温湿度对越冬异色瓢虫(Harmonia axyridis)存活的影响

为了明确温度和相对湿度对越冬异色瓢虫存活的影响,采用二次正交旋转组合设计,试验了秋冬季收集的异色瓢虫自然种群在不同温湿度组合下,经不同时间后的存活率和存活时间。结果表明,在试验条件下最佳温湿度组合为０℃,ＲＨ７５％。此条件下处理６个月以上时存活率仍达８０％以上,存活时间近９ｄ;温度对异色瓢虫的存活影响最大,湿度次之,温湿度的交互作用最不重要;由试验结果建立了不同处理时间下,温湿度与存活率和存活时间之间关系的一系列二次回归方程。对方程分析表明：０～４℃为异色瓢虫越冬的适宜温度,小于０℃的低温引起存活率下降和存活时间缩短,ＲＨ７０％～８０％为异色瓢虫越冬的适宜湿度,低于ＲＨ６０％和高于ＲＨ９０％不利于存活;处理后的异色瓢虫的存活率和存活时间随着处理时间的延长而减小。但处理时间为６个月以内时,存活率的下降幅度较小     

屎克螂适宜的繁殖条件初步研究

１９９１—１９９４年对屎克螂适宜的繁殖条件研究结果：１．土层４０ｃｍ和６０ｃｍ的平均温度分别为１５．９２±６．３４℃和１５．８９±６．０８℃;平均土壤含水量分别为２６．７０±３．７４％和２３．７２±１．８８％,使各虫态处于一个几乎恒温恒湿的条件,有利于生长发育与越冬,２．土壤含水量１７％、２０％、２２％、２６％和２９％,其产卵最多的深度分别在６５─７０ｃｍ,７５─８０ｃｍ,６５─８０ｃｍ,６５—８０ｃｍ和３５—５０ｃｍ,分别占产卵总数的３４．１６％、４２．４２％、６８．４２％、５５．４０％和９０．５６％。３．不同土壤的产卵深度,沙壤土以土下４５—５０ｃｍ处最多,占产卵总数的３４．７８％;沙土以６５—８５ｃｍ最多,占产卵总数的８６．６７％;粘土以４５—６０ｃｍ最多,占产卵总数的５１．１１％。     

南美斑潜蝇的形态学及生物学特性研究

南美斑潜蝇是福建省近年严重为害蔬菜、花卉的新害虫。本对南美斑潜蝇的形态特性、生物学特性进行了研究,其中科卵、取食、化蛹、羽化、交配习性、羽化节律、性比、不同营养处理对成虫寿命的影响、不同温度对成虫寿命及产卵量的影响。结果表明：南美斑潜蝇主要在８：００－１２：００羽化;在饲以蜜水＋寄生植物下,雌虫的寿命最长,平均达到１５．０天;在１８℃下的产卵量最大,平均达到１７５．７粒;在１４℃下的雌虫寿命最长     

储藏物害虫嗜虫书虱的生物学研究(英文)

以全麦粉和酵母粉（10：1）为饲料,分别在8种温度（17．5－35℃）及5种相对湿度（50％－90％RH）条件下系统地研究了嗜虫书虱的生物学特性,获得了其在不同温、湿度组合情况下的生长发育、生存和繁殖的一系列特性和参数。结果表明,在75％RH、20－35℃范围内,世代发育历期在71．9－21．7天之间。世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为15．7℃和460．7日·度。各虫态及世代存活率均以27．5℃时最高,温度过高或过低均不利于该虫存活。成虫平均寿命在64．4－32．4天之间。每雌平均产卵量为21．1－13．9粒。在28℃条件下,较高的相对温度有利于该虫生长发育和繁殖。相对湿度低于50％或温度低于17．5℃,该虫均不能完成世代发耷。总体来看该虫生长发育、繁殖的最适温区为28－30℃,最适相对湿度在80％—90％之间并就该虫在我国分布及为害严重的原因进行了探讨。     

褐云玛瑙螺（Achatina fulica）北方冬季室内饲养的探讨

作者在实验室控制温度、湿度等条件下,以麦麸、玉米面粉及鸭跖草为饲料对褐云玛瑙螺进行室内饲养。实验表明：在温度２６℃,相对湿度８０￣９０％的条件下,每个成螺平均产卵２３４．４粒;卵孵化率为９０．７２％;幼螺成活率为９４．３％;从初孵幼螺长至体重为３５．６ｇ的成螺需１９６天／２６℃,１７３天／２８℃;从２克重的幼螺长至３５．６克重的成螺,每个螺平均累积取食混合饲料２２９．７ｇ。饲养密度会影响螺的生长,     

飞虱虫疠霉分生孢子在不同温湿度组合条件下的存活率*

用荧光染色法研究了不同温度（１０～３０℃）和湿度（５１～１００％ＲＨ）组合条件下飞虱虫疠 霉 Ｐａｎｄｏｒａ ｄｅｌｐｈａｃｉｓ分生孢子的存活率。在无放回抽样观察中,孢子弹射后第２４ ｈ的存活 率在５１％、７４％、８５％、９０％、９５％和１００％ＲＨ与不同温度的组合中分别为４２～８１％、６９～８９％、７０～ ９５％、 ６７～１００％、 ７６～１００％和 ５６～１００％。存放４个月后,不同温度下的孢子存活率在 ５１％、 ７４％、 ８５％和 ９０％ＲＨ下分别为 ５５～７４％、 ５２～８７％、 ３８～７３％和 １～６５％。而在≥９５％ ＲＨ下孢子存活率 ２４ｈ 后锐减,至第７ ｄ几乎全部失活。以上结果表明,弹射后的飞虱虫疠霉孢子在头２４ ｈ的存活 易受低湿影响,但存活下来的孢子能继续在低湿下存活较久;饱和或接近饱和的高湿度最不 利孢子长久存活。     

温湿度对番茄刺皮瘿螨实验种群的影响

在同一湿度（53%RH）不同温度（14℃、17℃、20℃、23℃、26℃、29℃、32℃、35℃及同一温度（26℃）不同湿度（30%RH、53%RH、75.5%RH、85%RH、92.5%RH、100%RH）组合条件下,测定了温湿度对番茄刺皮瘿螨Aculops lycopersici (Massee)生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,温、湿度对该螨存活率有明显影响,以23℃（53%RH）和75.5%RH（26℃）条件下最高,分别为89.9%和87.1%; 其发育历期较短,在14～35℃和30%～100%RH范围内,历期随温度升高而缩短,随湿度升高而延长; 番茄刺皮瘿螨的发育起点温度较高,卵、若螨和整个世代的发育起点温度分别为10.51、9.02和9.15℃。完成一代需要105.56日·度。温湿度对番茄刺皮瘿螨的繁殖力有明显影响,产卵期随温度升高而缩短,随湿度升高而延长; 产卵量在26℃(53%RH)和53%RH(26℃)下最高,每头雌虫产卵分别为44.3粒和42.2粒; 26℃(53%RH)和53%RH(26℃)条件下种群的内禀增长率最高,分别为0.2645和0.2669。结果表明,适宜的温湿度条件为温度26～29℃、相对湿度53%～75%。     

温、湿度对亚洲玉米螟成虫繁殖力及寿命的影响

温度和湿度的变化对亚洲玉米螟0strinia furnacalis(Guenee)成虫的交配和产卵及寿命都具有极显著的影响。在16℃～32℃和RH20%～100%的温湿范围中,亚洲玉米螟成虫繁殖力在20℃～28℃恒温和RH70%～100%的温湿组合中较大,其中在24℃恒温和28℃～20℃变温与RH90%～100%的组合中为最大,在32℃和RH20%的组合中为最小。单雌抱卵量、产卵量和产出卵率及交配次数均与温度呈抛物线曲线关系,与湿度呈正相关。温、湿度对成虫繁殖力具有极显著的交互作用。成虫寿命与温湿度密切相关,温度越高,成虫寿命越短;而湿度越高,成虫寿命越长。但雄蛾比雌蛾较耐低湿,在16℃～24℃下雄蛾寿命比雌蛾较长。此外,雄蛾较强的交配能力可促进卵的发育和产出。以上结果对玉米螟种群动态消长的分析和预测预报提供了参考依据。     

不同温湿度组合对安微虫瘟霉诱发桃蚜病害的影响

用孢子浴方法,对４２批次桃蚜Ｍｙｚｕｓ ｐｅｒｓｉｃａｅ（３０－６０头／批）接种大剂量（孢子７９－９０个／ｍｍ＾２）安徽虫瘟霉Ｚｏｏｐｈｔｈｏｒａ ａｍｈｕｉｅｎｓｉｓ的分生孢子,在２０℃下保湿２４ｈ后转入不同温度（１０℃、１５℃、２０℃、２５℃、３０℃及自然变温下１．５－１６．６℃和８．５－２０．２℃）和温度（５０％、６５％、８０％、９０％９５％及１００％ＲＨ）的组合条件下观察桃蚜的反应。结果表     

温度对大蜡螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确不同温度对大蜡螟(Galleria mellonella L.)生长发育和繁殖的影响,在24℃、28℃和31℃三个温度条件下,采用人工饲料饲养观察了大蜡螟的生长发育和繁殖状况。结果表明,温度对大蜡螟发育历期、生长发育速率以及繁殖具有显著影响(P0. 05)。在24～31℃范围内,随着温度升高,各虫态发育历期缩短,幼虫体长增长加快,发育速率加快。在24℃下世代历期最长(47. 96 d),31℃下世代历期最短(33. 68 d)。在同一温度下,雄蛾的寿命明显较雌蛾的寿命长,但成虫寿命、产卵前期和产卵期均随着温度升高而缩短。在24℃下产卵量最高为2 781. 50粒/雌,而在31℃下产卵量最低为1 943. 17粒/雌。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。