CCV毒株V1、V2及大熊猫源的毒株具有98.9%～99.5%的同源性,说明这些毒株可能是来自同一毒株的准种.NJ17与其他中国分离株及国外分离株的同源性为87.0%～91.9%,显示国内可能存在一个相对独立进化的CCV毒株.序列比较发现,所有CCV毒株在可能的同源重组"热点"区内都有一个CTTTAG序列,与鸡传染性支气管炎病毒同源重组模板交换位点附近的特征序列相似.CCV NJ17株M蛋白在N端50氨基酸序列与FCoV 79-1683同源性高,而在后212氨基酸序列与TGEV同源性高,提示该毒株可能在M基因上曾经发生过不同病毒的同源重组.CCV M蛋白的结构及功能预测表明,所有毒株都具有分泌型信号肽,有4个螺旋跨膜区,N末端和C末端均位于膜内.M蛋白的两末端具有较强的抗原性,M蛋白上存在多种功能性氨基酸修饰位点且相对保守.N末端的氨基酸变异很大,但是功能性修饰位点相对保守,提示N末端的功能可能与构象有关.     

汉滩病毒包膜糖蛋白糖基化位点突变体重组假病毒的构建及初步鉴定

目的：为进一步研究汉坦病毒包膜糖蛋白的糖基化与病毒的感染性和免疫原性等的关系,构建含有汉滩病毒（HTNV）囊膜糖蛋白（GP）糖基化位点突变体的重组假病毒。方法：利用定点突变的方法,分别突变了HTNV 76-118株的5个N-糖基化位点并克隆入慢病毒表达载体,与包装质粒共转染293T细胞,构建5株重组假病毒。感染HEK293细胞后,进行RT-PCR鉴定及免疫荧光检测。结果：经测序显示构建的含有N-糖基化位点突变体的5个重组假病毒原序列中的天冬酰胺（N）均被置换为谷氨酰胺（Q）。RT-PCR结果显示5个重组假病毒均有HTNV GP基因的表达。免疫荧光检测5个重组假病毒均可表达HTNV的Gn和Gc蛋白。结论：成功构建了含有HTNV包膜糖蛋白糖基化位点突变体的5个重组假病毒,分别命名为rLV-M1、rLV-M2、rLV-M3、rLV-M4和rLV-M5。本研究为明确N-糖基化对汉坦病毒生物学活性的影响提供了有利的研究工具,并为汉坦病毒疫苗及致病机理的进一步研究打下了一定的基础。     

大熊猫犬瘟热病毒附着或血凝蛋白基因的序列分析

首次对犬瘟热病毒(CDV)大熊猫(GP)毒株附着或血凝蛋白(H)基因进行了序列测定并与疫苗株Onderstepoort进行了比较.我们设计合成了4对引物,对GP株进行了RT-PCR扩增与测序.H蛋白基因全长为1 946 bp,开放阅读框架(ORF)始于21-23位的ATG,终止于1 842-1 844位的TGA,编码607个氨基酸,该基因序列已被GenBank收录.将GP毒株与GenBank中疫苗弱毒株Onderstepoort进行比较,二者核苷酸序列的同源性为91.4%,推导的氨基酸序列的同源性为90.2%,GP和Onderstepoort株H蛋白的半胱氨酸残基数目均为12个且相对位置不变;疏水性有一定的变化,但推测的穿膜区位置(约35-55位氨基酸)是一致的;Onderstepoort株的H蛋白潜在的N-联糖基化位点为4个,GP株H蛋白为9个,糖基化位点的不同可能对GP株H蛋白的抗原性产生影响.     

中国1995～2004年鸡传染性支气管炎病毒地方分离株膜蛋白基因的遗传变异分析

应用RT-PCR方法扩增到了我国1995～2004年20株IBV现地分离株的膜蛋白(Membrane,M)基因片段.序列测定表明,20株IBV分离株M基因开放阅读框由672～681bp组成,编码由223～226个氨基酸残基组成的多肽.与我国分离株LX4相比,M基因推导氨基酸序列的变异主要发生在2～17位、221～223位,其中4～6位存在氨基酸的插入和缺失,导致IBV毒株间M蛋白糖基化位点的差异.与GenBank中34株IBV参考毒株M蛋白基因推导氨基酸序列进行比较和分析,系统进化关系显示54株IBV毒株分属于5个进化群.我国IBV分离株M基因在进化关系上较为独立,主要分布在第Ⅱ群和第Ⅳ群,其中第Ⅱ群分离株和中国台湾毒株进化关系密切.此外,参考IBV国内分离株S1基因及N基因系统发育进化树的研究结果,并与M基因进行比较,表明我国IBV也存在着基因重组现象,尤其是疫苗毒和流行毒之间的重组.     

犬冠状病毒南京株M基因的同源重组分析

对来自腹泻犬粪样的犬冠状病毒(CCV)南京株NJ17株及参考株171的M基因进行了克隆、测序,并与GenBank中所有已知CCV毒株及同亚群的猪冠状病毒(TGEV)和猫冠状病毒(FCoV)代表株的M基因进行了同源性比较和系统进化分析,同时对M蛋白的结构和功能进行了预测分析。结果表明,CCV171与近年在中国分离到的CCV毒株V1、V2及大熊猫源的毒株具有98.9%～99.5%的同源性,说明这些毒株可能是来自同一毒株的准种。NJ17与其他中国分离株及国外分离株的同源性为87.0%～91.9%,显示国内可能存在一个相对独立进化的CCV毒株。序列比较发现,所有CCV毒株在可能的同源重组“热点”区内都有一个CTTTAG序列,与鸡传染性支气管炎病毒同源重组模板交换位点附近的特征序列相似。CCVNJ17株M蛋白在N端50氨基酸序列与FCoV791683同源性高,而在后212氨基酸序列与TGEV同源性高,提示该毒株可能在M基因上曾经发生过不同病毒的同源重组。CCVM蛋白的结构及功能预测表明,所有毒株都具有分泌型信号肽,有4个螺旋跨膜区,N末端和C末端均位于膜内。M蛋白的两末端具有较强的抗原性,M蛋白上存在多种功能性氨基酸修饰位点且相对保守。N末端的氨基酸变异很大,但是功能性修饰位点相对保守,提示N末端的功能可能与构象有关。     

锦鲤疱疹病毒丹东株ORF83基因克隆及生物信息学分析

锦鲤疱疹病毒病是具有高致病性、传染性的疾病,对渔业生产造成巨大的危害。为了研究锦鲤疱疹病毒衣壳蛋白ORF83的结构和功能,本研究采集感染锦鲤疱疹病毒活鱼样品,经DNAStar软件预测分析、DNA提取,PCR扩增、重组质粒构建等步骤成功克隆到ORF83(1)和ORF83(2)基因。应用生物信息学分析蛋白结构与功能,并构建系统进化树。结果显示,两蛋白均能编码前体蛋白,均由α螺旋、β折叠、无规则卷曲组成,均有4个跨膜区域;抗原性较好;但不含保守结构域;ORF83(1)N端11个氨基酸序列为信号肽序列;ORF83(2)N端33个氨基酸序列为信号肽序列;ORF83(1)氨基酸序列存在1个潜在的N-糖基化位点、ORF83(2)氨基酸序列存在3个潜在的N-糖基化位点,两蛋白均潜在13个磷酸化位点,无潜在的O-糖基化位点;系统进化树分析表明,KHV-DD ORF83与美国株、以色列株、日本株均具有同源性。通过研究表明,本研究成功克隆到ORF83基因,并对其结构和功能进行分析,获得重要的生物信息学数据,为进一步研究锦鲤疱疹病毒发病机制和疱疹病毒抗体制备等提供了理论基础。     

GP73及其糖基化修饰对肝癌细胞HepG2炎症相关分子信号通路的影响

目的:通过构建高尔基体膜蛋白73(GP73)氨基酸序列109、144位糖基化位点双突变真核表达质粒,研究GP73及其糖基化修饰对肝癌细胞炎症相关分子信号通路的影响。方法:根据GP73的DNA序列,设计合成2对针对GP73氨基酸序列109、144位糖基化位点突变的PCR引物,以本实验室构建的野生型质粒pc DNA3-Flag-GP73为模板,构建GP73的109、144位糖基化位点双突变质粒pc DNA3-Flag-GP73(DM);用脂质体将此双突变质粒转染293T细胞,用糖蛋白染色和免疫印迹检测该质粒在细胞中的表达情况,用双萤光素酶报告基因实验检测GP73及其糖基化修饰对Hep G2细胞中NF-κB转录激活的影响。结果:糖蛋白染色和免疫印迹结果证实构建的双突变质粒pc DNA3-Flag-GP73(DM)能够表达GP73双糖基化位点突变的蛋白,且糖基化位点的突变使GP73的糖基化修饰完全缺失;双萤光素酶报告基因实验结果表明,野生型GP73能够激活Hep G2细胞中NF-κB的转录活性,而双糖基化位点突变会使GP73失去此激活作用。结论:构建了GP73双糖基化位点突变的真核表达质粒pc DNA3-Flag-GP73(DM)。GP73参与激活肝癌细胞炎症信号通路,糖基化修饰对于GP73发挥此作用是必不可少的。     

MAP30蛋白结构功能的生物信息学研究

使用protparam、PHDhtm、PredictProtein等生物信息学在线服务器,对MAP30蛋白进行全面分析预测,研究MAP30蛋白具有的抗HIV活性,为临床应用提供抗科学依据和理论基础。结果表明:MAP30蛋白为稳定的碱性疏水蛋白,序列上存在三段跨膜螺旋结构和一段无序化位区域,肽链上的二硫键可使分子间形成聚集体,是一种分泌蛋白。MAP30蛋白序列包含信号肽、低复杂度区域和RIP样活性区域3个区域,具有细胞外被膜、异构酶、免疫应答三种功能。序列上分布着N-糖基化位点、N-豆蔻酰化位点、Shiga/ricin核糖体失活蛋白活性位点和多段蛋白激酶磷酸化位点。     

广东人禽流感H5N1毒株M基因特性、进化和变异

通过对人禽流感H5N1毒株M基因序列的变异分析,揭示毒株M基因特征与进化。检测广东地区人禽流感H5N1毒株M基因核苷酸序列,同时检索全球人禽流感H5N1毒株M基因序列,采用DNAStar5.0软件对检索的人禽流感H5N1毒株M基因核苷酸序列进行比对和分析;并结合流行病学资料对变异毒株进行进化速度分析。结果发现,1997~2006年53株毒株M1基因和51株毒株M2核苷酸序列同源性均分成两组,1997年毒株为第一组(GⅠ),2003~2006年香港、越南、泰国、印尼、中国大陆、土耳其、伊拉克、阿塞拜疆、埃及毒株为第二组(GⅡ)。M1基因20个氨基酸位点置换,占7.94%(20/252),其中2003~2006年毒株M1基因有9个氨基酸位点不同于1997年毒株;M2基因22个氨基酸置换,占22.7%,其中2003~2006年毒株M2基因有4个氨基酸不同于1997年毒株。M2基因Ks值为26.8×10-6~42.6×10-6Nt/d,Ka值为4.39×10-6~6.98×10-6Nt/d;而M1基因的同义突变速度均远高于错义突变速度,显示M1基因受到机体免疫压力较小;检验发现M1基因进化存在负选择性压力。2003~2006年毒株M1基因通过氨基酸S224N置换,增加一个糖基化位点NSS224-226;而来自印尼的8株毒株M2基因发生C50F置换,引起蛋白二级结构改变。1997年中国香港人禽流感毒株自当时出现后,便未在以后人禽流感疫情中出现。2003~2006年毒株M1基因增加糖基化位点NSS224-226,可能与毒株致病性有关。人禽流感H5N1毒株M基因在自然界变异频繁,可能影响H5N1毒株的人-人传播能力。     

高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒TJ株致弱过程中遗传变异和致病性分析

为了研制高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(HP-PRRS)弱毒疫苗,将高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(HP-PRRSV)TJ株进行了致弱驯化,在Marc-145细胞上对其进行了连续传代,每5～10代进行噬斑克隆纯化病毒。对致弱过程中不同代次病毒进行遗传变异及致病性分析。结果表明,TJ株在致弱过程中各基因均存在不同程度的变异,至第140代,共有58个氨基酸发生突变,同时在非结构蛋白nsp2区域,在不连续的30个氨基酸缺失(481位和533～561位)之后又出现连续120个氨基酸的缺失,与VR-2332相比,该缺失位点位于推定氨基酸序列的628～747位。动物接种试验结果表明,TJ株经Marc-145细胞传至第20代时,病毒对猪的致病性明显减弱,推测TJ株在这一传代过程中非结构蛋白nsp2-nsp5、nsp7和结构蛋白GP5所发生的遗传变异对病毒毒力致弱起到一定作用。     

Complete genome sequence of a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus variant

Following the 2006 outbreaks of the highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, the causative agent was identified as the highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV). To investigate whether the HP-PRRSV variant continues circulating and accelerating evolution, we sequenced and analyzed the complete genome of the identified HP-PRRSV field strain SD16. The sequence data indicate that the HP-PRRSV variant continues to prevail and accelerate evolution, especially in the nonstructural protein.     

Nsp2 and GP5-M of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Contribute to Targets for Neutralizing Antibodies

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV) is characterized by its genetic variation and limited cross protection among heterologous strains. Even though several viral structural proteins have been regarded as inducers of neutralizing antibodies(NAs) against PRRSV, the mechanism underlying limited cross-neutralization among heterologous strains is still controversial. In the present study, examinations of NA cross reaction between a highly pathogenic PRRSV(HP-PRRSV) strain, JXwn06, and a low pathogenic PRRSV(LP-PRRSV) strain, HB-1/3.9, were conducted with viral neutralization assays in MARC-145 cells. None of the JXwn06-hyperimmuned pigs' sera could neutralize HB-1/3.9 in vitro and vice versa. To address the genetic variation between these two viruses that are associated with limited crossneutralization, chimeric viruses with coding regions swapped between these two strains were constructed. Viral neutralization assays indicated that variations in nonstructural protein 2(nsp2) and structural proteins together contribute to weak cross-neutralization activity between JXwn06 and HB-1/3.9. Furthermore, we substituted the nsp2-, glycoprotein2(GP2)-,GP3-, and GP4-coding regions together, or nsp2-, GP5-, and membrane(M) protein-coding regions simultaneously between these two viruses to construct chimeric viruses to test cross-neutralization reactivity with hyperimmunized sera induced by their parental viruses. The results indicated that the swapped nsp2 and GP5-M viruses increased the neutralization reactivity with the donor strain antisera in MARC-145 cells. Taken together, these results show that variations in nsp2 and GP5-M correlate with the limited neutralization reactivity between the heterologous strains HP-PRRSV JXwn06 and LP-PRRSV HB-1/3.9.     

Unique Epitopes Recognized by Monoclonal Antibodies against HP-PRRSV: Deep Understanding of Antigenic Structure and Virus-Antibody Interaction

Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) is a member of the genus Arterivirus within the family Arteriviridae. N and GP3 proteins are the immunodominance regions of the PRRSV viral proteins. To identify the B-cell linear antigenic epitopes within HP-PRRSV N and GP3 proteins, two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against N and GP3 proteins were generated and characterized, designated as 3D7 and 1F10 respectively. The mAb 3D7 recognized only HuN4-F112 not the corresponding virulent strain (HuN4-F5). It also recognized two other commercial vaccines (JXA1-R and TJM-F92), but not two other HP-PRRSV strains (HNZJJ-F1 and HLJMZ-F2). The B-cell epitope recognized by the mAb 3D7 was localized to N protein amino acids 7–33. Western blot showed that the only difference amino acid between HuN4-F112-N and HuN4-F5-N did not change the mAb 3D7 recognization to N protein. The epitope targeted by the mAb 1F10 was mapped by truncated proteins. We found a new epitope (68-76aa) can be recognized by the mAb. However, the epitope could not be recognized by the positive sera, suggesting the epitope could not induce antibody in pigs. These results should extend our understanding of the antigenic structure of the N protein and antigen-antibody reactions of the GP3 protein in different species.     

大熊猫犬瘟热病毒附着或血凝蛋白基因的序列分析

首次对犬瘟热病毒（ＣＤＶ）大熊猫（ＧＰ）毒株附着或血凝蛋白（Ｈ）基因进行了序列测定并与疫苗株Ｏｎｄｅｒｓｔｅｐｏｏｒｔ进行了比较。我们设计合成了４对引物,对ＧＰ株进行了ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增与测序。Ｈ蛋白基因全长为１９４６ｂｐ,开放阅读框架（ＯＲＦ）始于２１－２３位的ＡＴＧ,终止于１８４２－１８４４位的ＴＧＡ,编码６０７个氨基酸,该基因序列已被ＧｅｎＢａｎｋ。将ＧＰ毒株与ＧｅｎＢａｎｋ中疫苗弱毒株Ｏｎｄ     

The 15N and 46R Residues of Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Nucleocapsid Protein Enhance Regulatory T Lymphocytes Proliferation

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) negatively modulates host immune responses, resulting in persistent infection and immunosuppression. PRRSV infection increases the number of PRRSV-specific regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) in infected pigs. However, the target antigens for Tregs proliferation in PRRSV infection have not been fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that the highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) induced more CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ Tregs than classical PRRSV (C-PRRSV) strain. Of the recombinant GP5, M and N proteins of HP-PRRSV expressed in baculovirus expression systems, only N protein induced Tregs proliferation. The Tregs assays showed that three amino-acid regions, 15–21, 42–48 and 88–94, in N protein played an important role in induction of Tregs proliferation with synthetic peptides covering the whole length of N protein. By using reverse genetic methods, it was firstly found that the 15N and 46R residues in PRRSV N protein were critical for induction of Tregs proliferation. The phenotype of induced Tregs closely resembled that of transforming-growth-factor-β-secreting T helper 3 Tregs in swine. These data should be useful for understanding the mechanism of immunity to PRRSV and development of infection control strategies in the future.     

Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection Induced Apoptosis and Autophagy in Thymi of Infected Piglets

Previously, we demonstrated that the highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) HuN4 strain causes obvious thymic atrophy and thymocytes apoptosis in infected piglets after birth, which is more severe than that induced by classical PRRSV. In this study, we investigated apoptosis and autophagy in the thymus of piglets infected with the HP-PRRSV HuN4 strain, and found that both apoptosis and autophagy occurred in the thymus of piglets infected with HP-PRRSV. In addition to a few virus-infected cells, CD14⁺ cells, the main autophagic cells in the thymus were thymic epithelial cells. These findings demonstrated that HP-PRRSV induces apoptosis in bystander cells, and induces autophagy in both infected and bystander cells in the thymus of infected piglets. Herein, we first present new data on the thymic lesions induced by HP-PRRSV, and show that apoptosis and autophagy are key mechanisms involved in cell survival and determinants of the severity of thymic atrophy in infected piglets. Finally, future studies of the mechanism underlying immune responses are proposed based on our current understanding of PRRSV-host interactions.     

Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Variant

Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (HP-PRRS) emerged in China in 2006, and HP-PRRS virus (HP-PRRSV) has evolved continuously. Here, the complete genomic sequence of a novel HP-PRRSV field strain, JX, is reported. The present finding will contribute to further studies focusing on the evolutionary mechanism of PRRSV.     

Importation and Recombination Are Responsible for the Latest Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in China

In China, a majority of the highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (HP-PRRSV) strains were seeded by the 2006 outbreak. However, the most recently emerged (2013-2014) HP-PRRSV strain has a very different genetic background. It is a NADC30-like PRRSV strain recently introduced from North America that has undergone genetic exchange with the classic HP-PRRSV strains in China. Subsequent isolation and characterization of this variant suggest high pathogenicity, so it merits special attention in control and vaccine strategies.     

Identification of Differentially Expressed Proteins in Porcine Alveolar Macrophages Infected with Virulent/Attenuated Strains of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

The highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) is still a serious threat to the swine industry. However, the pathogenic mechanism of HP-PRRSV remains unclear. We infected host porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) with the virulent HuN4 strain and the attenuated HuN4-F112 strain and then utilized fluorescent two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) to screen for intracellular proteins that were differentially expressed in host cells infected with the two strains. There were 153 proteins with significant different expression (P<0.01) observed, 42 of which were subjected to mass spectrometry, and 24 proteins were identified. PAM cells infected with the virulent strain showed upregulated expression of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), heat shock protein beta-1 (HSPB1), and proteasome subunit alpha type 6 (PSMA6), which were downregulated in cells infected with the attenuated strain. The upregulation of PKM2 provides sufficient energy for viral replication, and the upregulation of HSPB1 inhibits host cell apoptosis and therefore facilitates mass replication of the virulent strain, while the upregulation of PSMA6 facilitates the evasion of immune surveillance by the virus. Studying on those molecules mentioned above may be able to help us to understand some unrevealed details of HP-PRRSV infection, and then help us to decrease its threat to the swine industry in the future.