根-土界面水分再分配研究现状与展望

对根 -土界面水分再分配的研究背景 (概念、发现及证据 )、普遍性与再分配的水量及其生理生态学意义 (对相邻植物利用水分、根际活动、土壤 -植物 -大气系统水分传输和根系可塑性发育的促进效应 )等进行了深入论述 ,对水分再分配的认识和研究方法进行了探讨 ,并对未来的相关研究进行了展望     

CO_2 倍增对长白赤松幼苗根 土界面水分运输过程的影响(英文)

用具有非破坏性的电导率方法测定土壤水分的廓线 ,与挖掘法 (或打孔法 )获取的根系分布对比 ,研究CO2倍增条件下一年生的长白赤松 (PinussylvestrisLinn .var.sylvestriformis (Takenouchi)ChengetC .D .Chu)幼苗根 土界面的水分运输状态。结果表明 :(1)土壤水分廓线由植物的活性所调制 ,根系分布密集的土层其水分含量也高。(2 )CO2 倍增 ,根系 土壤水分运输的活跃层及根系分布都将向土壤深处位移。研究证明 ,电导率方法能够指示发生于根 土界面上的水分运输状态 ,方法简单 ,且对土壤无破坏     

ＣＯ２倍增对长白赤松幼苗根—土界面水分运输过程的影响

用具有非破坏性的是导率方法测定土壤水分的廓线,与挖掘法（或打孔法）获取的根系分布对比,研究ＣＯ２倍增条件下一年生的长白赤松（Ｐinus sylvestris Linn.var.sylvestriformis(Takenouchi)Cheng et C.D.Chu）幼苗根－土界面的水分运输状态。结果表明：（１）土壤水分廓线由植物的活性所调制,根系分布密集的土层其水分含量也高。（２）ＣＯ２倍增,根系－土壤分运输的活跃层及根系分布都将向土壤演算位移。研究证明,电导率方法能够指示发生于根－土界面上的水分支输送,,且对土壤无破坏。     

基于稳定同位素的干旱半干旱区SPAC水分运移过程研究进展

土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)是生态水文学的重点研究对象,其水分运移过程对于干旱半干旱区生态植被建设和水资源综合管理具有重要意义。氢氧稳定同位素较高的灵敏性和准确度有助于揭示这一过程。介绍了氢氧稳定同位素在土壤-大气界面、土壤-地下水界面、土壤-植物界面和植物-大气界面水分补给传输过程中的应用,包括土壤水分来源和蒸发;水分补给入渗机制和滞留时间;植物水分来源和水力再分配;蒸散发分割和叶片吸水的相关研究,同时明确了氢氧稳定同位素技术在应用过程中存在的一些不确定性以及未来亟需加强的方面,以期为利用稳定同位素技术对生态水文过程的研究提供参考依据。     

植物根系提水作用研究述评

根系提水作用是植物在干旱生境下,通过根系将深层湿润土壤中的水分提升至浅层干燥土壤中的一种生理过程,不同植物具有不同的根系提水强度。这一研究的基本方式是分根法,而时域反射仪(TDR)法和中子水分仪法则是近年来较受重视的测定方法,并逐步由室内测定向大田测定过渡。研究的主要内容可归纳为五个方面,其中在根系提水作用与植物蒸腾作用、浅层土壤营养的有效性以及与植物遗传性的关系等方面,研究结果较为一致,但在提水的数量和发生提水作用时土壤水分状况等方面,研究结果不尽相同;对植物光合、呼吸等其他代谢的影响以及室内测定结果与大田条件一致性等问题的研究,报道较少,特别是作用机理的研究。因此,深入这方面的研究对于进一步提高植物水分利用率,促进旱地节水农业和畜牧业的发展具有重要的意义。     

植物-土壤系统中水分再分配作用研究进展

在过去100多年里,植物与土壤之间水分关系的研究多侧重于植物本身的水分利用方式、水分利用效率及其植物根系对水分的吸收等.然而进入20世纪80年代后期,植物生理生态学研究人员开始将注意力转移到植物根系对土壤水分的调节作用,即水分再分配（hydraulic redistribution）作用,具体地讲是在水势差的驱动下水分由根系向土壤中释出的一种双向和被动的水分运转过程,其中既包含水分由深层土壤向表层土壤的释出,也包括由表层土壤向深层土壤的流动,同时还涵盖了水分在水平方向上的侧向运输过程.伴随着研究手段的不断提高和对生态系统水平衡问题的关注,水分再分配逐渐成为近代植物生态学和水文学的交叉学科生态水文学（ecohydrology）的核心研究内容之一.目前该领域的研究已经阐明水分再分配作用在不同程度上对植物个体蒸腾、碳同化速率有很大贡献,有利于提高根系生活力和土壤养分;另外,在不断扩展的生态系统生态学研究中,也加强了对制约水分再分配作用发生的外部因子的认识.回顾和分析了水分再分配的研究历史、生态学意义、影响因素、测定方法等,特别提出阐述浅根系植物对水分再分配作用的依赖性与依赖程度,从植物进化学角度解释水分再分配作用发生的生理学基础和意义及水分再分配作用对土壤微生物活性的影响等方面将是未来研究的几个重点方向.     

干旱区包气带土壤水分运移能量关系及驱动力研究评述

包气带土壤能量和水分平衡及其驱动因子是维系地下水-土壤-植物-大气连续体(GSPAC)系统中水分运移发生的关键因素。在降水稀少、水资源短缺的干旱地区,开展包气带土壤水分形态、运移过程与能量的耦合规律研究对揭示区域水资源形成和转化机理具有极其重要的现实意义。文章总结了土壤水分运移理论研究进展,探讨了水分参与水文循环过程及干旱环境下土壤水分可能表现形态及其降雨入渗、再分布、渗漏、蒸发、毛管水上升等过程驱动机制,评述了包气带土壤水分与能量过程在不同空间尺度上生态水分效应。在一个非饱和土壤系统中,水分运移受包气带结构,土壤物理特征,植物根系和土壤生化环境的综合控制,物质和能量平衡改变是驱动水分循环的源动力,而土壤环境变化是导致水分运移形态的发生变化根本原因。因此,在气候变化背景下,研究干旱区土壤与大气界面以及包气带与饱和带界面水、汽、热耦合转化形式与能量驱动过程,能够提升我们对包气带土壤水分运移规律机理的深入理解,丰富对区域气候和水文变化认知。为干旱区生态植被恢复建设和水资源精细化管理提供理论向导。     

氯离子在土壤水分与作物生长关系研究中的指示作用

以小麦为试材,采用盆栽试验和氯离子指示技术,研究了不同土壤水分条件下,小麦在苗期对氯离子的吸收与累积特性和同期土壤中氯离子迁移特征。结果表明:(1)氯离子在小麦体内的累积与土壤含水量的关系密切,小麦苗期根系中氯离子累积量决定于根系与氯离子的接触几率,在植物地上部分的分配依赖于蒸腾强度;(2)在土壤含水量较低条件下,氯离子在根部累积明显,向地上部分移动不强,而在高含水量(18%)情况下,向地上部移动累积较为明显,氯离子在植物体中累积与分配关系很好地指示了土壤水分条件与植物生长之间关系;(3)在生长发育期间,当土壤含水量低于18%时小麦根系以伸长主动觅水,满足蒸腾需要为主;高于18%时,土壤水分移动以补偿根际蒸腾为主,土壤水分强烈的液态迁移存在着明显的临界含水量,可以用土壤剖面上氯离子含量的变化过程确定小麦根系水分利用的有效土层深度,以便准确地计算水分生产效率。因此,氯离子作为指示元素,在研究旱地土壤水分条件、水分移动能力等与作物生长的关系方面具有一定的可行性。     

土壤-根系统水分再分配:土壤-植物-大气连续体中的一个小通路

吸收和传导水分一直被视为植物根系最主要的功能之一,而人们对根系在某些情况下还可以向土壤释放水分的事实及其对植物生长和生态系统功能的影响了解得还很不充分,尽管这样的证据由来已久。土壤-根系统水分再分配(Hydraulic redistribution, HR)是近20年间被发现和证实的,指水分从土壤中较湿的部分经由植物的根系传导而运动到土壤中较干的部分,通常发生在蒸腾减弱的夜间,可以沿水势梯度下降的方向而在不同土层间向上向下或侧向运动。HR研究揭示了土壤-植物-大气连续体中有时会存在土壤-根-土壤的水流小通路,细化了土壤-根系统中水分储存和运输的时空动态和机制。土壤水分状况的连续监测、根木质部液流测量、稳定性同位素技术的使用构成了HR实验研究的三大手段。当土壤中深层水分充足的时候,HR可以提高根系吸收和传导水分的效率,有利于植物充分利用资源,延长了浅层土壤的水分可利用期,有利于维持植物组织的生理活性和水流传导;旱季后降水来临的时候,HR可以将一部分降水转移到深层土壤,增加了可利用性水分的总量。对于干旱半干旱的沙地和草原、季节性干旱的森林等类型,HR过程可能对生态系统水分循环产生重要影响。有必要在国内针对这些生态系统展开深入的实验研究,同时探索将HR过程适当结合到生态系统模型和水文模型中,从而更准确地研究和预测群落内植物水分关系和生态系统水分动态。此外,结合农林设计、植被恢复、生态需水量估算和农业节水等方面进行的HR研究也值得深入探索。     

植物根系水力再分配测定与模拟方法研究进展与展望

水力再分配(hydraulic redistribution,HR)指在根-土界面水势梯度驱动下,水分经由根系在土壤不同部位之间的一种被动运输过程。目前,已在全球不同生态系统超过120种植物中发现了HR现象,试验观测与模型模拟的HR大小相差2个数量级:试验观测的HR在0.04~1.3 mm·d-1,而模型模拟的HR在0.1~3.23 mm·d-1,这主要受方法差异的影响。目前,HR测定所采用的方法主要有土壤水分法、同位素示踪法和液流法;任何一种单一的观测方法都存在缺陷,且由于各种观测结果之间缺乏系统的比较,造成HR的测定结果存在不确定性。HR模拟方法主要以土层连接模型为代表,而其他基于物理过程的大根模型、中尺度水分动态模型和动态根廓线模型,因其结构复杂、参数较多而未得到推广。未来,HR的大小量化和机理理解仍将是这一课题面临的难点问题。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents

Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.