迎春花植物茎叶中黄酮类物质初步研究

采用硝酸铝——亚硝酸钠比色法对迎春花茎叶内的黄酮类物质含量进行了初步测定,确定了总黄酮含量提取的适宜溶剂浓度和提取的适宜时间。结果表明,用60％甲醇溶剂提取5h总黄酮含量最高,茎杆中的含量为10．42mg/g DW,叶片中的含量为18．31mg／g DW。此外,还对迎春花叶提取液进行了各种黄酮定性颜色反应,初步确定其中的黄酮类物质主要为双氢黄酮类及查尔酮类。     

正交试验法优化菊花中总黄酮的提取工艺研究

研究了菊花中总黄酮的提取工艺。以总黄酮浸提量为考察指标,在单因素试验基础上,采用L_9(3~4)正交试验法,对乙醇体积分数、料液比、提取时间和提取温度等条件进行优化,筛选出最优提取工艺。菊花中总黄酮物质的最优提取工艺为:乙醇体积分数70%,料液比1∶23 (w/v),提取时间140 min,提取温度70℃,提取次数2次,总黄酮的浸提量为28.11 mg/g。该工艺操作简单、重复性好,且对菊花中总黄酮有较高的提取量,可为工业生产提供一定的理论依据。     

组培苗鲜罗汉果与干罗汉果营养成分的分析和比较

对组培苗鲜罗汉果与干罗汉果提取物的营养成分进行分析和比较研究,分别测定了蛋白质、脂肪、总糖、碳水化合物、灰分、矿质元素、维生素E和氨基酸含量。结果表明:组培苗鲜罗汉果和干罗汉果蛋白质含量分别为22.23%、19.8%,氨基酸总量分别为12.51%、8.36%,其中人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量分别为38.13%、36.36%,矿质元素含量分别为1081mg/100g、1089mg/100g,维生素E含量分别为0.183mg/100g、0.589mg/100g。组培苗鲜罗汉果的蛋白质、氨基酸含量比组培苗干罗汉果分别高2.43%、4.15%,碳水化合物、维生素E含量组培苗干罗汉果比组培苗鲜罗汉果分别高2.44%、0.406mg/100g,矿质元素、粗脂肪、总糖、灰分等含量两者不存在明显差异。     

黑穗醋栗叶片衰老过程中抗坏血酸含量及相关酶活性的变化特征

该试验以3个不同黑穗醋栗品种‘亚德’(Adelinia)、‘布劳德’(Brodtrop)和‘黑丰’(Heifeng)为材料,分析黑穗醋栗8个不同发育时期叶片(幼叶到衰老叶)中的抗坏血酸(AsA)含量、合成与代谢相关酶活性,以明确叶片生长发育及自然衰老过程中AsA含量与代谢合成相关酶之间的关系,为寻找黑穗醋栗最佳叶片采摘时期、AsA含量调控及延缓叶片衰老进程研究奠定基础。结果表明:(1)不同品种黑穗醋栗叶片中AsA含量和AsA相关代谢物水平存在明显的多样性;在叶片生长发育过程中,叶片总抗环血酸(T-AsA)和AsA含量在3个品种中变化趋势一致,均在成熟期叶中达到最高,其中‘亚德’成熟期叶片中AsA含量最高(98.33μmol/g),之后随着叶片的衰老而迅速下降,在衰老后期降至34.57μmol/g。(2)在叶片生长发育进程中,L-半乳糖途径中的关键酶L-半乳糖-1,4-内酯脱氢酶(GalLDH)活性变化与AsA含量变化趋势一致;AsA-GSH循环再生代谢中,脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性在展叶期最高,之后随着叶片的衰老而降至最低,这与AsA含量变化趋势相似,而抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性变化与之正好相反;叶片H2O2含量则随着叶片的衰老逐渐增加,至衰老期达到最高。(3)GalLDH与T-AsA、AsA、氧化型抗坏血酸(DHA)、DHAR和MDHAR呈现极显著正相关关系,即叶片中GalLDH活性越高,叶片中AsA含量也越高;DHAR与T-AsA、AsA和DHA也存在极显著正相关关系。研究认为,黑穗醋栗叶片中AsA含量于成熟期达到最高,且品种间存在显著差异;GalLDH、DHAR可能是黑穗醋栗叶片AsA合成代谢的关键酶,可通过增强GalLDH和AsA-GSH循环系统相关酶活性来提高黑穗醋栗叶片中的AsA含量,进而延缓其衰老。     

油菜蜂花粉总黄酮几种提取方法的研究

本文分析比较了油菜蜂花粉总黄酮的4种提取方法的差异。并且采用正交实验,分别研究和确定了超声提取法及加热回流提取法的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,加热回流提取的最适条件为：温度80℃下用65％乙醇回流提取4次,每次2h,料液比为1：12。测得含量为35．18mg／g;超声提取的最适条件为：温度40℃下用1：12的料液比,超声提取25min,超声功率100W,测得含量为31．27mg／g;冷浸提取的含量为32．33mg／g;索氏提取的含量为38．06mg／g。     

红柄白鹃梅叶中黄酮类物质的提取研究

采用乙醇提取,用分光光度法测定的方法,以红柄白鹃梅为原料,通过正交试验研究了乙醇浓度,提取温度,提取时间和料液比4个因素对提取红柄白鹃梅叶片中总黄酮含量的影响。研究结果表明,各试验因素对红柄白鹃梅叶中黄酮类物质提取量的影响依料液比、提取温度、乙醇浓度、提取时间因素顺次降低,当提取温度为70℃、提取时间为2 h、料液比为1∶20时,提取效果最好,黄酮类物质提取量为22.412 mg/g。     

不同基因型和发育阶段对费约果叶片生物活性物质含量及抗氧化能力的影响

以‘胜利’、‘唯一’、‘毛象’和‘库立激’4个费约果品种叶片为试材,探讨基因型和发育阶段对费约果叶片总酚、总黄酮、原花青素、鞣花单宁含量和抗氧化能力的影响,以期深入了解费约果叶片的生物活性物质组成,为其深度开发提供理论依据。结果表明:费约果叶片富含酚类物质[8.27¹8.81 g·（100 g）^-1（FW）],特别是原花青素[0.43³.32 g·（100 g）^-1（FW）]和鞣花单宁[0.55⁰.79 g·（100 g）^-1（FW）]。基因型显著影响叶片的总酚和原花青素含量,而发育阶段则显著影响叶片的总酚、总黄酮、原花青素、鞣花单宁含量和抗氧化能力,尤以幼叶阶段（20%叶片）各生物活性物质含量和抗氧化能力最高。结果表明,费约果果树修剪时产生的叶片可搜集用于天然抗氧化剂或保健品的开发。     

太和香椿总黄酮的提取及含量测定

设计正交实验对酶解水提法进行优化,以浸提液中总黄酮得率作为考察指标。采用最佳提取方法提取太和产香椿5个品种的总黄酮,比较其含量大小。结果表明酶解水提法的最佳提取条件是料液比1∶40。酶用量15U/g,酶解时间90min,酶解后水提时间120min。红油椿的总黄酮含量最高,黑油椿次之,其次是红椿、青椿,毛椿的总黄酮含量最少。     

野生地木耳中次生代谢产物含量测定与分析

测定了野生地木耳（Nostoc commune Vauch.）中次生代谢产物含量,并与4种常见食用菌藻黑木耳（Auricularia auricular-judae）、银耳（Tremella fuciformis）、紫菜（Porphyra）、海带（Laminaria japonica）进行比较分析,总酚、总黄酮和缩合单宁含量测定采用分光光度法,总生物碱含量测定采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）。结果显示,野生地木耳中总酚含量为24.255 mg/g±1.631 mg/g,总黄酮含量为5.741 mg/g±0.239 mg/g,总生物碱含量为0.768 mg/g±0.073 mg/g,缩合单宁含量为0.069 mg/g±0.009 mg/g。4种食用菌藻中次生代谢产物含量范围为：总酚（5.520～62.326 mg/g）、总黄酮（0.847～7.010 mg/g）、总生物碱（0.408～4.132 mg/g）、缩合单宁（0.063～0.233 mg/g）;比较分析结果显示,野生地木耳次生代谢产物中的总酚和总黄酮物质含量较高,且总酚是主要次生代谢产物,缩合单宁与总生物碱含量较低;总酚含量约为黑木耳和银耳的2倍、紫菜的6倍;总黄酮含量约为黑木耳的7倍,银耳的3倍。     

刺猬肌肉营养成份分析

对刺猬肌肉营养成分测定及其氨基酸分析,评价其营养价值。结果表明,刺猬肌肉(鲜样)中粗蛋白含量丰富(20.92±0.14)%,肌肉中含18种氨基酸,占肌肉总量的80.13%(干样百分比),其中人体必需氨基酸8种,占氨基酸总量的46.88%,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为64.58,氨基酸构成比例符合FAO/WHO标准;鲜味氨基酸总量为30.82%;钙和铁的含量分别为33.8mg/100g和11.0mg/100g。说明其具有较高的营养和食用价值。     

千层塔植物茎叶中黄酮类物质的研究

本实验利用分光光度法对千层塔植物茎叶内的黄酮类物质进行了初步测定 ,确定了总黄酮含量提取的适宜溶剂浓度和提取的适宜时间。结果表明 ,用 6 0 %的甲醇溶剂提取 6h总黄酮含量最高。此外 ,本试验还对千层塔黄酮提取液进行了各种定性颜色反应 ,初步确定其中的黄酮类物质主要为黄酮类和黄酮醇类。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定不同采收期柿叶芦丁、齐墩果酸的含量

研究柿叶中芦丁、齐墩果酸随月份动态变化规律。用回流提取法制备同一来源、不同月份柿叶样品,采用RP-HPLC法,以芦丁为对照品,测定同一年中5月到11月7份样品中芦丁的含量。用索氏提取法制备不同月份柿叶齐墩果酸样品,采用RP-HPLC,以齐墩果酸为对照品,测定同一年中5月到11月7份样品中齐墩果酸的含量。结果显示:7月和10月采收的柿叶中芦丁和齐墩果酸的含量较高。10月(采收柿子果实后)采收的柿叶有可能作为制备芦丁、齐墩果酸的原料使用。     

马兰叶中总黄酮的提取

本论文以提取马兰叶中的总黄酮类化合物为目的,采用纤维素酶辅助热浸提和热浸提两种方法进行提取,利用紫外分光光度法测得马兰叶中总黄酮类化合物为分别为17.14 mg/g和14.44 mg/g,纤维素酶辅助热浸提方法的平均回收率为94.60%,相对标准偏差为5.56%。     

水母雪莲红色细胞系类黄酮含量和相关基因表达

水母雪莲为中国传统名贵中药,具有散寒除湿、活血通经、抗炎、镇痛等功效,其主要药用成分为类黄酮化合物。以水母雪莲白色系愈伤组织和经低温、高糖、强光诱导得到的红色系为材料,比较不同细胞系中类黄酮活性成分、结构基因和转录因子表达的差异。结果表明,红色系中总黄酮含量为白色系的3.60倍;重要的药用成分为芦丁,其含量达到干重的0.25%,是白色系的2.40倍;红色系中花青苷含量极高,矢车菊素3-O-己糖苷和矢车菊素3-O-琥珀酰己糖苷的含量分别达到干重的0.12%和0.19%;红色系中CHS、F3'H、FNS、FLS、DFR和ANS基因的表达均明显高于白色系;红色系中转录因子MYB、bHLH和WD40的表达也均明显高于白色系,其中MYB的表达量为白色系的19.70倍,说明红色系中转录因子的高水平表达增强了结构基因的表达,进而提高了类黄酮的合成。红色系中bHLH和WD40表达水平相似,而与MYB的表达水平相差很大,推测可能在水母雪莲中bHLH和WD40两种转录因子形成二元复合体后,和MYB共同调控类黄酮合成途径中结构基因的表达。     

Influence of auxins,cytokinins, and nitrogen on production of rutin from callus and adventitious roots of the white mulberry tree (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Morus</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">alba</Emphasis> L.)

Rutin is an economically valuable flavone compound with anticancer activity, dietary effects, and anti-aging activity. In this study, callus and adventitious roots were induced from three Morus (mulberry) species. Among the three mulberry species tested for rutin production, roots of the Sugye (M. alba L.) had the highest levels (242.2 μg/g fresh tissue) of rutin. In addition, the mature leaves of this type of tree promoted higher levels of rutin compared to those of young leaves or those undergoing senescence. Adding auxins such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and naphthalene-1-acetic acid (NAA) not only enhanced the development of callus and adventitious roots but also increased the protein and rutin contents. In contrast, adding cytokinins such as 6-benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin (KN) retarded callus and adventitious root development as well as the protein and rutin contents. Callus in suspension culture in the presence of IAA produced more rutin than that in the absence of IAA. However, rutin secretion into a medium was greater in the absence of IAA. Different ammonium/nitrate (AM/NI) ratios in a root suspension culture also greatly affected rutin production and its secretion into a liquid medium. As a result, the highest level of rutin was produced when adventitious roots were grown in a 34/66 AM/NI full-strength standard MS medium containing 5 mg/l IAA.     

Mangrove leaf litter decomposition under mangrove forest stands with different levels of pollution in the Niger River Delta,Nigeria

Nutrient cycling often moves between litter fall and decomposition. It is hypothesized that hydrocarbon pollution will slow down mangrove litter decomposition because of the reduction in microbial activities. We studied decomposition rates at different levels of pollution (i.e. high and low) and amongst different mangrove species (i.e. red, white and black). For the first experiment, fresh leaves of Rhizophora racemosa were collected, sealed in a litter bag and placed on the mangrove floor for 1.24 years at which all the leaves had completely decomposed to humus and were oven‐dried and weighed to calculate the decomposition rate constant (k) of mass loss. Although there was no significant difference in the rate of decomposition (P > 0.05), leaves at the highly polluted plot had lower rate of decomposition (6.58 × 10^?4) when compared to leaves at the lowly polluted plot (1.75 × 10^?3). In the second experiment, there was a significant difference in decomposition rates amongst species (P < 0.05). Red mangrove leaves (0.41) decomposed more than white (0.28) and black (0.28) mangrove leaves. This implies that hydrocarbon pollution slowed, but did not stop the decomposition of mangrove leaves.     

宁夏枸杞‘中科绿川1号’果实和叶片的主要成分分析

以国家林业局审定的宁夏枸杞新品种‘中科绿川1号’为实验材料,研究不同月份采集的枸杞叶片芦丁含量,以及果实总黄酮、总多糖、总类胡萝卜素、玉米黄素双棕榈酸酯的含量变化。结果显示,叶片芦丁含量在枸杞盛果期较低,抽条期较高;果实总黄酮、总类胡萝卜素、玉米黄素双棕榈酸酯的含量在头茬果中含量较高,盛果期果实含量较低;果实总多糖可能与果实量呈负相关;褐化果(俗称"油果")总黄酮含量与正常果差异不大,可用作提取枸杞黄酮类物质的原材料。研究结果可为枸杞果实分级、成分提取提供新思路。     

Effect of arsenic on flavonoid contents in Pteris species

Two arsenic (As) hyperaccumulators (Pteris multifida and Pteris vittata) and a non-hyperaccumulator (Pteris semipinnata) were exposed to different As concentrations under hydroponic conditions. Five flavonoids in these fern species were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Flavonoid production in P. multifida and P. semipinnata was also studied in 0 and 20 mg As L⁻¹ treatments at different cultivation times. No significant differences were observed regarding the contents of quercetin, isoquercitrin and kaempferol in the fronds. The contents of rutin, quercetin, kaempferol and total flavonoids were also not significantly different in the roots of the three fern species under the same As treatment. However, significant differences were observed in contents of rutin, quercetin, hyperin, kaempferol and total flavonoids over time in the 20 mg As L⁻¹ treatment. In general, the changes in flavonoid contents in the As hyperaccumulators were not directly related to As accumulation.