海南省根瘤菌资源考察及分类

对海南省各地区的豆科植物进行了根瘤菌共生情况调查和根瘤样品采集。经分离、纯化和回接试验后,选取了其中38株菌与Rhizobium、Bradyrhizobium、Sinoorhizobium和Agra-btcterium四属的18株参比菌进行了193个生理生化性状分析,使用简单匹配系数(ssm)和平均连锁法(UPGMA)进行了聚类分析,同时对部分菌株做了DNA—DNA杂交分析及交叉结瘤试验。结果表明,海南省根瘤菌被分为快慢两群,自同一寄主植物属既分离出快生根瘤菌又分离出慢生根瘤菌。海南省慢生根瘤菌全属于Bradyrhizobium群,该群在88％相似性水平分为三个亚群,相当于亚种水平。慢生菌在亚群中的分布与原寄主无相关性,即同一寄主的菌分布在不同亚群中。海南快生菌却独立成群,在碳氮源利用、抗生素抗性及其它生理生化特性上与海南慢生菌群和快生参比菌群均显著不同,值得进一步研究,以确定其分类地位。     

用AFLP技术检测慢生型花生根瘤菌竞争结瘤的研究

以 5株慢生型花生根瘤菌和天府 3号花生为材料 ,用 AFLP技术研究了慢生型花生根瘤菌 Spr2 - 9、Spr3- 3、Spr3- 5、Spr4- 5和 Spr7- 1的遗传特性和竞争结瘤能力。结果显示 ,供试条件下 ,传代次数对菌株的遗传性状无明显影响 ,2 8℃培养条件下 ,花生根瘤菌连续传 96代 ,其 AFLP指纹未发生明显变化 ;37℃培养 ,仅 Spr3- 3和 Spr3- 5能够存活并正常生长 ,其 AFLP指纹也未发生明显改变 ,然而其它菌株不能生长。将供试慢生型花生根瘤菌分别接种天府 3号花生 ,光照培养 30 d后 ,随机各取 4个根瘤 ,从根瘤中提取类菌体 DNA进行 AFLP分析 ,各根瘤类菌体 DNA的 AFLP指纹图谱与该菌株纯培养物 AFLP指纹相同。将 5个菌株混合接种天府 3号花生 ,不同菌株的占瘤率存在差异 ,Spr3- 3和 Spr3- 5的竞争结瘤能力最强 ,两菌株的占瘤率之和为 85.4% ;Spr4- 5的占瘤率为 1 2 .2 % ;Spr7- 1为 2 .4% ;而 Spr2 - 9的竞争结瘤能力最差。本试验结果说明 ,AFLP技术用于根瘤菌生态和竞争结瘤能力研究 ,具有下列优点 :简易、快速、准确 ;直接取豆科植物的根瘤提取 DNA,进行原位研究 ;在不改变菌株遗传特性 ,即不使用突变株的前提下 ,可以直接测定已知菌株的竞争结瘤能力     

黄土高原地区大豆根瘤菌的遗传多样性和系统发育

【目的】研究黄土高原地区大豆根瘤菌的遗传多样性和系统发育。【方法】采用BOX-PCR、16S rDNAPCR-RFLP、16S-23S IGS PCR-RFLP和16S rRNA基因序列分析方法对分离自我国黄土高原地区4个省的15个地区的130株大豆根瘤菌及部分参比菌株进行了遗传多样性和系统发育分析。【结果】BOX-PCR反映的菌株多样性最丰富,形成的遗传群最多,16S rDNA PCR-RFLP方法在属、种水平上聚群较好,16S-23S IGSPCR RFLP反映的多样性介于BOX-PCR和16S rDNA PCR-RFLP之间,能够较好地反映出属、种和亲缘关系很近的菌株间的差异,3种方法聚类分析结果基本一致,可将所有供试菌株分为两大类群,中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium)和慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)。从系统发育来看,供试的快生大豆根瘤菌为费氏中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium fredii),慢生大豆根瘤菌为日本慢生大豆根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicum)和辽宁慢生根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium liaoningense)。【结论】我国黄土高原地区大豆根瘤菌具有较丰富的遗传多样性,S.fredii优势种,慢生大豆根瘤菌仅占10%,同时,分离到2株B.liaoningense。     

用AFLP技术检测慢生型花生根瘤茵竞争结瘤的研究

以5株慢生型花生根瘤菌和天府3号花生为材料,用AFLP技术研究了慢生型花生根瘤菌Spr2—9、Spr3—3、Spr3—5、Spr4—5和Spr7—1的遗传特性和竞争结瘤能力。结果显示,供试条件下,传代次数对菌株的遗传性状无明显影响,28C培养条件下,花生根瘤菌连续传96代,其AFLP指纹未发生明显变化;37C培养,仅Spr3—3和Spr3—5能够存活并正常生长,其AFLP指纹也未发生明显改变,然而其它菌株不能生长。将供试慢生型花生根瘤菌分别接种天府3号花生。光照培养30d后,随机各取4个根瘤,从根瘤中提取类菌体DNA进行AFLP分析,各根瘤类菌体DNA的AFLP指纹图谱与该菌株纯培养物AFLP指纹相同。将5个菌株混合接种天府3号花生,不同菌株的占瘤率存在差异,Spr3—3和Spr3—5的竞争结瘤能力最强,两菌株的占瘤率之和为85．4％;Spr4—5的占瘤率为12．2％;Spr7—1为2．4％;而Spr2—9的竞争结瘤能力最差。本试验结果说明,AFLP技术用于根瘤菌生态和竞争结瘤能力研究,具有下列优点：简易、快速、准确;直接取豆科植物的根瘤提取DNA,进行原位研究;在不改变菌株遗传特性,即不使用突变株的前提下,可以直接测定已知菌株的竞争结瘤能力。     

山蚂蝗慢生根瘤菌的遗传多样性及系统发育

摘要:【目的】研究我国亚热带和温带地区与山蚂蝗共生的慢生根瘤菌遗传多样性和系统发育。【方法】采用BOX-PCR 和多位点基因序列分析(nifH,nodC 和recA 基因) 方法对分离自我国不同地区的29 株山蚂蝗慢生根瘤菌进行遗传多样性和系统发育分析。【结果】BOX-PCR 分析表明供试的山蚂蝗慢生根瘤菌形成25个基因遗传型,具有丰富的基因组多样性。多位点基因序列分析发现代表菌株位于慢生根瘤菌的3 个分支上,分别与埃氏慢生根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium elkanii) ,大豆慢生根瘤菌( Bradyrhizobium japonicum) 和圆明慢生根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense) 亲缘关系近。【结论】我国山蚂蝗慢生根瘤菌具有丰富的遗传多样性,共生基因系统发育分析表明它们多与持家基因共同进化,并以垂直进化为主。     

安徽地区花生根瘤菌遗传多样性的研究

采用RAPD技术对分离自安徽地区的花生根瘤菌和部分参比菌株进行了遗传多样性和系统发育研究。结果表明来自凤阳和山东青岛地区花生根瘤菌的遗传距离比快生型和慢生型根瘤菌之间的遗传距离更远;安徽地区花生根瘤菌具有复杂的遗传基础,其遗传多样性丰富,其中来自宿州、合肥、贵池三地区的花生根瘤菌归为慢生型根瘤菌;而来自巢湖、宿州、淮北、芜湖地区的花生根瘤菌与快生型苜蓿根瘤菌的遗传地位更为接近,为快生型根瘤菌。     

根瘤菌新类群代表菌株的16S rDNA全序列测定及其系统发育地位

用双脱氧法测定了一个根瘤菌新类群代表菌株SH2672的16S rDNA全序列,将此全序列与根瘤菌各已知种及相关种的16S rDNA全序列进行了比较及聚类分析,得到系统发育树状图。在系统发育树状图中,菌株SH2672与百脉根中慢生根瘤菌(Mesorhizobium loti),华癸中慢生根瘤菌(M. huakuii)、天山中慢生根瘤菌(M. tianshanense)、地中海中慢生根瘤菌(M. mediterraneum)、鹰嘴豆中慢生根瘤菌(M. ciceri)共同构成一个分支,与各已知种的模式菌株16S rDNA相似性分别为:96.3％,96.4％,97.2％,95.1％,95.6％,均在95％以上,它们应归属于同一属。且分支内各种间DNA同源性低于70％,表明它们分别为不同的种,菌株SH2672代表着一个新的根瘤菌种。     

黑木相思根瘤菌遗传多样性

[目的]研究分离自广东、福建、江西等15个地点的174株黑木相思(Acacia melanoxylon)根瘤菌的遗传多样性.[方法]采用16S rDNA限制性片段长度多态性分析(Restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP)和16S rDNA基因、持家基因(recA、atpD、glnⅡ)系统发育分析的方进行研究.[结果]16S rDNAPCR-RFLP分析中,在70％的相似性水平上,所有供试菌株分成9个类群 ;16S rDNA基因和持家基因系统发育分析结果基本一致,34株代表菌株主要分布在α-变形菌纲(Alpha-Proteobacteria)的慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、根瘤菌属(Rizobium)、中慢生根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium),并与Bradyrhizobium liaoningense、Bradyrhizobium betae、Bradyrhizobium cytisi、Rizobium multihospitium、Mesorhizobium plurifarium亲缘关系较近.[结论]供试菌株被鉴定到属的水平,Bradyrhizobium、Rhizobium或Mesorhizobium为优势菌群,证明了黑木相思根瘤菌具有丰富的遗传多样性.     

用AFLP技术和16S rDNA PCR\|RFLP分析毛苜蓿根瘤菌的遗传多样性

采用选择性扩增片断长度多态性(简称AFLP)DNA指纹技术对采自我国云南省与西藏交界的高山地区的野生型豆科植物毛苜蓿根际土样分离的291株毛苜蓿(Medicago edgeworthii)根瘤菌进行遗传多样性的研究。从AFLP图谱中,揭示出毛苜蓿根瘤菌有较显著的遗传多样性,从291株中选择出90个代表株用计算机进行树状图的分析。结果表明,所分析的菌株在79%的相似性水平上聚类成3个群。对这90个代表株进行多聚酶链反应(PCR)扩增的16S rDNA的4种限制性内切酶长度多态(简称16S rDNA PCR\|RFLP)分析,得出2个不同的16S rDNA PCR\|RFLP类型的菌株。分别选出这2个类型的代表菌株与各种根瘤菌的参比菌株进行16S rDNA PCR\|RFLP分析,再进行树状图的分析,初步得出了它们在根瘤菌系统分类中的地位。分析结果表明：毛苜蓿根瘤菌与根瘤菌属中的Rhizobium mongolense的相似性很高。     

基于非培养和培养的方法比较花生根瘤菌遗传多样性

摘要:【目的】比较非培养和培养方法揭示的花生根瘤菌遗传多样性差异,以期建立慢生根瘤菌快速检测占瘤率技术。【方法】采用经典分离培养技术获得花生根瘤菌和非培养方法直接从根瘤中收获类菌体分别提取DNA后,比较分析BOX-PCR指纹图谱,根据多样性指数评价基于非培养和培养方法的BOX-PCR指纹图谱技术揭示花生根瘤菌遗传多样性的差异。【结果】基于非培养方法检测的花生根瘤类菌体为81.8%,获得85种遗传群;基于培养方法分离花生根瘤菌菌株为72.7%,获得71种遗传群;两种方法共同检测到17种 BOX-PCR遗传图谱相一致。根据多样性指数基于非培养方法反映不同地区花生根瘤菌遗传多样性结果较一致,基于培养方法反映各地区的花生根瘤菌遗传多样性结果存在明显差异。【结论】基于非培养方法检测根瘤类菌体的遗传多样性,能够更快速、真实反映不同土壤花生根瘤中的优势遗传群,快速地统计根瘤菌菌株占瘤率;与培养方法相结合有利于获得花生根瘤菌竞争结瘤能力强的土著菌株,从而为筛选高效根瘤菌菌株奠定基础。     

Diversity and compatibility of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) bradyrhizobia and their host plants

A high degree of genetic diversity among 125 peanut bradyrhizobial strains and among 32 peanut cultivars collected from different regions of China was revealed by using the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique. Eighteen different peanut bradyrhizobial genotypes and six peanut cultivars were selected for symbiotic cross-inoculation experiments. The genomic diversity was reflected in the symbiotic diversity. The peanut cultivars varied in their ability to nodulate with the strains used. Some cultivars had a more restricted host range than the others. Also the strains displayed a range of nodulation patterns. In yield formation there were clear differences between the plant cultivar/bradyrhizobium combinations. There was good compatibility between some peanut bradyrhizobial strains and selected cultivars, with inoculation resulting in well-nodulated, high-yielding symbiotic combinations, but no plant cultivar was compatible with all strains used. The strains displayed a varying degree of effectiveness, with some strains being fairly effective with all cultivars and others with selected ones. The AFLP genotypes of the strains did not explain the symbiotic behavior, whereas the yield formation of the plant cultivars was more related to the genotype. It is concluded that to obtain optimal nitrogen fixation efficiency of peanut in the field, compatible plant cultivar-bradyrhizobium combinations should be selected either by finding inoculant strains compatible with the plant cultivars used, or plant cultivars compatible with the indigenous bradyrhizobia.     

用AFLP技术和16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析毛苜蓿根瘤菌的遗传多样性

采用选择主增片断长度多态性（简称ＡＦＬＰ）ＤＮＡ指纹技术对采自我国云南省与西藏交界的高山地区的野生型豆科植物毛苜蓿根际土样分离的２９１株毛苜蓿（Ｍｅｄｉｃａｇｏ ｅｄｇｅｗｏｒｔｈｉｉ）根瘤菌进行遗传多样性的研究。从ＡＦＬＰ图谱中,揭示出毛苜蓿根瘤菌有较显著的遗传多样性,从２９１株中选择出９０年代表株用计算机进行树状图的分析。结果表明,所分析的菌株在７９％的相似性水平上聚类成３个群。对这９０年代表     

双孢蘑菇遗传多样性分析

应用AFLP指纹技术对双孢蘑菇的20个野生菌株和5个栽培品种的遗传多样性进行了研究。AFLP指纹揭示出20个野生异核体菌株所固的基因型。5个商业品种表现出比较一致的AFLP指纹,但也显示出它们之间的一些差别。由单孢分离获得的同核体菌株携带着部分异核体菌株的AFLP指纹;由同一子实体分离得到的大部分单孢菌株是异核体菌株,它们具有与其亲本一致的AFLP指纹。UPGMA分析揭示出2个与地理分布（美洲、欧洲）和相对应的组。研究结果表明：（1）在野生菌株之间存在着明显的遗传差异;（2）大多数单孢分离的菌株具有与母本一致的遗传物质;（3）野生菌株间的遗传变异大于栽培品种间的变异;（4）在双孢蘑菇的遗传多样性分析中,AFLP技术是非常有效的工具。     

五氯酚钠降解菌的遗传特性研究

以五氯酚钠为惟一碳源,从五氯酚钠污染区土壤中离出了16株具有降解五氯酚钠能力的细菌。用REP-PCR、AFLP指纹图谱技术研究了其遗传特性。结果显示,供试的16株细菌间以及与参考菌株间遗传特性的差异明显,供试菌株间存在较大的遗传多样性。AFLP和REP-PCR技术均能很好地反映菌株的遗传学差异。     

应用AFLP技术对不同山羊种群进行遗传多样性检测的方法初探

7种不同山羊品种或种群的基因组DNA经限制性内切酶酶切 ,连接特异性接头 ,用 5条人工设计的与接头序列相识别的AFLP选择性引物 ,进行AFLP -PCR扩增 ,以琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测扩增结果。不同山羊种群基因组DNA的扩增结果具有差异。从而得出结论 :AFLP技术是一种适宜于山羊的遗传检测方法。     

An AFLP-based database of Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei isolates and its use for the identification of untypable Shigella strains

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) can be used to assess the genetic diversity of closely related microbial genomes. In this study, the first of its kind for identification of Shigella, the high discriminatory power of AFLP has been used to determine the genetic relatedness of 230 isolates of Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei strains. An AFLP database was generated to demonstrate its utility in the discrimination of closely related strains. Based on AFLP, S. flexneri strains could be grouped into separate clusters according to their serotypes. Within each serotype, strains demonstrated 80-100% similarity indicating that identical strains and closely related strains could be distinguished by this technique. S. flexneri 6 formed a distinct cluster with 55% similarity to the rest of the S. flexneri strains showing significant divergence from the rest of the S. flexneri strains. Significantly, S. sonnei isolates formed a distinct group and showed approximately the same level of genetic linkage to S. flexneri as Escherichia coli strains. Untypable isolates that showed conflicting agglutination reactions with conventional typing sera were identifiable by AFLP. Thus AFLP can be used for genetic fingerprinting of Shigella strains and aid in the identification of variant untypable isolates.     

用SSR和AFLP技术分析花生抗青枯病种质遗传多样性的比较

由Ralstonia solanacearum E.F.Smith引起的青枯病是若干亚洲和非洲国家花生生产的重要限制因子,利用抗病品种是防治这一病害最好的措施。虽然一大批抗青枯病花生种质资源材料已被鉴定出来,但对其遗传多样性没有足够的研究,限制了在育种中的有效利用。本研究以31份对青枯病具有不同抗性的栽培种花生种质为材料,通过简单序列重复(SSR)和扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)技术分析了它们的遗传多样性。通过78对SSR引物和126对AFLP引物的鉴定,筛选出能显示抗青枯病种质多态性的SSR引物29对和AFLP引物32对。所选用的29对多态性SSR引物共扩增91条多态性带,平均每对引物扩增3.14条多态性带;32对多态性AFLP引物共扩增72条多态性带,平均扩增2.25条多态性带。在所筛选引物中,4对SSR引物(14H06,7G02,3A8,16C6)和1对AFLP引物(P1M62)检测花生多态性的效果优于其他引物。SSR分析获得的31个花生种质的遗传距离为0.12-0.94,平均为0.53,而AFLP分析获得的遗传距离为0.06～0.57,平均为0.25,基于SSR分析的遗传距离大于基于AFLP分析的遗传距离,疏枝亚种组的遗传分化相对大于密枝亚种组。基于两种分析方法所获得的聚类结果基本一致,但SSR数据聚类结果与栽培种花生的形态分类系统更为吻合。根据分析结果,对构建青枯病抗性遗传图谱群体的核心亲本和抗性育种策略提出了建议。     

Genetic variability and phylogenetic relationship among proton-beam-irradiated strains of Pleurotus ostreatus

To assess the effects of a proton beam on oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among strains induced by a proton beam were investigated based on a clustering analysis. According to an AFLP DNA polymorphism analysis, the induced strains were divided into four groups that coincided with the dose. When applying proton-beam radiation, the dissimilarity among the induced strains increased when increasing the dose. When using more than 400 Gy, the genetic dissimilarity of the irradiated strains was 46-58%. Thus, evaluating the induced strains using the AFLP technique was effective in revealing the mutation effect of the proton beam.     

Efficient DNA fingerprinting of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E, and F by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was applied to characterize 33 group I and 37 group II Clostridium botulinum strains. Four restriction enzyme and 30 primer combinations were screened to tailor the AFLP technique for optimal characterization of C. botulinum. The enzyme combination HindIII and HpyCH4IV, with primers having one selective nucleotide apiece (Hind-C and Hpy-A), was selected. AFLP clearly differentiated between C. botulinum groups I and II; group-specific clusters showed <10% similarity between proteolytic and nonproteolytic C. botulinum strains. In addition, group-specific fragments were detected in both groups. All strains studied were typeable by AFLP, and a total of 42 AFLP types were identified. Extensive diversity was observed among strains of C. botulinum type E, whereas group I had lower genetic biodiversity. These results indicate that AFLP is a fast, highly discriminating, and reproducible DNA fingerprinting method with excellent typeability, which, in addition to its suitability for typing at strain level, can be used for C. botulinum group identification.     

Genetic characterization of Erwinia amylovora strains by amplified fragment length polymorphism

AIMS: Erwinia amylovora is one of the most important pathogens of pear and apple and is subject to strict quarantine regulations worldwide, although its patterns of dispersal are largely unknown. Previous attempts to fingerprint E. amylovora strains by molecular techniques have detected very little polymorphism because of the high genetic homogeneity of this bacterium. Our aim was to establish and test a typing method to quantify genetic diversity among strains of this plant pathogen. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-two strains from different hosts and geographical locations were examined by PCR fingerprinting with four primers and by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) with four selected combinations of primers with a single base extension. PCR fingerprinting revealed little polymorphism producing the same amplification patterns for 17 strains, while the combined AFLP patterns yielded 78 polymorphic bands (34% of total bands) and allowed the differentiation of all but two strains. Clustering of strains in the resulting dendrogram was not correlated with host, year or country of isolation, and questions previous genealogies based on PFGE patterns. CONCLUSIONS: The AFLP technique allowed the detection of an unprecedented number of genetic markers in E. amylovora and proved to be the most useful tool so far for discriminating among strains of this pathogen. The results obtained in this study strongly suggest the occurrence of multiple introductions of the pathogen in Spain and other European countries. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: A major limitation in understanding the ecology of fire blight is the lack of typing techniques with a high power of discrimination. This study demonstrates the high resolution and the usefulness of the AFLP technique to differentiate among E. amylovora strains.