AFLP标记在小香羊遗传多态性检测中的应用

研究了AFLP标记在研究小香羊遗传多态性方面应用的可行性和该山羊个体基因组DNA的AFLP扩增结果。实验应用10条AFLP引物,用PstI酶切,对15只小香羊基因组DNA进行AFLP反应,共获得113个AFLP标记,单引物获得的标记数在2～19之间,小香羊群体相似系数AFLP研究结果为0．913(0．814～0．980)。该研究为评价小香羊的遗传稳定性提供了相关的参数,准确评价尚待和其它品种对比研究后确定。     

DNA分子标记技术及其在水产动物遗传上的应用研究

随着DNA分子标记技术的发展,其在动物遗传上发挥了重大作用,使用DNA分子标记可以观察到整个基因组的遗传多样性。目前,在水产养殖种类中使用的遗传标记主要包括线粒体DNA、RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、微卫星、SNP和EST标记。DNA分子标记的应用使得人们对水产养殖动物的遗传多样性、近亲繁殖、种类和品系鉴定以及遗传连锁图谱建立的研究都取得了很大进展,也加快了数量性状位点(QTL)基因的鉴定作为分子标记辅助选择(MAS)的研究。将这些标记技术在水产动物上的应用进行了论述,以及如何从人类基因组工程和斑马鱼这种模式鱼的研究中得到启发,更好的应用于水产动物基因组学和遗传学研究做一讨论。     

柴达木山羊群体遗传结构及系统地位的研究

采用简单随机抽样法对柴达木山羊群体进行了遗传检测,从毛色、外型特征、体尺、血液蛋白与DNA多态性等5个方面进行了群体遗传结构分析,并探索了其系统地位.结果表明:(1)毛色和形态特征的平均表型异质度分别为0.3419、0.5207;(2)血液蛋白在6个基因座上具有多态性,平均基因座杂合度为0.2584;(3)DNA-RAPD标记表现丰富的多样性,基因多样度为0.4085～0.5318.通过对柴达木山羊与国内其他山羊的系统聚类,初步探索了该山羊群体的形成及所属,这些都表明柴达木山羊是一个比较古老的未经较高强度选育的地方山羊品种,其基因资源是我国山羊遗传资源中宝贵的一部分.     

植物细胞遗传图及其应用

细胞遗传图（cytogenetic map）综合了来自遗传图（genetic map）和细胞学图（cytological map）两方面的信息,它既能反映基因或DNA标记之间在染色体上的真实距离,又能显示它们与染色体的细胞学结构间确切的位置关系。构建植物细胞遗传图的宗旨是将遗传图上的诸多标记与其在染色体的具体位置联系起来。目前主要有两种方法用于细胞遗传图的构建。较广泛使用的一种方法是借助染色体断点来确定遗传标记在染色体上的位置,另一种方法是利用荧光原位杂交（FISH）直接把DNA序列定位到染色体上。此外,利用RN-cM图也可以把遗传标记定位于粗线期染色体。从细胞遗传图可以看出,染色体两臂的远端有较高的基因密度和重组频率。细胞遗传图在比较近缘植物基因组的同线性、揭示植物的进化关系、研究基因定位克隆等方面都有重要意义.     

DNA分子标记在果树遗传育种研究中的应用

DNA分子标记是随着分子生物学技术的发展出现的一类重要的遗传标记,近年来发展非常迅速,已在果树遗传育种研究的各个方面得到广泛的应用。介绍了几种DNA分子标记技术的原理,综述了DNA分子标记在果树种质资源研究、分子遗传图谱构建、基因定位、分子辅助选择等方面的应用,并对其在果树上的应用前景和存在问题进行了评述。     

微卫星DNA标记在常用实验动物遗传多态性的研究进展

国标中规定实验动物遗传质量监测方法主要是生化标记,它是通过蛋白质的变化来推测相应基因的变化。而微卫星DNA标记是对DNA的直接监测,要比生化标记更准确、更可靠。旨在把微卫星DNA标记应用到大小鼠、仓鼠、沙鼠、家兔、犬、猴和猪等常用实验动物的遗传监测当中,以期建立常用实验动物微卫星DNA标记的遗传监测方法。     

鸡的遗传多样性的研究方法及研究进展

遗传多样性是生物学研究中的一个重要领域,研究鸡的遗传多样性,不仅能加强生物多样性的保护。同时对起源进化、分类鉴定及遗传育种等都有重要的意义。本文对目前DNA水平鸡的遗传多样性的研究方法和研究进展进行了详细的阐述。重点介绍了DNA分子标记的特征;概括了在鸡遗传多样性分子标记的方法,包括微卫星分子标记(SSR)、扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)、随机扩增多态性标记(RAPD)、限制性片段长度多态性标记(RFLP)和单核苷酸多态性标记(SNP)。本文综述了最近有关鸡DNA水平的遗传多样性的研究方法在系统学、遗传结构、生物地理等研究中的应用情况;提出在研究鸡遗传多样性时,可根据研究的目的,选择合适的方法。     

分子标记及其在海洋动物遗传研究中的应用

分子遗传标记在农业动植物育种和生产上得到了广泛的应用,且取得了可喜的成果,但在水生生物上的应用还处于初始阶段。本文简要介绍了限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）、随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）、扩增片段长度多态性（AFLP）、小卫星DNA和微卫星DNA（或称简单序列重复,SSR）等分子标记的概念、基本原理及其特点,重点介绍了第三代分子标记单核苷酸多态性（SNP）技术。综述了这些分子标记在海洋动物遗传结构分析、亲缘关系鉴定、遗传图谱的构建和标记辅助育种等方面的应用。     

中国人类遗传多样性研究进展

人类遗传多样性表现为世界各种族、民族和个体间存在的基因组差异,是探讨人类进化与迁徙、环境与遗传背景相互作用、疾病与健康影响因素的主要资源和工具。中国具有世界1/5的人口,有56个民族和丰富的遗传多样性资源。经过几十年的努力,中国人类遗传多样性研究已积累了丰富的资料,部分成果已经达到国际先进水平。文章重点论述了近年来形态学标记、生化及免疫学标记、DNA遗传标记在我国人类遗传多样性研究中的应用,线粒体DNA、Y染色体DNA和HLA标记在中国不同民族源流和相互关系、东亚现代人起源和迁移等研究中的应用,以及我国在中华民族遗传资源保存和利用、疾病易感基因和环境适应相关基因的鉴定及全基因组关联分析和第二代测序技术的应用、中国人基因组结构研究等方面取得的重要成果和进展。     

SSR标记技术在葡萄品种鉴别及遗传育种上的应用

SSR标记因其数量多、重复性好、出现频率高和共显性遗传等优点在植物的种质资源品种鉴别、遗传育种等方面得到广泛应用。简要介绍了SSR标记在葡萄上的发展和葡萄遗传多样性分析、品种鉴定、DNA指纹图谱构建和遗传育种等方面的应用,并对SSR标记未来在葡萄育种应用的研究方向作出了展望。     

Climate change may alter genetic diversity of Duchesnea indica,a clonal plant species

Climate change may alter the genetic diversity of plants. However, the relationship between genetic diversity in clonal plant species and climate change is unclear. To address this, we examined a representative clonal plant species, Duchesnea indica. We used microsatellite markers to analyze the genetic diversity of the species and used a correlation analysis to infer the relationship between climatic suitability and genetic diversity by using Maxent modeling. Then, we used a geographical information system approach to evaluate the change in genetic diversity of D. indica under climate change scenarios. There was a significantly negative relationship between climatic suitability and the genetic diversity of the clonal plant species. Using a proxy of genetic diversity, we found that climate change may alter the genetic diversity and even lead to a reduction in regional genetic diversity in D. indica. Annual precipitation, in particular, contributes to these changes in genetic diversity. Hence, climatic factors can be used as indicators of genetic diversity for clonal plant species, and studies should examine the impact of climate change on the maintenance of genetic diversity in plant species.     

水稻SSR标记的遗传多样性研究进展

本文从SSR标记优点和适用于研究水稻遗传多样性入手,综述了SSR标记在水稻核心种质构建与评价、遗传结构、稻种起源演化等方面的研究进展。总结了水稻遗传多样性的地带性特征（云南是中国稻种资源的最大遗传多样性中心和优异种质的富集地;西南稻区粳稻品种遗传多样性最丰富;南方稻区粳稻品种的遗传多样性高于北方粳稻遗传多样性）、遗传多样性与生态地理位置密切相关、目前水稻品种遗传基础狭窄、多样性降低等特征,分析了遗传多样性成因及影响因素,特别指出了育种行为对遗传多样性的影响,并针对当前水稻品种遗传多样性较低的问题提出了对策。     

Effects of species traits on the genetic diversity of high-mountain plants: a multi-species study across the Alps and the Carpathians

Aim  To test the influence of various species traits, elevation and phylogeographical history on the genetic diversity of high-mountain plants in the Alps and Carpathians.
Location  The regular sampling grid comprised the whole range of the European Alps and the Carpathians.
Methods  Twenty-two high-mountain plant species were exhaustively sampled and their genetic diversity was assessed with amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). ANOVAs were used to check for relationships between species traits and species genetic diversity, and to test whether genetic diversity was influenced by altitude and phylogeographical history (i.e. Alps versus Carpathians).
Results  In both mountain systems, species dispersed and pollinated by wind showed higher genetic diversity than species with self or insect pollination, and with animal- or gravity-dispersed seeds. Only in the Alps did altitudinal range size affect species genetic diversity significantly: species with narrow altitudinal ranges in the highest vegetation belts had significantly higher genetic diversity than those expanding over wide altitudinal ranges. Genetic diversity was species specific and significantly higher in the Alps than in the Carpathians, but it was not influenced by elevation.
Main conclusions  Wind pollination and wind dispersal seem to foster high genetic diversity. However, species traits are often associated and their effects on genetic diversity cannot be clearly disentangled. As genetic diversity is species specific, comparisons across species need to be interpreted with care. Genetic diversity was generally lower in the Carpathians than in the Alps, due to higher topographical isolation of alpine habitats in the Carpathians and this mountain massif's divergent phylogeographical history. Elevation did not influence genetic diversity, challenging the long-held view of decreasing genetic diversity with increasing elevation in mountain plants.     

Perspectives of genomics for genetic conservation of livestock

Genomics provides new opportunities for conservation genetics. Conservation genetics in livestock is based on estimating diversity by pedigree relatedness and managing diversity by choosing those animals that maximize genetic diversity. Animals can be chosen as parents for the next generation, as donors of material to a gene bank, or as breeds for targeting conservation efforts. Genomics provides opportunities to estimate diversity for specific parts of the genome, such as neutral and adaptive diversity and genetic diversity underlying specific traits. This enables us to choose candidates for conservation based on specific genetic diversity (e.g. diversity of traits or adaptive diversity) or to monitor the loss of diversity without conservation. In wild animals direct genetic management, by choosing candidates for conservation as in livestock, is generally not practiced. With dense marker maps opportunities exist for monitoring relatedness and genetic diversity in wild populations, thus enabling a more active management of diversity.     

遗传多样性概述

遗传多样性作为生物多样性的重要组成部分,是物种多样性、生态系统多样性和景观多样性的基础。随着研究方法和实验技术的发展,遗传多样性研究从形态学水平、细胞学（染色体）水平、生理生化水平逐渐发展到分子水平。形态标记、细胞学标记、等位酶分析、DNA多态性分析等方法,为我们研究遗传多样性提供了有效的工具。特别是DNA多态性分析是一种更为直接而有效的方法。     

On the relationship between plant species diversity and genetic diversity of Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) within and between grassland communities

Aims and Methods The relationship between genetic diversity and species diversity and the underlying mechanisms are of both fundamental and applied interest. We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and vegetation records to investigate the association between genetic diversity of Plantago lanceolata and plant species diversity using 15 grassland communities in central Germany. We used correlation and partial correlation analyses to examine whether relationships between genetic and species diversity were direct or mediated by environmental differences between habitats.Important findings Both within- and between-population genetic diversity of P. lanceolata were significantly positively correlated with plant species diversity within and between sites. Simple and partial correlations revealed that the positive correlations indirectly resulted from the effects of abiotic habitat characteristics on plant species diversity and, via abundance, on genetic diversity of P. lanceolata. Thus, they did not reflect a direct causal relationship between plant species diversity and genetic diversity of P. lanceolata, as would have been expected based on the hypothesis of a positive relationship between plant species diversity and niche diversity.     

A Statistical and Comparative Analysis of Genetic Detected by Different Molecular Markers

This paper presented a statistical and comparative analysis of common parameters of plant genetic diversity by using relevant data of 314 wild plant species from 235 published articles. The results indicated that the parameters of genetic diversity revealed by RAPD and AFLP are comparable, but all parameters of genetic variation detected by ISSR, allozyme and SSR are incomparable , which are not comparative with those by RAPD and AFLP. The genetic differentiation value G_st based on Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is obviously lower than the value Φ_st based on AMOVA analysis, which showed that these two parameters are incomparable as well. Furthermore, the statistical and comparative results of genetic diversity of 179 plant species by RAPD and AFLP indicated that at population level: 1) the genetic diversity of gymnosperm is higher than those of both dicotyledon and monocotyledon of angiosperm, but lower genetic differentiation; 2) the genetic diversity of tree is higher than those of shrub and herb, but lower genetic differentiation; 3) the clonal plant has higher genetic diversity than those reproduce sexnally, and 4) the cross-breeding plant has higher genetic diversity than self- breeding plant; 5 ) the widespread plant species has higher genetic diversity than the rare, endangered or endemic species.     

中国野生大豆遗传资源搜集基本策略与方法

遗传资源搜集原则是通过种子采集追求样本具有最高程度的遗传多样性。为了合理而有效地搜集野生大豆资源,近年来通过野生大豆居群考察和遗传多样性分析,初步明确了野生大豆资源居群的遗传多样性分布动态:遗传多样性地理的和生态的区域性、生态系统内居群的遗传相关性及各种生境下居群遗传多样性差异,从理论上奠定了野生大豆资源合理有效搜集的依据。根据居群遗传多样性的分布规律,初步建立了居群野生大豆资源的搜集策略和方法。     

论克隆植物的遗传多样性

概述了克隆植物的类型与特点 ,对克隆植物的遗传多样性及其遗传结构的一些特点进行了综述 ,并讨论了克隆植物遗传变异的来源。总体而言 ,克隆植物拥有比早期推测大得多的遗传变异 ,虽然克隆种与其近缘有性繁殖种相比 ,遗传多样性较低 ,但广泛的遗传单态性却很罕见。克隆植物种群的遗传结构有所改变 ,广布基因型很少 ,大多数基因型仅分布于某一种群之内 ,种群间基因型多态性存在广泛的变异。不同克隆植物之间遗传多样性相差很大 ,遗传结构也有巨大差异。说明除生殖模式外 ,其他的一些因素 ,如地理分布范围、生境特点 ,散布方式和种群历史等都对克隆植物遗传多样性有重要影响。     

Genetic diversity pattern of Stipa purpurea populations in the hinterland of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Stipa purpurea is among constructive endemic species in alpine meadow and steppe on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. To reveal the genetic diversity of this species and its relationship with geographic distribution pattern, we sampled eight populations across a northward transect with an increasing aridity gradient in the hinterland of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Their genetic diversity was quantified using eight intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers. We found that S. purpurea had relatively low genetic diversity ( H _e = 0.135) but significant genetic differentiation among populations ( G _st = 0.391), indicating relatively more genetic diversity retained within populations. A Mantel test revealed a significant relationship between genetic and geographic distance in the S. purpurea populations. The genetic diversity tended to decrease with increasing latitude and longitude, while no significant relationship was found between genetic diversity and altitude, suggesting the possible influences of humidity and temperature on genetic diversity of alpine plant. We propose conservation measures for this plant on the plateau.