草原栖息高原鼠兔的社会行为

绪言 我们对行为进化的认识是通过比较两个栖息环境完全相反而形态相似、相互关联的鼠兔种而得到提高的。这里,我们提出了青藏高原高原鼠兔(Ochotona Curzoniae)社会行为的第一手详尽资料,然后用该种的社会行为与已作过深入研究的北美鼠兔(O.Princeps)加以比较。这两种鼠兔在许多方面都是进行比较研究的理想对象:它们的形态特征相似,然而栖息地却明显不同。     

高寒草甸3种啮齿动物内脏器官及相关性比较

内脏器官是动物生理功能的基础,脏器质量及脏器指数能反映出动物对环境的适应。为进一步了解高原动物对各自生存环境的适应对策,本研究比较了高寒草甸3种啮齿动物脏器指数及脏器质量与体质量的相关性。结果显示:高原鼠兔的心脏、肝脏指数低于高原鼢鼠和根田鼠,根田鼠的脾脏、肺脏和肾脏指数高于高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔,高原鼠兔的肾脏指数高于高原鼢鼠;3种动物肝脏均与体质量呈显著正相关关系,高原鼠兔和根田鼠的肾脏与体质量显著正相关,根田鼠心脏与体质量呈显著正相关关系。结果表明,不同物种脏器指数及器官与体质量的相关性差异可能是物种对物质环境、能量环境、生物个体大小、外界病原体、能量代谢需求等多方面综合因素进化适应的结果。     

四川藏鼠兔头骨形态的种群分化

种群分化是物种形成过程中具有决定意义的一步,是研究微进化过程的核心内容.为探讨地理隔离对小型兽类种群分化的影响,本文系统比较了四川西部3个隔离藏鼠兔Ochotona thibetana种群在头骨形态上的异同.结果表明在所测量的19个头骨形态指标中,岷山与邛崃山、邛崃山与凉山、岷山与凉山的藏鼠兔种群已分别在9、14及4个头骨变量上存在明显差异,颧宽、眶间宽、鼻骨长等变量是导致该3个山系藏鼠兔种群头骨形态发生分化的主要变量.由于藏鼠兔在各山系内部属一较为常见的物种,分析认为其头骨形态的种群分化可能与隔离状态下局部环境差异导致的选择压力不同有关.本研究揭示了在进行藏鼠兔等小型兽类种及种下阶元划分时,除数理统计手段引入的必要外,尚应充分考虑不同地理区域种群可能已产生的局部分化.     

基于线粒体基因组的鼠兔高海拔适应机制探讨

鼠兔隶属于兔型目,大多生活在海拔较高的地区,是研究哺乳动物对高寒缺氧环境适应机制的理想模型。线粒体通过氧化磷酸化产生能量,在机体的氧气利用和能量代谢中发挥重要作用。本研究测定了柯氏鼠兔线粒体全基因,然后分析了5种分布于较高海拔的鼠兔与6种较低海拔的兔科物种的线粒体基因组,并探讨了鼠兔高海拔适应时线粒体基因的作用。研究表明相比于较低海拔物种,鼠兔积累了更多的非同义突变,并且在鼠兔的线粒体编码基因的NADH2、NADH4L、NADH4、NADH5、NADH6、Cytb上均检测到正选择信号。ND2、ND4和ND5亚基的正选择位点位于非跨膜区,鼠兔的ND4L、ND6亚基的正选择位点位于TM区,但并不在与质子转运相关的关键区域。NADH脱氢酶亚基可能通过氨基酸变异干扰了质子转运过程的有效性。Cytb上的正选择信号位于跨膜螺旋H,氨基酸的变异可能影响到泛醇的结合与转移,进而改变了能量代谢。     

鼠兔属5个种的分子分类及进化

构建了甘肃鼠兔、黄河鼠兔、藏鼠兔、高原鼠兔和红耳鼠兔的mtDNA限制性内切酶图谱,并以PAUP程序建立其分子系统树。结果表明,鼠兔亚属的4个物种与耗兔亚属的红耳鼠兔存在明显的长度变异(1kb),从而为两亚属的划分提供了新的遗传标记。同时,甘肃鼠兔和黄河鼠兔的遗传分化已达明显的物种级别,因而进一步证实它们均为独立种。在系统树中,黄河鼠兔与高原鼠兔亲缘关系最近,然后是藏鼠兔,最后是甘肃鼠兔与前3种构成一对姊妹群。依据遗传距离计算了分歧年代。两亚属的分歧时间约距今8.8×10⁴ha,相当于中国哺乳动物时代的保德期中期;鼠兔亚属内4种间的分歧发生于约距今(2.5～4.2)×10⁴ha的上新世晚期,相当于榆社期晚期。     

高原鼢鼠四肢骨的进化适应性分析

通过对比分析了高寒草甸生态系统的高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)、高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)及根田鼠(Microtus oeconomus)的四肢骨,结果表明,地下啮齿动物高原鼢鼠的四肢骨比地面种类高原鼠兔和根田鼠的对应骨骼粗壮,显示其较强的挖掘能力。与挖掘效率相关的尺骨挖掘动力臂系数,高原鼢鼠为0.3617,而高原鼠兔和根田鼠不到0.17。高原鼢鼠与其他两物种的四肢骨重量分布也明显不同:高原鼢鼠的前肢骨重量超过后肢骨,而高原鼠兔及根田鼠则正好相反;高原鼠兔及根田鼠的桡尺骨重量在四肢骨中最低,而高原鼢鼠的桡尺骨重量在四肢骨中则最高。这些特征反映了地下啮齿动物为了适应地下生活方式,其四肢骨骼系统已经发生了显著变化,这对于研究地下啮齿动物的进化适应性问题具有重要意义。     

高原鼠兔与达乌尔鼠兔的摄食行为及对栖息地适应性的研究

通过对标志高原鼠兔和达乌尔鼠兔直接观察的方法,对它们的摄食行为及栖息地适应性进行了研究。两种鼠兔的摄食行为链存在着明显趋同的行为程序时间系列。在摄食活动中,前者用于防御敌害的时间分配较多。而达乌尔鼠兔则花费更多的时间于采食。对小生境内的高大植株进行刈割,是高原鼠兔保持其防御视野开阔,降低被捕食风险的适应性策略;达乌尔鼠兔则善于利用栖息地内高大植株覆盖物作为它们的临时隐蔽所,以有效地躲避敌害。这表明它们具有反捕食的行为调控能力,也证明捕食风险强化了物种对栖息地的选择。     

高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔血液参数和血红蛋白亚型对不同海拔生境的响应

高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔是青藏高原特有的物种,对高原低氧环境有很强的适应性。本研究测定了不同海拔的高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔的红细胞数目、血红蛋白浓度、平均红细胞压积、平均红细胞体积等;通过质谱测序明确两种高原动物血红蛋白亚型;采用PAML4.8程序分析两种动物血红蛋白亚基中的正向选择位点;采用同源建模的方法分析正向选择位点对血红蛋白氧亲和力的影响,基于对两种高原动物血液特征的分析,探讨了它们适应低氧的策略。结果表明,随着海拔升高,高原鼢鼠通过增加红细胞数目、减小红细胞体积应答低氧,相反,高原鼠兔通过减少红细胞数目、增大红细胞体积应答低氧;高原鼠兔红细胞中具有α₂β₂成年型血红蛋白和α₂ε₂胎儿型血红蛋白,高原鼢鼠红细胞中只有α₂β₂成年型血红蛋白,但高原鼢鼠血红蛋白氧亲和力和别构效应显著高于高原鼠兔;高原鼢鼠与高原鼠兔的血红蛋白α和β亚基中,正向选择的氨基酸位点数目、位置以及它们的侧链基团极性和取向具有明显不同,这可能是造成两种动物血红蛋白氧亲和力不同的重要原因。总之...     

高寒草甸3种啮齿类动物消化道器官形态的比较研究

不同动物面对相同或相似的环境压力,采取不同的适应对策,消化器官形态差异能体现各自适应的方式。为进一步了解草食哺乳动物对各自生存环境的适应对策,本文比较了青藏高原高寒草甸3种小型草食哺乳动物的消化道长度及消化道器官指数。结果显示:根田鼠的胃指数高于高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔,小肠、大肠及盲肠指数均是高原鼠兔高原鼢鼠根田鼠,消化道各部位相对长度均是根田鼠高原鼠兔高原鼢鼠。根田鼠大肠及盲肠长度占消化道总长的比例高于高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠;小肠占消化道总长的比例最低。结果表明,动物消化道形态的差异可能与食物组成、能量和代谢需求等因素有关。面对不同的环境压力,消化道这种适应性差异是不同物种为适应多变的环境条件进化的结果。     

黄河鼠兔Ochotona huangensis(Matschie,1907)的分类研究

黄河鼠兔(Ochotona huangensis)由Matschie(1907)发表,长期以来国内外学者意见纷纭,有人将它归入藏鼠兔(O.thibetana),有的则作为达乌尔鼠兔(O.daurica)的同物异名。经查对地模及邻近地模产地的标本,并与其相似种进行了仔细的对比,认为黄河鼠兔不同于藏鼠兔、甘肃鼠兔、达乌尔鼠兔,而是一有效物种。     

EVOLUTIONARY ORIGIN OF A PARTHENOFORM,THE AMAZON MOLLY POECILIA FORMOSA,ON THE BASIS OF A MOLECULAR GENEALOGY

The appearance of vertebrate species that reproduce without genetic recombination has been explained by their origin from a rare hybridization event between members of two distantly related species. For the first recognized vertebrate unisexual, the Amazon molly Poecilia formosa, mostly morphological and biochemical genetic information has been available so far with respect to its evolutionary origin. DNA sequence analyses of transcribed portions of the genome (tyrosine kinase proto-oncogenes) demonstrated its hybrid state unequivocally. Both alleles can be traced in a DNA sequence-based phylogenetic tree to extant species that represent the parental species or that are closely related to the corresponding extinct forms, namely P. mexicana limantouri and a so far taxonomically ill-defined north Mexican subspecies of the P. latipinna/P. velifera complex. A rough estimate from the mutation rates dates the hybridization event further back than would have been predicted on the basis of “Muller's ratchet” for an ecologically successful species.     

True and false gharials: a nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia

The phylogeny of Crocodylia offers an unusual twist on the usual molecules versus morphology story. The true gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) and the false gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii), as their common names imply, have appeared in all cladistic morphological analyses as distantly related species, convergent upon a similar morphology. In contrast, all previous molecular studies have shown them to be sister taxa. We present the first phylogenetic study of Crocodylia using a nuclear gene. We cloned and sequenced the c-myc proto-oncogene from Alligator mississippiensis to facilitate primer design and then sequenced an 1,100-base pair fragment that includes both coding and noncoding regions and informative indels for one species in each extant crocodylian genus and six avian outgroups. Phylogenetic analyses using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference all strongly agreed on the same tree, which is identical to the tree found in previous molecular analyses: Gavialis and Tomistoma are sister taxa and together are the sister group of Crocodylidae. Kishino-Hasegawa tests rejected the morphological tree in favor of the molecular tree. We excluded long-branch attraction and variation in base composition among taxa as explanations for this topology. To explore the causes of discrepancy between molecular and morphological estimates of crocodylian phylogeny, we examined puzzling features of the morphological data using a priori partitions of the data based on anatomical regions and investigated the effects of different coding schemes for two obvious morphological similarities of the two gharials.     

Male differentiation patterns in two polyphenic sister species of the genus Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): a geometric morphometric approach

This paper focuses on morphological (both shape and size ) differences that quite similar polyphenic sister species evolve during divergence processes. Traits were analysed using a geometrical morphometric approach, which has the ability to evidence also very subtle differences in shape. As a case study, we considered males of the dung beetle sister species pair Onthophagus taurus and Onthophagus illyricus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae); these species represent a typical example of polyphenic trait expression concerning the facultative development of horns and considerable body size differences. External shape morphology failed to discriminate O. taurus from O. illyricus , whereas the reproductive system shape showed significant interspecific discrimination power. However, the head of O. taurus was significantly larger than that of O. illyricus and the reverse was true for the elytra. The two species also showed different allometric values of the head with respect to body size. This complex pattern of interspecific morphological divergence is discussed in the light of the differential trait divergence rate hypothesis. In both species, differences between major and minor forms concern the overall shape of head and pronotum: we suggest that such different forms, which likely reflect morphological readjustment to accommodate horns of considerable bulk and disproportionate length, may be nevertheless advantageously used by the two male morphs in their alternative reproductive tactics. Male genitalia sizes were virtually constant with respect to body size; however, the ratio between phallotheca and body size was significantly higher in minor males, in keeping with the hypothesis of a higher investment in genitalia borne by this morph.     

用RAPD技术对特化等级裂腹鱼类亲缘关系的探讨

为确定特化等级裂腹鱼类的遗传分化关系 ,对 7种 2 2个裂腹鱼个体进行随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)研究。从所使用的 40个随机引物中 ,选择了 37个扩增带谱清晰的引物进行分析。根据构建的分子系统树显示 ,特化等级裂腹鱼类划分为 3个属级分类单元较为合适 ,这与采用形态学特征进行系统分析所得出的结论一致。在 2 2个个体之间遗传距离矩阵中 ,最大的遗传距离指数达到了 90 38% ,此外 ,还有较多的遗传距离指数也在 6 0 %～ 90 %之间。通过分析 ,认为用RAPD标记技术来分析属级或属级以上分类单元的亲缘关系 ,具有一定的适用性。对于一些遗传差异较大的类群 (如裂腹鱼类 ) ,应用属级或属级以上分类单元的亲缘关系 ,很可能会出现个体之间遗传距离接近或达到 10 0 %的情况 ,从而无法探讨其相互之间的亲缘关系。     

COMBINED AND SEPARATE ANALYSES OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DATA IN THE PLANT FAMILY RUBIACEAE

Abstract— The Rubiaceae are one of the largest of the families of angiosperms, with over 10000 species. The tribal and subfamilial classification is provisional due to the lack of phylogenetic hypotheses. The present study of the Rubiaceae is based on 33 genera and three data sets, one morphological and two molecular from chloroplast DNA, restriction sites andrbcL sequences. There is much congruence between the morphological and the molecular data sets, but also conflict. For parsimony reasons, the best phylogenetic hypothesis is a tree based on an analysis of the combined data sets. The so-called “total evidence” criterion for the combined analysis is simply a reiteration of the principle of parsimony. In this particular study, the classification would be almost the same even if based on the separate analyses instead of the combined. Despite the inapplicability of consensus trees or trees from separate analyses for phylogenetic hypotheses and classification, separate analyses may provide important information. It is the best way to reveal conflicts between different data sets. Knowledge of the conflicts can promote further detailed investigation in order to improve understanding of characters and phylogenetic hypotheses. In this study, the tribe Vanguerieae provides such an example; morphological data support a position in the subfamily Cinchonoideae, but DNA and a tree based on the combined data support a position in subfamily Ixoroideae. The tribe's position in the morphological tree is probably due to missing information concerning the correct pollen presentation system. Bootstrap fractions and K. Bremer's branch support values are used to evaluate the stability of particular nodes in the trees. Interestingly these values are not always correlated, e.g. in the morphological tree, the node with the highest branch support value has very low bootstrap fraction. The reasons for these differences are unclear, but large differences are presumably more likely to occur on short branches.     

Skeletal indicators of ecological specialization in pika (Mammalia,Ochotonidae)

Pika species generally fall into two ecotypes, meadow‐dwelling (burrowing) or talus‐dwelling, a classification that distinguishes a suite of different ecological, behavioral, and life history traits. Despite these differences, little morphological variation has previously been documented to distinguish among ecotypes. The aim of this study was to test whether postcranial features related to burrowing are present in meadow‐dwelling species and whether talus‐dwelling species exhibit postcranial modifications related to frequent leaping between rocks. To test this, the scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, innominate, femur, tibia, and calcaneus of 15 species were studied and measured. Twenty‐three measurements were taken on 199 skeletons, and 19 indices were constructed from these measurements. Indices were compared between the two ecotypes using Student's t‐test. Comparisons among ecotypes, species, and subgenera were made using one‐way ANOVA with the Tukey honest significant difference post hoc test. Multivariate results were generated using principal components analyses. Thirteen forelimb and hind limb indices proved significant in distinguishing the meadow‐dwelling, talus‐dwelling, and intermediate forms. A number of these indices are associated with burrowing or leaping in other mammals, providing some support for the hypothesis that postcranial modifications in pika are related to locomotor differences. This evidence of morphological responses to ecological specialization will be useful for reconstructing the paleobiology of extinct taxa, assessing the behavioral variability of extant species, and improving our understanding of the evolutionary history of pikas. J. Morphol., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

衣藻属的系统发育分析——基于形态形状和nrDNA ITS序列

通过实验分析莱茵衣藻 ( Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) 1个种和互连网获得衣藻属 1 5个种及丝藻属 1个种 ( Ulothrix zonata) ,共 1 7个种的 nr DNA ITS序列 ,并以 U.zonata为外类群 ,采用计算机分析软件包对其进行分析及构建分子系统发育树图。同时以 1 2个传统分类性状 ,对此 1 6种衣藻构建数据矩阵 ;以 U.zonata动孢子的相应性状为外类群原始性状 ,用Wagner法在计算机上对其进行分枝分析 ;然后比较并分析分子系统树和表征性状分支分析树的异同。初步尝试以 ITS分子序列系统发育分析作为传统性状分析的补充来研究衣藻种间的亲缘关系。     

节丛孢属rDNA ITS区RFLPs分析

利用PCR朢FLP方法对捕食线虫真菌节丛孢属进行了系统发育研究。以ITS1和ITS4为引物对该属10种12个菌株的核糖体DNA转录间区（ITS）进行了PCR扩增,4种内切酶（AluI、HaeIII、HpaII、TaqI）酶切。结果表明该属的ITS区长度没有明显差异,其长度范围在658～705之间,酶切图谱能体现不同种间的多态性,根据4种内切酶酶切结果,利用UPGMA法构建的节丛孢属分子系统树,基本体现了属内不同种间的亲缘关系,从分子水平证明了节丛孢属形态分类上的合理性,同时对该属属征的扩大提出疑议。     

中国瓶尔小草科植物孢子形态的研究

利用扫描电镜对中国产瓶尔小草科2属7种的孢子进行了研究,其中包括瓶尔小草属6种,即裸茎瓶尔小草（OphioglossumnudicauleL．f）、尖头瓶尔小草（O．pedunculosumDesv．）、钝头瓶尔小草（O．petiolatumHook）、狭叶瓶尔小草（O．thermaleKom．）、心脏叶瓶尔小草（O．reticulatumL．）和瓶尔小草（O．vulgatumL．）,蛇蕨属1种,即蛇蕨（又名带状瓶尔小草OphiodermapendulaPresl）,对每个种的孢子形态特征进行描述。根据孢子形态特征,我们认为将中国的瓶尔小草科植物分为瓶尔小草属和蛇蕨属两个属是合适的。通过观察,进一步认定孢子外壁的纹饰特征极具分类参考价值,并可以作为种的界限的依据。     

应用RAPD技术对蜘蛛系统演化的初步研究

利用随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ 技术检测了３ 类不同蜘蛛的系统发生关系．用１２ 个随机引物对各实验蜘蛛的基因组ＤＮＡ 进行扩增,选择其中扩增谱带清晰的８ 个引物进行分析并计算不同类蜘蛛间的遗传距离．结果表明：所有８ 个引物获得的ＲＡＰＤ谱带均表现为不同程度的多态性;地穴型蜘蛛与结网型蜘蛛间的遗传距离及结网型与游猎型之间的遗传距离,均比地穴型与游猎型之间的遗传距离近,体现了蜘蛛由地穴→结网→游猎的系统演化进程．这一结论与根据古生物学、胚胎学、形态学及生态学等得出的结论一致,从而进一步从ＤＮＡ 分子水平上为蜘蛛系统演化提供了新的证据．