水淹深度、持续时间及发生频率对扬子狐尾藻早期生长的影响

研究了水淹扰动包括不同的深度(0,10,60 cm)、持续时间(1周、2周)和发生频率(1次、2次)对扬子狐尾藻(Myriophyllum oguraense Miki subsp.yangtzense Wang)早期生长的影响。结果表明,湿生状态下未经过水淹处理的植株的总生物量最大、所产生的分枝数最多、株高最小;在经过水淹处理后,植株的总生物量、植株所产生的分枝数显著减少,而株高则显著增加。随着水淹深度的增大和持续时间的增加,植株的总生物量、分枝数显著减小,而株高则在浅水位处理下(10 cm)随着水淹持续时间的增加而增加,在深水位处理下(60 cm)随着水淹持续时间的增加而减小。总生物量在较长时间持续于浅水位下(2周,10 cm)和较短时间持续于深水位下(1周,60 cm)时随水淹发生频率的增高而增大,分枝数也呈增多趋势。随着水淹发生频率的增高,深水位(60 cm)显著促进株高的增加。此外,水淹处理后,茎生物量比增大,而根生物量比、叶生物量比、分枝生物量比则呈减小趋势。这些研究结果表明水淹扰动是影响扬子狐尾藻早期生长和克隆繁殖的重要因子之一,同时也说明扬子狐尾藻对不同的水淹扰动有不同的生长和克隆繁殖对策。     

光周期对穗花狐尾藻生长、开花与种子形成的影响

通过人工补光和遮光处理,初步研究了光周期对狐尾藻生长和开花的影响。研究发现:8h短日照条件不利于狐尾藻的生长和花序形成,导致狐尾藻不能正常开花和结实;与自然日照长度(平均日照14h)条件下相比,16h长光照条件可以增加植株的高度和分枝数,形成更大的生物量;但24h全光照条件对生长有抑制作用。长光照条件下,狐尾藻花序形成时间和开花时间均比自然条件下延迟,形成花序的数目也显著较自然条件下的少,但长光照条件下形成的种子比自然条件下形成的种子具有更高的萌发率。     

收割对穗花狐尾藻生长的影响

在水深为24 cm的桶中,以6、12和18 cm等3个收割强度对穗花狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum）进行了连续4次收割实验,研究了收割强度、收割频次及收割季节对穗花狐尾藻生长恢复的影响。结果表明：8月下旬第1次收割18 cm后,植物在41 d恢复,但产生分枝较少,影响了植物的无性繁殖;9月下旬之前,前2次收割6 cm或12 cm后,穗花狐尾藻在55 d恢复,并能产生较多的分枝,而且条枝总长有明显的增加,表明穗花狐尾藻的无性繁殖没有受到抑制;10月初第2次收割18 cm,或11月下旬前第3次收割6或12 cm后,植物均能安全越冬,恢复时间至少4个月以上;各次收割后,穗花狐尾藻的新生枝条主要从切割处萌发（至少40%以上）,其次是从基部萌发（0～41.3%）;随着收割次数增加,干质量的相对增长率下降,而根冠比增加。     

穗状狐尾藻与不同生长期苦草种间竞争研究

水生植物之间的竞争作用在水体生态系统恢复过程中具有重要作用。本研究采用取代系列实验方法,对穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)与不同生长期(幼苗期和成株期)苦草(Vallisneria natans(Lour.)Hara)的种间竞争进行了研究。结果显示,对于不同生长期的苦草,穗状狐尾藻均具有较强的竞争优势,成株期苦草的竞争能力强于其幼苗期;苦草成株组中的穗状狐尾藻平均株高比苦草幼苗组中的穗状狐尾藻平均株高增加了128.6%(P0.05),但苦草成株组中的穗状狐尾藻植株平均干重比苦草幼苗组中的穗状狐尾藻植株平均干重降低了62.8%(P0.05);苦草幼苗组中的穗状狐尾藻分枝较多、株丛大,对苦草幼苗形成了较大的遮光作用;苦草成株组中的穗状狐尾藻分枝少、植株较长,顶端漂浮于水面生长,表明受苦草的种间竞争压力增大,但仍小于穗状狐尾藻的种内竞争;另外,苦草幼苗组中的苦草根长比苦草成株组中的苦草根长平均长28.6%(P0.05),表明在与穗状狐尾藻竞争过程中,苦草幼苗更趋于竞争地下资源。本研究结果说明穗状狐尾藻竞争能力强于苦草,苦草幼苗受穗状狐尾藻的竞争影响较大。     

狐尾藻与黑藻断枝的不定根和新芽的形成

比较狐尾藻和黑藻2种沉水植物不同节位和不同长度断枝的不定根和新芽形成时间的结果表明,随着断枝节位的下降或断枝长度的增加,狐尾藻不定根的形成时间分别呈延长和缩短的趋势,其新芽均呈缩短趋势;而黑藻不定根的形成时间均呈缩短趋势,其新芽受节位与长度的影响不明显。     

狐尾藻断枝上不定根与芽发生的初步研究

本文比较研究了不同节位和不同长度狐尾藻断枝的不定根和芽的发生时间及其形成幼苗的频率(本文中的幼苗指最终形成了不定根和芽的断枝)。结果表明:在狐尾藻顶芽以下叶已完全展开的茎段部分,不定根和芽的发生时间呈现出随着节位下降而逐渐缩短的趋势,而幼苗形成频率呈现出随着节位下降而增高的趋势;断枝的长度(用断枝所含的茎节数表示)对不定根和芽的发生时间及幼苗形成频率也有明显的影响。断枝长度增加,不定根和芽的发生时间缩短,形成幼苗的频率升高。另外与抛掷方式相比,扦插延长多节断枝的不定根和芽形成时间,但提高幼苗的形成频率。这些研究结果为制定水体生态系统中狐尾藻的恢复和管理措施提供了参考。     

洪湖主要沉水植物群落的定量分析：Ⅱ.微齿眼子菜＋穗花狐尾藻＋轮藻群落

微齿眼子菜＋穗花狐尾藻＋轮藻群落是洪湖的一个特殊沉水植物群落类型,其形成和维持与圈养活动及特殊的环境条件密切相关,该群落种类组成简单,组成种分布均一,一秋季峰值为２５１ｇｍ＾－１（干重）,季节最大生物量为春季３１２ｇｍ＾－１（干重）。策齿子菜在生物量为秋季１５２ｇｍ＾－１（干重）,穗花狐尾藻季节最大生物量为冬季４５ｇｍ＾－１（干重）,轮藻季节最大生物量为春季１７８ｇｍ＾－１（干重）。群落水平结果     

秋季水位波动频率对喜旱莲子草、粉绿狐尾藻和水龙的影响

水位波动对水生植物的生长有显著影响。该文通过设置0次(对照)、1次、2次和4次水位波动频率, 研究了入侵种喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)、外来种粉绿狐尾藻(又称聚叶狐尾藻, Myriophyllum aquaticum)和乡土种水龙(Ludwigia adscendens = Jussiaea reppens)对水位波动的形态和生理响应策略。结果显示: 水位波动对喜旱莲子草的分枝数、根冠比和最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)无明显影响, 但明显增加了株高(水位波动1次除外), 降低了生物量和叶绿素含量; 粉绿狐尾藻的分枝数和F_v/F_m在不同水位波动下无明显变化, 但株高在2次水位波动下明显增加, 根冠比在1次和4次水位波动下明显增加, 生物量和叶绿素含量(4次水位波动除外)在水位波动后明显降低; 水位波动明显降低了水龙的分枝数(2次水位波动除外)、株高(1次和2次水位波动除外)、总生物量(2次水位波动除外)和叶绿素含量, 但对水龙的根冠比和F_v/F_m无明显影响。水龙的分枝数、株高、总生物量、叶绿素含量和F_v/F_m在绝大部分水位波动处理下都明显大于喜旱莲子草和粉绿狐尾藻, 而且后二者间没有显著区别。以上结果说明在秋季这3个物种的生长都受到水位波动的抑制, 喜旱莲子草和粉绿狐尾藻在秋季水位波动生境中并不能表现出较强的生长能力, 但对水位波动具有较强的耐受性和可塑性, 这与入侵种较强的入侵性有关。应加强防范外来种粉绿狐尾藻的入侵。     

洪湖主要沉水植物群落的定量分析：Ⅳ.穗花狐尾藻＋微齿眼子菜＋金鱼 …

穗花狐尾藻＋微齿眼子菜＋金鱼或群共产党员 是洪湖沉水植被的一种重要群落类型,种类组成比较复杂,受干扰程度相对较低,各组成种类数量特征的变化基本上反映了各自的生活史特征。不同季节穗花狐尾藻、金鱼藻和微齿眼子菜的优势地位转换构成了该群落的重要特征。群落的生物量峰值在夏季出现,约为９４０ｇｍ＾－１（干重）。群落水平结构比较均一,垂直结构主要取决于优势种生物量的空间分务聚分布是各组成种的主要分布方式。分析     

外源NH_4~+对穗花狐尾藻根系形态和养分吸收的影响

在温室内进行静态实验,以原沉积物(CK)和分别添加0.24%和0.48%氯化铵(SN1和SN2)的沉积物作为底质培养沉水植物,探讨了高NH4+环境中穗花狐尾藻的根系形态特征及营养物质积累与干物质分配策略。结果表明,穗花狐尾藻主根直径(0.432-0.518mm)与主根/侧根比率(1.50-4.39)均随着沉积物NH4+含量升高呈现增大趋势,但单株主根总长(31.64-171.67cm)则在高NH4+环境中显著变短;其中,SN2处理中穗花狐尾藻主根数量(8.17条/株)显著低于SN1(14.67条/株)和CK(14.33条/株)处理,而SN1与CK处理之间差异不显著。SN1和SN2处理中穗花狐尾藻植株全氮含量(55.98和55.19mg/g)均显著高于CK(42.89mg/g)处理,而SN1和SN2处理中穗花狐尾藻植株全磷含量(1.63和1.53mg/g)则比CK处理中(3.71mg/g)显著降低。穗花狐尾藻植株干物质积累量(168.17-405.81mg/株)和全磷积累量(0.25-1.51mg/株)均随沉积物NH4+含量升高而显著下降,但植株全氮积累量(9.12-21.08mg/株)则表现为:SN1CKSN2。全氮和全磷在叶片中的分配率都随着沉积物NH+含量升高而显著降低,而在根系和茎秆中分配率则显著增加。     

Fragment Propagation and Colonization Ability Enhanced and Varied at Node Level after Escaping from Apical Dominance in Submerged Macrophytes

Aquatic plants develop strong fragment propagation and colonization ability to endure the natural disturbances. However,detailed research of ability to endure the natural disturbances has been lacking to date. Therefore, reproduction (shoot) and colonization (root) of shoot fragments of Potamogeton crispus L. with or without apices were investigated for the effect of apical dominance, and the growth of decapitated shoot fragments at three lengths (2, 4, 6cm) was compared. Meanwhile,fragment propagation at levels of bud position was studied for bud position effect after escaping from apical dominance.The results showed significant increases occurred in the outgrowth of lateral branches on fragments decapitated compared with the fragments with apices, implying that apical dominance exists. Different lengths of fragments showed little difference in biomass allocations, but significant differences were noted in their propagation. Meanwhile, the effect of bud position was verified, due to the significant difference of average reproduction per node among the three length groups. Thus, the present study has made progress in the current understanding of aquatic plant dispersion among natural systems and contributes to improve methods of in vitro propagation for re-implantation purposes.     

5种沉水植物无性繁殖和定居能力的比较研究

 竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)、微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)、苦草(Vallisneria spiralis)、穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)是长江中下游湖泊主要的沉水植物。在栽培条件下,它们的无性繁殖速率(单位时间内新增个体数)大小顺序为黑藻>微齿眼子菜>竹叶眼子菜>苦草>穗花狐尾藻。同时采用抛掷实验的方法观察研究了这5种沉水植物及其无性繁殖体的存活和生根情况;完整植株存活率为黑藻>穗花狐尾藻>微齿眼子菜>竹叶眼子菜>苦草,无性繁殖体部分存活率为黑藻>苦草>穗花狐尾藻>微齿眼子菜>竹叶眼子菜。生根能力和其存活时间长短相关,而且生根能力与存活率大小基本一致。在实验中,只有穗花狐尾藻的断枝存活率和生根能力存在差异,故无性繁殖体生根能力为黑藻>苦草>微齿眼子菜>竹叶眼子菜>穗花狐尾藻。     

梁子湖六种沉水植物种群数量和生物量周年动态

研究了梁子湖子湖之一满江湖的六种沉水植物种群数量和生物量在1997.3-1998.3的月动态。结果表明:满江湖沉水植物群落中,优势种为黄丝草、金鱼藻和穗状狐尾藻;六种沉水植物种群最大密度、最大单位面积生物量出现的月份各不相同,但两者变化的趋势一致。黄丝草、穗状狐尾藻种群为增长型种群,金鱼藻、苦草、黑藻种群稳定发展,菹草种群有衰退的趋势。沉水植物群落的最大生物量达到4676g/m2(鲜重,10月),总水草的最大密度为1865枝/m2(11月).根据1997年3-12月植物生长期内的数据,拟合出了六种沉水植物和总水草的生长模型方程。       

Morphological responses to water-level fluctuations of two submerged macrophytes,Myriophyllum spicatum and Hydrilla verticillata

Aims Myriophyllum spicatum and Hydrilla verticillata are common submerged macrophytes in the Yangtze River basin. To investigate their tolerances and adaptations to water-level fluctuations, an experiment was conducted in a pond.Methods We designed five different amplitudes of water-level fluctuations as static, ±15, ±30, ±60 and ±90 cm during the 74 days of the experiment. In each amplitude treatment, two cultivation methods were examined as monoculture and mixed culture.Important findings The results showed that M. spicatum had greater morphological responses to water-level fluctuations than H. verticillata. Fluctuating amplitude had significant effects on branch number, shoot length and root dry weight (DW) of M. spicatum, whereas it only had significant effect on branch number of H. verticillata. Both fluctuating amplitude and cultivation method had significant effects on total DW of M. spicatum, which was higher in monoculture than mixed culture. The total DW of H. verticillata was affected by fluctuating amplitude only, and the largest biomass was in the amplitude of ±30 cm. Fruit DW of M. spicatum was largest in the amplitude of ±30 cm, high amplitude of water-level fluctuations would inhibit flowering and seed production. Root DW proportion was significantly affected by fluctuating amplitude and cultivation method in both species, and the root DW proportion of M. spicatum was significantly higher in the amplitude-of ±90 cm. We conclude that moderate amplitude of water-level fluctuations can promote the distribution and growth of both species, and in order to accelerate the restoration of both species in natural habitats, the optimum amplitude should be keep at ±15 to ±30 cm.     

Decline of the invasive submersed macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum (Haloragaceae) associated with herbivory by larvae of Acentria ephemerella (Lepidoptera)

Myriophyllum spicatum, an exotic submersed macrophyte causing serious lake management problems throughout much of North America, decreased markedly in biomass in Cayuga Lake, NY, USA, since the beginning of the 1990s. Over the same period, however, the total biomass of all species of submersed macrophytes did not decline, and native macrophytes gained in abundance. The aquatic moth larva, Acentria ephemerella, was first observed on milfoil plants in Cayuga Lake in 1991. However, due to its cryptic habit the larva may have been present prior to that year. When the density of these grazers is high, herbivory by Acentria causes severe damage to the apical meristem of M. spicatum. This moth larva and another milfoil herbivore, Euhrychiopsis lecontei are widespread in 26 lakes surveyed in New York State; they are present in 25 and 24 lakes, respectively. Estimates of Acentria larval densities in summer in Cayuga Lake are 27 to 100 m^-2, and a quantitative survey of larvae hibernating in milfoil stems revealed mean densities of 500 m^-2 in late fall in Seneca Lake. In laboratory experiments, Acentria larvae feed on a wide variety of macrophytes commonly found in New York State. Although Acentria is not a specialist feeder, its life cycle is closely tied to M. spicatum through the moth's use of apical tips and stems for summer and winter refuges; thus deleterious damage to other macrophytes is low. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

伊乐藻和黑藻断枝根和芽的发生及生长研究

为了解外来种伊乐藻的无性繁殖力、评价其生态安全性,采用插植方式比较研究了伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)和本土种黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)两种沉水植物不同节数(1至4节)和不同节位断枝的不定根和新芽的发生及生长情况。通过室内4周的3次平行实验,结果表明:两者顶芽段均有形成不定根继而形成新植株的能力,而顶芽以下茎段只有本身具有腋芽的断枝才有形成新芽和不定根的能力。两者具相同节数的断枝形成不定根的百分率及根、芽长度,以具顶芽断枝的均明显高于不具顶芽断枝的,具顶芽四节断枝的不定根生成率最高达到90%以上。不具顶芽断枝形成新芽和不定根的百分率及长度随着断枝节数的增加均呈显著递增趋势,每类断枝的发芽率显著大于其生根率;伊乐藻和黑藻枝条一般分别每7节和5节具有一个腋芽,只有具腋芽断枝才能存活,因此,对不具顶芽断枝,7节和5节分别是其形成新苗所需的最短断枝长度。根和芽的长度随节位的下降大致呈递增的趋势。但是节数对形成根、芽的影响显著大于节位的影响。具顶芽断枝的顶芽的增长量和具顶芽4节断枝的生物量增量伊乐藻的高于黑藻,其余指标伊乐藻均显著低于黑藻。伊乐藻断枝的繁殖力总体上低于黑藻。       

Macrophytes and flood plain water dynamics in the River Danube ecotone research region (Austria)

In the ecotone research region of the Danube in Austria (Man-and-the-Biosphere (MaB)- project 5/21, Austrian Academy of Science) the macrophytes are one of the most important groups of organisms investigated. The species composition and the plant mass in hydrologically dynamic, and in predominantly stagnant sections of a system of lateral branches and sloughs were studied. This study showed that areas protected from frequent disturbance by floods had a greater number of species and higher biomass of aquatic macrophytes. Some species were shown to be evenly distributed throughout the branch system, whereas other species tended to form rare, but large singular patches. A set of new data elaboration techniques enabled us to describe the distribution pattern of the aquatic vegetation in this large branch system of the River Danube.     

Shifts in the abundance and distribution of shallow water fish fauna on the southeastern Brazilian coast: a response to climate change

Myriophyllum aquaticum is a semi-submerged exotic macrophyte that was introduced to China for many years. This species may be found in an emergent form in aquatic environments or in an amphibious form under drained conditions. Nuisance growth of this species has often been attributed to excessive amounts of nutrients. Therefore, we tested the following hypotheses: (1) high nutrient availability facilitates the establishment of M. aquaticum and (2) fragment type interacts with nutrient availability to determine the colonization and regeneration capacities of M. aquaticum. Two types of fragments were grown in water solutions with two levels of phosphorous. After 3 weeks, the survival rates showed no significant difference between the phosphorous treatments. However, emergent fragments showed higher RGR in the low and high phosphorous treatments than amphibious fragments. In addition, emergent fragments also showed higher regeneration capacities, indicating higher invasiveness in emergent fragments compared to amphibious fragments. Moreover, the high phosphorous concentration caused emergent fragments to produce more branches, indicating that nutrient availability may increase M. aquaticum propagule pressure. Our study highlights that nutrient supply increased emergent fragment establishment and shaped the invasion dynamics of macrophytes, which could help predict the spread and potential impact of exotic macrophytes in natural aquatic ecosystems.     

Biomass allocation in three macrophyte species in relation to the disturbance level of their habitat

1. The hypothesis was tested that perennial plants surviving in habitats frequently disturbed by floods should demonstrate the ability to escape the frequently scoured surficial zone by using refugia located deeper in the substrate. As a consequence, they should allocate more biomass to their underground parts than when growing in rarely disturbed habitats.
2. The allocation of biomass of three aquatic macrophytes ( Berula erecta , Groenlandia densa , Myriophyllum spicatum ) to their different organs (underground and above-ground parts) was measured in former river channels organized along a gradient of scouring flood disturbances.
3. For each species, biomass allocation to underground parts varied between sites: from 10.2 to 37.5% in B. erecta , from 14.9 to 31.1% in G. densa and from 8.4 to 23.2% in M. spicatum . It was correlated to the flood disturbance level of the site for B. erecta and M. spicatum but not for G. densa. No relationship was found between biomass allocation to underground parts and sediment richness.
4. The plasticity in biomass allocation of these three macrophyte species appears to be an adaptation to the variability in environmental conditions and implies difficulties in the classification of plant primary strategies, when this type of plasticity is ignored.