ＣＯ２倍增对长白赤松幼苗根—土界面水分运输过程的影响

用具有非破坏性的是导率方法测定土壤水分的廓线,与挖掘法（或打孔法）获取的根系分布对比,研究ＣＯ２倍增条件下一年生的长白赤松（Ｐinus sylvestris Linn.var.sylvestriformis(Takenouchi)Cheng et C.D.Chu）幼苗根－土界面的水分运输状态。结果表明：（１）土壤水分廓线由植物的活性所调制,根系分布密集的土层其水分含量也高。（２）ＣＯ２倍增,根系－土壤分运输的活跃层及根系分布都将向土壤演算位移。研究证明,电导率方法能够指示发生于根－土界面上的水分支输送,,且对土壤无破坏。     

CO2倍增条件下长白赤松幼苗土壤CO2廓线的动态

采用固定在土壤中的气井系统,监测土壤剖面的CO2动态及其与长白赤松 (Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestriformis (Takenouchi) Cheng et C. D. Chu) 幼苗根系发展之间的关系.实验研究共设4种CO2处理,分别是环境CO2浓度,无苗;CO2为700 μmol/mol,无苗;环境CO2浓度,有苗;CO2为700 μmol/mol,有苗.通过对土壤剖面CO2气体的同步采集与分析表明:土壤CO2廓线与幼苗根系的生物活性密切相关.在土壤表面及壤土和沙土的边界层中,根系分布密集,根系的呼吸作用对那两个土层CO2贡献大;随着幼苗的季节生长,与环境CO2浓度比较,CO2倍增将导致土壤剖面上CO2浓度最大区域由表面向壤土和沙土边界层的转移.本文采用的气井系统提供了一种对土壤无破坏、经济、简单并且能够用于监测幼苗地下过程的廓线研究方法.     

CO2倍增条件下长白赤松幼苗土壤CO2廓线的动态

采用固定在土壤中的气井系统 ,监测土壤剖面的CO2 动态及其与长白赤松 (Pinussylvestrisvar.sylvestriformis(Takenouchi)ChengetC .D .Chu)幼苗根系发展之间的关系。实验研究共设 4种CO2 处理 ,分别是环境CO2 浓度 ,无苗 ;CO2 为 70 0 μmol/mol,无苗 ;环境CO2 浓度 ,有苗 ;CO2 为 70 0 μmol/mol,有苗。通过对土壤剖面CO2 气体的同步采集与分析表明 :土壤CO2 廓线与幼苗根系的生物活性密切相关。在土壤表面及壤土和沙土的边界层中 ,根系分布密集 ,根系的呼吸作用对那两个土层CO2 贡献大 ;随着幼苗的季节生长 ,与环境CO2 浓度比较 ,CO2 倍增将导致土壤剖面上CO2 浓度最大区域由表面向壤土和沙土边界层的转移。本文采用的气井系统提供了一种对土壤无破坏、经济、简单并且能够用于监测幼苗地下过程的廓线研究方法。     

植物根-土界面水分再分配研究方法与影响因素

水分再分配是根-土界面根系对水分在垂直或水平方向的输导过程,对水分再分配的研究最早是在实验室盆栽条件下进行的,而盆栽测定的最基本方法就是分根法。实验室条件下,土壤水分的测定包括γ射线密度法、称量法、烘干法和时域反射仪（TDR）等。野外条件下,对根-土界面水分再分配的研究基本上有4种方法,利用热电隅干湿球温度计测定土壤水势的昼夜及季节波动、氢同位素示踪法、根木质部液流的测量和TDR测定土壤体积含水量。影响水分再分配的因素主要有土壤水分、土壤质地、植物种类及蒸腾作用等。在今后的研究中,应当加强对植物根-土界面水分再分配发生条件的研究,明确各影响因素与水分再分配发生的频率和数量的关系,从而为更好地利用其水分调节功能提供理论基础。     

植物根系水力再分配测定与模拟方法研究进展与展望

水力再分配(hydraulic redistribution,HR)指在根-土界面水势梯度驱动下,水分经由根系在土壤不同部位之间的一种被动运输过程。目前,已在全球不同生态系统超过120种植物中发现了HR现象,试验观测与模型模拟的HR大小相差2个数量级:试验观测的HR在0.04~1.3 mm·d-1,而模型模拟的HR在0.1~3.23 mm·d-1,这主要受方法差异的影响。目前,HR测定所采用的方法主要有土壤水分法、同位素示踪法和液流法;任何一种单一的观测方法都存在缺陷,且由于各种观测结果之间缺乏系统的比较,造成HR的测定结果存在不确定性。HR模拟方法主要以土层连接模型为代表,而其他基于物理过程的大根模型、中尺度水分动态模型和动态根廓线模型,因其结构复杂、参数较多而未得到推广。未来,HR的大小量化和机理理解仍将是这一课题面临的难点问题。     

CO2浓度倍增和土壤干旱对两种幼龄沙生灌木碳分配的影响

利用大型环境生长箱研究了两种幼龄沙地优势灌木柠条 (Caraganaintermedia) 和羊柴 (Hedysarummon golicum) 对CO2 浓度倍增和土壤干旱交互作用的响应。CO2 浓度倍增并没有改善两种沙生灌木叶片的水分状况, 而土壤干旱使叶片的相对含水量 (RWC) 显著降低。在土壤水分充足条件下, CO2 浓度倍增促进两种沙生灌木植株生长, 在干旱条件下则主要促进根的生长, 提高根冠比。土壤干旱显著减少了植株生物量, 但相对促进了根的生长, 特别是显著提高了羊柴的根冠比。CO2 倍增使稳定性碳同位素组分 (δ13 C) 降低, 但土壤干旱使之增加。两种沙生灌木叶片与根部的δ13 C值呈极显著线性关系, 羊柴的斜率大于柠条的, 表明前者叶片与根部在光合产物分配上具有较高的生态可塑性, 这和干旱条件下羊柴的根冠比增加相关联。羊柴的“源库”调节特性反映了对土壤水分胁迫具有较高的耐性。     

开放式空气CO2浓度增高条件下旱地土壤气体CO2浓度廓线测定

设计了一套适合于FACE(free airCO2 enrichment)平台的旱地土壤气体CO2 浓度廓线测定方法 ,并将其应用于田间实验 .在江苏省无锡市郊区具有太湖地区典型水稻土的稻麦轮作农田 ,对FACE和对照麦田以及裸土 0～ 30cm土层的土壤气体CO2 浓度廓线进行了观测研究 .结果表明 ,所采用的方法满足进行旱地农田土壤气体CO2 浓度廓线研究的要求 ;在 0～ 30cm土层中 ,上层土壤气体中的CO2 向上垂直扩散要比下层土壤快 ;在作物旺盛生长期 ,大气CO2 浓度升高 2 0 0± 4 0 μmol·mol-1使 0～ 30cm土层的土壤气体CO2 浓度显著提高 14 %± 5 % (t 检验P <0 .0 0 1) .     

干旱区植物群落土壤水盐及根系生物量的空间分布格局

为研究干旱区群落根系生物量的空间分布格局及其与土壤中水分、盐分的关系,以宁夏沙湖地区的沙枣-芨芨草群落为研究对象,以立木冠幅的20%为带宽,由立木向空旷地依次划分8个冠幅梯度带(Z1-Z8),采用分层挖掘法对群落中植物根系生物量密度、土壤含水率、土壤溶液电导率的垂直与水平分布特征进行了研究.结果表明:随着离沙枣立木距离的增加,群落中植物根系生物量密度逐渐减小,总根系生物量密度较高层次的埋深渐次增加,各层次土壤含水率及不同土壤层次间土壤含水率的差异性依次变大,表浅层土壤溶液电导率趋势性上升,但在较深层次,位于立木冠层垂直投影区边缘的Z3带的电导率最低,向沙枣立木方向、空旷地方向两侧递增;同时发现,群落中两种主要物种间根系生物量密度较高的土壤层次总体上相互分离,离立木较近各带出现下层土壤含水率低于上层的逆含水率梯度层.总体上,群落中地下生物量、土壤水分、土壤溶液电导率的垂直与水平分布特征揭示,植物根系吸水与土壤水分蒸发是影响土壤剖面中盐分、水分分布与运动的两个主导因子.     

土壤水势对水曲柳幼苗水分生态的影响

采用根区渗灌控水技术,将土壤水势长期控制在0～-20kPa(W₁)、-20～-40kPa(W₂)、-40～-60kPa(W₃)、-60～-80kPa(W₄)、-80～-160kPa(W₅)范围内,系统地研究了不同土壤水势条件下水曲柳幼苗的蒸腾过程、吸水过程、根叶水势日动态过程及SPAC体系的水流阻力.结果表明,在亚饱和土壤水分状态下(W₁),细根水势最高,水分由土壤进入细根的阻力最小,根系吸水速率最高,从而支持了日间强烈的蒸腾作用.在田间持水量土壤水分状态下(W₂),细根吸水阻力成倍增加,吸水速率和蒸腾速率显著下降,但尚未改变蒸腾作用日动态过程的单峰模式.当土壤水分在田间持水量状态以下(W₃～W₅)时,随着土壤水势递降,细根吸水阻力急剧增加至几倍乃至几十倍,根系吸水速率过低,吸水与蒸腾矛盾加剧,叶水势降至很低,气孔关闭,蒸腾作用受到严重抑制,呈现明显的午休低谷.在实验范围内(0～-160kPa),土壤水分对水曲柳幼苗是非等效的,当土壤水分在田间持水量状态以下(<-40kPa)时,水曲柳全光苗发生显著的水分胁迫.     

根-土界面水分再分配研究现状与展望

对根 -土界面水分再分配的研究背景 (概念、发现及证据 )、普遍性与再分配的水量及其生理生态学意义 (对相邻植物利用水分、根际活动、土壤 -植物 -大气系统水分传输和根系可塑性发育的促进效应 )等进行了深入论述 ,对水分再分配的认识和研究方法进行了探讨 ,并对未来的相关研究进行了展望     

Influence of CO2 Doubling on Water Transport Process at Root/Soil Interface of Pinus sylvestriformis Seedlings

Water transport at the root/soil interface of 1 year old Pinus sylvestris Linn. var. sylvestriformis (Takenouchi) Cheng et C. D. Chu seedlings under CO2 doubling was studied by measuring soil electric conductance to survey soil water profiles and comparing it with root distribution surveyed by soil coring and root harvesting in Changbai Mountain in 1999. The results were: (1) The profiles of soil water content were adjusted by root activity. The water content of the soil layer with abundant roots was higher. (2) When CO2 concentration was doubled, water transport was more active at the root/soil interface and the roots were distributed into deeper layer. It was shown in this work that the method of measuring electric conductance is an inexpensive, non-destructive and relatively sensitive way for underground water transport process.     

沙丘多枝柽柳灌丛根层土壤含水量变化特征与根系水力提升证据

分析干旱区深根型荒漠植物的根层土壤水分是揭示荒漠植物与土壤水分关系机理的重要方面。在黑河中游一片风沙侵蚀区域的多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)人工林地中, 对表层0.3 m到3 m深的土壤不同深度的含水量进行了连续的动态观测。结果显示, 多枝柽柳根系层土壤含水量可以分为明显不同的3层: 浅层(0.2-1.7 m深)相对湿润层、中间(1.7-2.7 m深)相对干层和深层(2.7 m以下)有效含水层。在多枝柽柳生长盛期, 浅层相对湿润层土壤含水量呈现明显的昼夜变化特征, 同时, 在晚上植物根系与浅层土壤之间存在正水势梯度, 这说明存在根系水力提升现象。水力提升是干旱气候下根层浅层土壤含水量保持相对湿润的主要原因, 并因此维系浅层根系的发育, 也为多枝柽柳具备的防风固沙功能提供了可能的解释。据初步估算, 多枝柽柳根系水力提升占每天耗水量的5%-8%, 耗水的主要水分来源仍然是充足的土壤深层有效含水层。     

Influence of root diameter on the penetration of seminal roots into a compacted subsoil

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of root diameter on the ability of roots of eight plant species to penetrate a compacted subsoil below a tilled layer. The soil was a fine sandy loam red-brown earth with a soil strength of about 3.0 MPa (at water content of 0.13 kg kg^-1, corresponding to 0.81 plastic limit) at the base of a tilled layer. Relative root diameter (RRD), which was calculated as the ratio of the mean diameters of roots of plants grown in compacted soil to the mean diameters of those from uncompacted soil, was used to compare the sensitivity of roots to thicken under mechanical stress.Diameters of root tips of plants grown in soil with a compacted layer were consistently larger than those from uncompacted soil. Tap-rooted species generally had bigger diameters and RRDs than fibrous-rooted species. A higher proportion of thicker roots penetrated the strong layer at the interface than thinner roots. There were differences between plant species in the extent to which root diameter increased in response to the compaction. The roots which had larger RRD also tended to have higher penetration percentage.The results suggest that the size of a root has a significant influence on its ability to penetrate strong soil layers. It is suggested that this could be related to the effects which root diameter may have on root growth pressure and on the mode of soil deformation during penetration.     

Long-term hydraulic acclimation to soil texture and radiation load in cotton

The concept of root contact hypothesizes that the absorbing roots grown in sandy soil are only partially effective in water uptake. Co-ordination of water supply and demand in the plant requires that the capacity for water uptake from the soil should correspond to an operational rate of water loss from the leaves. To examine how the plant hydraulic system responds to variations in soil texture or evaporative demand through long-term acclimation, an experiment was carried on cotton plants (Gossypium herbaceum L.), where three grades of soil texture and three grades of evaporative demand were applied for the whole life cycle of the plants. Plants were harvested 50 and 90 d (fully grown) after sowing and root length and leaf area measured. At 90 d hydraulic conductance was measured as the ratio of sap flow (measured with sap flow sensors or gravimetrically) and water potential. Results showed that for plants grown at the same evaporative demand, those in sandy soil, where root-specific hydraulic conductance was low, developed more absorbing roots than those grown in heavy-textured soil, where root specific conductance was high. This resulted in the same leaf specific hydraulic conductance (1.8 × 10⁻⁴ kg s⁻¹ Mpa⁻¹ m⁻²) for all three soils. For plants grown in the same sandy soil, those subjected to strong evaporative demand developed more absorbing roots and higher leaf-specific hydraulic conductance than those grown under mild evaporative demand. It is concluded that when soil texture or atmospheric evaporative demand varies, plants co-ordinate their capacities for liquid phase and vapour phase water transport through long-term acclimation of the hydraulic system, or plastic morphological adaptation of the root/leaf ratio.     

Influence of temperature and soil drying on respiration of individual roots in citrus: integrating greenhouse observations into a predictive model for the field

In citrus, the majority of fine roots are distributed near the soil surface – a region where conditions are frequently dry and temperatures fluctuate considerably. To develop a better understanding of the relationship between changes in soil conditions and a plant’s below‐ground respiratory costs, the effects of temperature and soil drying on citrus root respiration were quantified in controlled greenhouse experiments. Chambers designed for measuring the respiration of individual roots were used. Under moist soil conditions, root respiration in citrus increased exponentially with changes in soil temperature (Q₁₀ = 1·8–2·0), provided that the changes in temperature were short‐term. However, when temperatures were held constant, root respiration did not increase exponentially with increasing temperatures. Instead, the roots acclimated to controlled temperatures above 23 °C, thereby reducing their metabolism in warmer soils. Under drying soil conditions, root respiration decreased gradually beginning at 6% soil water content and reached a minimum at <2% soil water content in sandy soil. A model was constructed from greenhouse data to predict diurnal patterns of fine root respiration based on temperature and soil water content. The model was then validated in the field using data obtained by CO₂ trapping on root systems of mature citrus trees. The trees were grown at a site where the soil temperature and water content were manipulated. Respiration predicted by the model was in general agreement with observed rates, which indicates the model may be used to estimate entire root system respiration for citrus.     

土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜根系活力和叶片光合作用的影响

研究了黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L)根系活力和叶片光合作用对土壤紧实胁迫的响应.结果表明:当土壤紧实度增大时,黄瓜根系重量减小,活力下降.同时,叶片的相对电导率(REC)及丙二醛(MDA)含量升高;可溶性蛋白质含量降低;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增强;净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(E)及比叶重(SLW)减小,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)增大.     

Response of the water status of soybean to changes in soil water potentials controlled by the water pressure in microporous tubes

Water transport through a microporous tube-soil-plant system was investigated by measuring the response of soil and plant water status to step change reductions in the water pressure within the tubes. Soybeans were germinated and grown in a porous ceramic 'soil' at a porous tube water pressure of -0.5 kpa for 28 d. During this time, the soil matric potential was nearly in equilibrium with tube water pressure. Water pressure in the porous tubes was then reduced to either -1.0, -1.5 or -2.0 kPa. Sap flow rates, leaf conductance and soil, root and leaf water potentials were measured before and after this change. A reduction in porous tube water pressure from -0.5 to -1.0 or -1.5 kPa did not result in any significant change in soil or plant water status. A reduction in porous tube water pressure to -2.0 kPa resulted in significant reductions in sap flow, leaf conductance, and soil, root and leaf water potentials. Hydraulic conductance, calculated as the transpiration rate/delta psi between two points in the water transport pathway, was used to analyse water transport through the tube-soil-plant continuum. At porous tube water pressures of -0.5 to-1.5 kPa soil moisture was readily available and hydraulic conductance of the plant limited water transport. At -2.0 kPa, hydraulic conductance of the bulk soil was the dominant factor in water movement.     

根区交替控制灌溉条件下玉米根系吸水规律

为了阐明根区交替控制灌溉(CRDAI)条件下玉米根系吸水规律,通过田间试验,在沟灌垄植模式下采用根区交替控制灌溉研究玉米根区不同点位(沟位、坡位和垄位)的根长密度(RLD)及根系吸水动态。研究表明,根区土壤水分的干湿交替引起玉米RLD的空间动态变化,在垄位两侧不对称分布,并存在层间差异;土壤水分和RLD是根区交替控制灌溉下根系吸水速率的主要限制因素。在同一土层,根系吸水贡献率以垄位最大,沟位最低;玉米营养生长阶段,10—30 cm土层的根系吸水速率最大;玉米生殖生长阶段,20—70 cm为根系吸水速率最大的土层,根系吸水贡献率为43.21%—55.48%。研究阐明了交替控制灌溉下根系吸水与土壤水分、RLD间相互作用的动态规律,对控制灌溉下水分调控机理研究具有理论意义。     

What information is conveyed by an ABA signal from maize roots in drying field soil?

During two seasons, ABA concentrations were monitored in roots, leaves and xylem sap of field-grown maize. The water status of soil and plant was also measured. Plants were grown on plots with compacted or non-compacted soil, which were irrigated or remained unwatered. ABA concentration in the xylem sap before dawn and in the roots increases 25-fold and five-fold, respectively, as the soil dried, with a close correlation with the soil water status, but with no clear effect of the soil structure. In contrast to the results of several laboratory experiments, no appreciable increase in xylem [ABA] and reduction in stomatal conductance were observed with dehydration of the part of the root system located in soil upper layers. These responses only occurred when the water reserve of the whole soil profile was close to depletion and the transpiration declined. Xylem [ABA] measured during the day was appreciably higher in the compacted treatment than in non-compacted treatment, unlike that measured before dawn. Since a mechanical message is unlikely to undergo such day-night alterations, we suggest that this was due to a faster decrease in root water potential and water flux in the compacted treatment, linked to the root spatial arrangement. These results raise the possibility that ABA concentration in the xylem sap could be controlled by two coexisting mechanisms: (1) the rate of ABA synthesis in the roots linked to the soil or root water status, as shown in laboratory experiments; (2) the dilution of ABA in the water flow from roots, which could be an overriding mechanism in field conditions. This second mechanism would allow the plant to sense the water flux through the root system.     

Distinct roles of electric and hydraulic signals on the reaction of leaf gas exchange upon re-irrigation in Zea mays L

The hypothesis that electric and hydraulic long-distance signals modify photosynthesis and stomatal aperture upon re-irrigation in intact drought-stressed plants was examined. Maize plants (Zea mays L.) were exposed to drought conditions by decreasing the soil water content to 40-50% of field capacity. The decrease in water content resulted in a decline in stomatal conductance to 50-60% of the level in well-watered plants. Re-irrigation of the plants initiated both hydraulic and electric signals, followed by a two-phase response of the net CO2 uptake rate and stomatal conductance of leaves. The transitional first phase (phase 1) is characterized by a rapid decrease in both levels. In the second phase (phase 2), both parameters gradually increase to levels above those of drought-stressed plants. Elimination of either the hydraulic signal by compensatory pressure application to the root system, or of the electric signal by cooling of the leaf blade gave evidence that the two signals (1) propagated independently from each other and (2) triggered the two-phase response in leaf gas exchange. The results provided evidence that the hydraulic signal initiated a hydropassive decrease in stomatal aperture and for the involvement of electric signals in the regulation of photosynthesis of drought-stressed plants.