低温胁迫下董棕（Garyota urens L.）幼苗叶肉细胞内Ca2+水平及细胞超微结构的变化

用焦锑酸钙沉淀的电镜细胞化学方法,研究了低温胁迫下董棕（Garyota urensL.） 幼苗叶肉细胞内Ca2+水平的变化。研究结果表明,未经低温处理的董棕幼苗叶肉细胞,焦锑 酸钙沉淀颗粒大量出现在液泡和细胞间隙中,细胞壁中也可见少量沉淀,而细胞基质中则看 不到焦锑酸钙沉淀;经2 ℃ 48 h低温处理后,细胞基质和细胞膜上焦锑酸钙沉淀增加,而液泡和细胞间隙中的焦锑酸钙沉淀则显著减少,并且超微结构已初步显示出寒害的特征,叶绿体外膜部分破损,类囊体片层稀疏且排列不规则,光合速率明显下降等;经2℃ 120 h低温处理后,细胞间隙内的焦锑酸钙沉淀极少,有的也紧贴在细胞外壁上,而细胞基质和细胞膜上则分布有非常多的焦锑酸钙沉淀,在核基质和液泡中也可见到少量的焦锑酸钙沉淀,并且超微结构遭到了显著破坏,叶绿体结构完全被破坏,核膜与液泡膜严重破损,内部结构模糊,细胞只表现为呼吸作用,不进行光合作用。表明Ca2+的区域性分布的变化与植物抗寒性存在一定关系。     

低温胁迫下董棕（Garyota urens L.）幼苗叶肉细胞内Ca^2＋水平及细胞超微结构的变化

用焦锑酸钙沉淀的电镜细胞化学方法,研究了低温胁迫下董棕(Caryota urens L.)幼苗叶肉细胞内Ca^2 水平的变化。研究结果表明,未经低温处理的董棕幼苗叶肉细胞,焦锑酸钙沉淀颗粒大量出现在液泡和细胞间隙中,细胞壁中也可见少量沉淀,而细胞基质中则看不到焦锑酸钙沉淀;经2℃ 48h低温处理后,细胞基质和细胞膜上焦锑酸钙沉淀增加,而液泡和细胞间隙中的焦锑酸钙沉淀则显著减少,并且超微结构已初步显示出寒害的特征,叶绿体外膜部分破损,类囊体片层稀疏且排列不规则,光合速率明显下降等;经2℃ 120h低温处理后,细胞间隙内的焦锑酸钙沉淀极少,有的也紧贴在细胞外壁上,而细胞基质和细胞膜上则分布有非常多的焦锑酸钙沉淀,在核基质和液泡中也可见到少量的焦锑酸钙沉淀,并且超微结构遭到了显著破坏,叶绿体结构完全被破坏,核膜与液泡膜严重破损,内部结构模糊,细胞只表现为呼吸作用,不进行光合作用。表明Ca^2 的区域性分布的变化与植物抗寒性存在一定关系。     

草酸处理对热胁迫下辣椒叶片膜透性和钙分布的影响

研究了外源草酸对热胁迫下辣椒叶片中细胞膜相对透性、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量变化以及Ca2+分布的影响.结果表明热胁迫使叶肉细胞膜相对透性升高,草酸处理则减轻升高幅度.热胁迫使叶片中GSH和AsA含量下降;草酸处理则使二者在热胁迫下含量下降幅度较小.常温下辣椒叶肉细胞的焦锑酸钙沉淀颗粒主要分布于液泡、胞间隙和叶绿体中,热胁迫下液泡、细胞间隙中减少,但在细胞核和细胞质中出现;经过草酸处理的叶肉细胞,焦锑酸钙沉淀颗粒在胞间隙中明显增多,液泡中减少.     

草酸处理对热胁迫下辣椒叶片膜透性和钙分布的影响

研究了外源草酸对热胁迫下辣椒叶片中细胞膜相对透性,谷胱甘肽（GSH）和抗坏血酸（AsA)含量变化以及Ca^2 分布的影响。结果表明：热胁迫使叶肉细胞膜相对透性升高,草酸处理则减轻升高幅度;热胁迫使叶片中GSH和AsA含量下降;草酸处理则使二者在热胁迫下含量下降幅度较小,常温下辣椒叶肉细胞的焦锑酸钙沉淀颗粒主要分布于液泡,胞间隙和叶绿体中,热胁迫下液泡,细胞间隙中减少,但在细胞核和细胞质中出现;经过草酸处理的叶肉细胞,焦匀酸钙沉淀颗粒在胞间隙中明显增多。液泡中减少。     

温度逆境交叉适应对葡萄叶片膜脂过氧化和细胞钙分布的影响

 研究了高温锻炼对低温胁迫下和低温锻炼对高温胁迫下葡萄(Vitis vinifera)叶片中丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量变化以及细胞中Ca2+分布的影响。结果表明: 高（低）温胁迫使正常生长的叶片丙二醛含量升高, GSH和AsA含量下降,低（高）温锻炼预处理能减少MDA含量,提高GSH和AsA含量,抑制了由于温度胁迫引起MDA含量升高和GSH和AsA下降趋势。常温下葡萄叶肉细胞的Ca2+主要分布于液泡、细胞间隙中;高温胁迫和低温胁迫后,细胞质中聚集大量Ca2+沉淀颗粒,液泡中和细胞间隙Ca2+沉淀颗粒减少,叶绿体超微结构被破坏,Ca2+稳态平衡遭到破坏。高温锻炼后细胞质出现大量的Ca2+沉淀颗粒,主要来源于细胞间隙,低温锻炼后细胞质也出现大量的Ca2+沉淀颗粒,主要来源于液泡,两者的叶绿体超微结构都完整;高温锻炼的叶片经过低温胁迫和低温锻炼的叶片经过高温胁迫后,细胞间隙和液泡内Ca2+沉淀颗粒增加,细胞质中Ca2+沉淀颗粒很少,叶绿体较完整,Ca2+稳态平衡得以维持。推测高低温锻炼能够通过Ca2+启动抗逆基因表达和维持细胞中Ca2+稳态平衡来交叉适应低高温的胁迫。     

外源Ca~(2 )预处理对高温胁迫下辣椒叶片细胞膜透性和GSH、AsA含量及Ca~(2 )分布的影响

以辣椒 (Capsicum annuum)幼苗的叶片为材料 ,研究了外源 Ca2 预处理对热胁迫下细胞质膜透性和谷胱甘肽 (GSH)、抗坏血酸 (As A)含量变化及 Ca2 分布的影响。结果表明 :外源 Ca2 预处理能减轻热胁迫引起的细胞膜破坏 ,能够减少叶片中 GSH和 As A的破坏。热胁迫后 ,Ca2 具有从胞外转运到胞质内和叶绿体中的趋势 ;外施Ca2 预处理能够明显增加细胞间隙、液泡和叶绿体中的 Ca2 颗粒密度 ,能够稳定热胁迫下叶肉细胞膜和叶绿体的超微结构。结果表明 ,外施 Ca2 预处理可能通过改变细胞内外的 Ca2 分布 ,减轻热胁迫对叶肉细胞的伤害     

低温胁迫下枇杷幼叶细胞内Ca2+水平及细胞超微结构变化的研究

用焦锑酸钾沉淀的电镜细胞化学方法 ,研究了低温胁迫下枇杷幼叶细胞内 Ca2 水平变化。研究结果表明 ,枇杷幼叶细胞未经低温处理时 ,Ca2 定位分布的沉淀颗粒大量出现在细胞壁、细胞间隙、质膜和液泡 ;叶绿体、细胞质和细胞核中也有一些 Ca2 沉淀颗粒分布。枇杷幼叶经 44h、4℃低温处理后 ,在质膜和液泡膜上 Ca2 的沉淀增多 ,细胞质和细胞核中的Ca2 水平增加。不抗寒品种在低温胁迫条件下可见核孔开口较大 ,有时可观察到核内容物外漏。抗寒品种在低温胁迫条件下核孔未见明显开口 ,叶绿体中类囊体不形成基粒 ,少数片层结合重叠后伸展在整个叶绿体中。而不抗寒品种类囊体则堆积形成明显的颗粒状基粒 ,类囊体片层数量较多。在 2个叶绿体之间还常可见到线粒体紧夹其间 ,但线粒体的内膜模糊不清。不抗寒品种内质网和高尔基体也较多见 ,内膜系统比较发达 ,但低温胁迫条件下膜系统易受破坏 ,膜结构模糊不清。     

Na+和Cl- 在小麦叶肉细胞超微结构中的分布

小麦经200mmol NaCl溶液培养3天后,采用改进的焦锑酸钾方法对叶肉细胞中Na~+及Cl~-进行超微结构定位。电镜观察及电子探针X-射线显微分析表明,Cl~-主要分布在细胞间隙、细胞壁及细胞质膜中。用电子探针X~-射线能谱仪在这些部位中未探测出Na~+,提示Cl~-比Na~+更多地进入小麦的叶肉细胞。此外,在叶肉细胞的细胞核、线粒体及叶绿体中也可见到离子沉淀颗粒。经氯化钠溶液培养的小麦幼苗,其叶肉细胞的叶绿体、线粒体的超微结构受损,植株生长受到抑制。     

Na+和Cl-在小麦叶肉细胞超微结构中的分布

小麦经200mmol NaCl溶液培养3天后,采用改进的焦锑酸钾方法对叶肉细胞中Na⁺及Cl^-进行超微结构定位。电镜观察及电子探针X-射线显微分析表明,Cl^-主要分布在细胞间隙、细胞壁及细胞质膜中。用电子探针X~-射线能谱仪在这些部位中未探测出Na⁺,提示Cl^-比Na⁺更多地进入小麦的叶肉细胞。此外,在叶肉细胞的细胞核、线粒体及叶绿体中也可见到离子沉淀颗粒。经氯化钠溶液培养的小麦幼苗,其叶肉细胞的叶绿体、线粒体的超微结构受损,植株生长受到抑制。     

Ca2+预处理对热胁迫下辣椒叶肉细胞中Ca2+-ATP酶活性的影响

在常温下生长的辣椒(Capsicum annum L.)叶肉细胞中Ca2+-ATP酶主要分布于质膜、液泡膜上,叶绿体的基质和基粒片层上也有少量分布;在40℃下热胁迫不同的时间,酶活性逐渐下降,直至叶绿体超微结构解体.同样条件下,经过Ca2+预处理后,分布在上述细胞器膜或片层上的酶活性大大提高,表明Ca2+预处理对该酶活性具有激活作用;Ca2+预处理对热胁迫下的超微结构的完整性具有一定的保护作用,并且能使Ca2+-ATP酶在热胁迫下维持较高活性.结果表明,Ca2+预处理增强辣椒幼苗的抗热性,可能与其稳定细胞膜、从而使Ca2+-ATP酶在热胁迫下保持较高活性有一定关系.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Progress in glial cell studies in some laboratories in China

Glial cells in the central nervous system(CNS) consist of a heterogeneous population of cell types,each characterized by distinct morphological features,physiological properties,and specific markers.In contrast to the previous view that glial cells were passive elements in the brain,accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells are active participants in various brain functions and brain disorders.This review summarizes recent progress of glial cell studies from several groups in China,ranging from studie...