同地共栖四种蝙蝠食性和回声定位信号的差异及其生态位分化

本研究于 2 0 0 2年 5月初至 2 0 0 3年 9月中旬在北京房山区霞云岭四合村蝙蝠洞进行 ,分析了共栖同一山洞四种蝙蝠的形态特征、食性和回声定位信号。大足鼠耳蝠食谱中以宽鳍等三种鱼为主 (体积百分比为5 3% ) ,回声定位主频 4 1 87± 1 0 7kHz;马铁菊头蝠主要掠捕鳞翅目昆虫 (73% ) ,恒频叫声主频 74 70± 0 13kHz ;中华鼠耳蝠以近地面或在地表活动的鞘翅目昆虫步甲类和埋葬甲类为主要食物 (6 5 4 % ) ,声脉冲主频较低 35 73± 0 92kHz;白腹管鼻蝠捕食花萤总科和瓢虫科等鞘翅目昆虫 (90 % ) ,回声定位信号主频为 5 9 4 7±1 5 0kHz。结果证实同地共栖四种蝙蝠种属特异的回声定位叫声和形态结构的差异 ,以及不同的捕食生境和捕食策略 ,导致取食生态位分离是四种蝙蝠同地共栖的原因     

三种共栖蝙蝠的回声定位信号特征及其夏季食性的比较

2005年6至9月,对桂林市郊区两个山洞中高颅鼠耳蝠(Myotissiligorensis)、菲菊头蝠(Rhinolo-phuspusillus)和黑髯墓蝠(Taphozousmelanopogon)的回声定位叫声特征和食性进行分析,并结合其形态特征与野外观察,推断其捕食生境和捕食策略。研究结果发现:黑髯墓蝠体型最大,声音特征属短调频型多谐波,一般为4个谐波,能量主要集中在第二谐波上,主频率为(32·84±1·17)kHz,选择鞘翅目和双翅目昆虫为主要食物;高颅鼠耳蝠(长调频型)和菲菊头蝠(长恒频-调频型),体型都较小,主频率分别是(84·44±8·13)kHz和(110·78±1·65)kHz,以双翅目昆虫为主要食物;而菲菊头蝠则以鞘翅目和双翅目昆虫为主要食物。上述结果证明,高颅鼠耳蝠、菲菊头蝠和黑髯墓蝠在声音和食物组成等方面出现了明显分化。     

北京地区大足鼠耳蝠主要食物及其食性组成的季节变化

20 0 2年 5月至 2 0 0 3年 11月初 (冬眠期除外 ) ,约每两周一次 (每次调查持续 1- 2晚 )于北京房山霞云岭乡四合村蝙蝠洞 (115°5 9′N ,39°4 3′E)捕捉觅食后返洞的大足鼠耳蝠 (Myotisricketti) ,通过 2 8次野外调查收集了 342个粪便样品 ,分析了其食物组成的频率差异。北京地区大足鼠耳蝠主要捕食宽鳍 (Zaccoplaty pus) (在总样品中的频率为 6 0 2 % )、鲫鱼 (Carassiusauratus) (5 8% )和洛氏 (Phoxinuslagowskii) (2 3% )三种淡水鱼 ;还捕食至少 7个目的昆虫 ,分别为鞘翅目 (2 0 2 % )、鳞翅目 (12 6 % )、同翅目 (9 6 % )、蜉蝣目(4 1% )、半翅目 (5 6 % )、双翅目 (3 5 % )和膜翅目 (2 6 % )。两年中三种淡水鱼的总频率与昆虫的总频率差异显著 ;年内数据比较显示 ,鱼类和昆虫频率 2 0 0 2年差异不显著 ,2 0 0 3年差异显著。大足鼠耳蝠雨季和旱季食物种类基本无差异 ,但鱼类和昆虫在其食物组成中有年内波动 ,即大足鼠耳蝠旱季多以鱼类为食 ,雨季捕获昆虫的数量相对增加。据两年的研究结果 ,证实北京房山霞云岭大足鼠耳蝠的食物主要组成部分是三种鱼类 ,而宽鳍为主要食物成分的原因是其多在水体浅层活动而易被大足鼠耳蝠捕获。从能量收支平衡的角度推测大足鼠耳蝠在雨季捕食昆虫可能     

广西扁颅蝠与褐扁颅蝠的食物选择

2002年3～10日在广西南宁地区的宁明县和龙州县,用超声波监测和网捕法确定扁颅蝠与褐扁颅蝠的捕食区,在捕食区内用粘捕法调查潜在的食物量;用粪便分析法确定食物组成。在宁明县和龙州县扁颅蝠和褐扁颅蝠的潜在食物量都是以双翅目昆虫为主(45．93％以上),其次为鞘翅目(12．59％以上)和膜翅目(7．47％以上);但双翅目、膜翅目在两地差异显著。宁明县扁颅蝠的食物组成以双翅目(40．33％)和膜翅目(38．46％)为主,鞘翅目(16．07％)次之;龙州县扁颅蝠和褐扁颅蝠食物组成中以膜翅目(63．37％,62．34％)为主,其次为双翅目(21．57％,29．62％)、鞘翅目(11．59％,5．96％);对比两地扁颅蝠的食物组成发现,膜翅目和双翅目差异极显著。对比食物组成与潜在食物量发现,两种蝙蝠对膜翅目为正选择,对其他目负选择或无选择,均为选择性捕食者。     

形态和声波相似的中华菊头蝠与中菊头蝠的共存机制

研究了同域分布的中华菊头蝠(Rhinolophus sinicus)与中菊头蝠(Rhinolophus affinis)的食性、形态、回声定位声波及捕食时间.中华菊头蝠与中菊头蝠均属于中等体型的菊头蝠,前臂长分别为(51.25±0.22) mm和(52.40±0.37) mm;悬挂状态下的回声定位声波均为典型的调频-恒频-调频(FM-CM-FM)型叫声,峰频分别为(82.07±0.17) kHz和(84.41±0.48) kHz.粪便分析显示中华菊头蝠与中菊头蝠分别捕食9目和7目昆虫,均以鳞翅目(Lepidiptera)和鞘翅目(Coleoptera)昆虫为主要食物(体积百分比总和> 90%),捕食鳞翅目昆虫的体积百分比差异显著,对猎物大小(以鞘翅目昆虫体长衡量)的选择无显著差异.中华菊头蝠与中菊头蝠的营养生态位宽度分别为2.38和2.28,重叠度达0.91,营养生态位未发生明显分化,但充足的食物资源促进了二者的共存.另外,2种菊头蝠的感官生态位和时间生态位未发生明显分化.由2种菊头蝠的翼载和峰频的差异推测二者发生了空间生态位和捕食微生境的分化,这也可能促进了二者的共存.     

三种共栖蝙蝠的回声定位信号特征及其夏季食性的比较

2005年6至9月，对桂林市郊区两个山洞中高颅鼠耳蝠(Myotis siligorensis)、菲菊头蝠(Rhinolophus pusillus)和黑髯墓蝠(Taphozous melanopogon)的回声定位叫声特征和食性进行分析，并结合其形态特征与野外观察，推断其捕食生境和捕食策略。研究结果发现：黑髯墓蝠体型最大，声音特征属短调频型多谐波，一般为4个谐波，能量主要集中在第二谐波上，主频率为(32.84±1.17)kHz，选择鞘翅目和双翅目昆虫为主要食物；高颅鼠耳蝠(长调频型)和菲菊头蝠(长恒频-调频型)，体型都较小，主频率分别是(84.44±8.13)kHz和(110.78±1.65)kHz，以双翅目昆虫为主要食物；而菲菊头蝠则以鞘翅目和双翅目昆虫为主要食物。上述结果证明，高颅鼠耳蝠、菲菊头蝠和黑髯墓蝠在声音和食物组成等方面出现了明显分化。     

普通长翼蝠食性结构及其回声定位与体型特征

在普通长翼蝠(Miniopterus fuliginosus)的捕食区内用灯诱法和网捕法调查潜在食物(昆虫)种类; 用粪便分析法鉴定普通长翼蝠的食物组成,发现其主要捕食体型较大的鳞翅目和鞘翅目昆虫,体积百分比分别为55%和38%.普通长翼蝠具有相对狭长的翼,翼展比为6.94 ± 0.13;翼载为(9.85 ± 0.83)N/m2,相对较大.飞行状态下普通长翼蝠的回声定位叫声为调频下扫型,声脉冲时程为(1.45 ± 0.06)ms,脉冲间隔为(63.08 ± 21.55)ms,主频较低,为(44.50 ± 2.26)kHz.研究表明,普通长翼蝠的形态特征和回声定位特征与其捕食行为有着密切的联系.     

蝙蝠科七种蝙蝠的核型

报道了贵州7 种蝙蝠科蝙蝠的核型。伏翼和印度伏翼的染色体数为2n = 26 , 常染色体都由10 对双臂染色体和2 对微小点状染色体组成, N.F = 44 , 性染色体是大小悬殊的端着丝粒染色体; 两者核型的主要区别在于前者的No.3 是中着丝粒染色体, 后者为亚中着丝粒染色体; 大鼠耳辐(四川亚种) 、水鼠耳蝠和西南鼠耳蝠的染色体数都是2n = 44 , 常染色体都由4 对中着丝粒染色体和17 对端着丝粒染色体组成, N.F = 50 , 其中大鼠耳蝠(四川亚种) 和水鼠耳蝠核型非常相似, 西南鼠耳蝠与前二者有一定区别; 山蝠(福建亚种) 是2n = 36 , 常染色体包括7 对中着丝粒染色体、1 对亚中着丝粒染色体和9 对端着丝粒染色体, N.F = 50 ; 南蝠2n = 50 , 常染色体由24 对端着丝粒染色体组成, N.F = 48 , X染色体是最大的中着丝粒染色体。     

南蝠对鸟的捕食及其对昆虫的选择

2005年11月和2006年5、7、9月在贵州兴义研究了南蝠(Iaio)的食性。通过对南蝠粪便分析,发现7、9和11月份,鸟的残留羽毛在粪便中占很大比例,尤其是在11月份,鸟的羽毛占了食物组成的82%(体积百分比,下同),结果证实南蝠是一种食鸟蝙蝠。但在5月份的粪便中未发现鸟毛,而鞘翅目所占比例很大(85%);7和9月份,鸟的羽毛和鞘翅目残遗物所占的比例相当(7月份分别为44.6%和48.7%;9月份分别为51.1%和43.4%)。5、7、9、11月份南蝠取食鸟类的比例逐渐增加,而对鞘翅目的取食则逐渐减少。除取食鞘翅目外,南蝠还捕食鳞翅目、半翅目、直翅目和膜翅目等昆虫。对比捕食区内潜在的食物,发现南蝠对部分昆虫表现出明显的选择性,说明南蝠为选择性捕食者。     

两种鼠耳蝠回声定位叫声的比较

对鼠耳蝠属两种蝙蝠飞行状态下的声发射进行了比较研究.结果表明两种鼠耳蝠声发射信号的声谱图都呈调频(FM)型,但在波形及频率范围上有明显差异.大鼠耳蝠(四川亚种)的声脉冲宽度很小(1.6±0.3ms),能率环较低(4.0%),其主频率(DF=44.6±4.3kHz)也较低;而水鼠耳蝠的声脉冲宽度较大(4.2±1.6ms),能率环(9.6%)及主频率(DF=83.0±4.0kHz)也较高.文中结合两种蝙蝠的形态及食性分析了回声定位对捕食生境及捕食策略的适应性.     

Dietary composition and echolocation call design of three sympatric insectivorous bat species from China

Studying the diet of echolocating, insectivorous bats can provide important insights into their foraging behaviors and ecological constraints they are facing. By examining an extensive data set covering a period of 2 years, the present study identifies the dietary composition of three sympatric insectivorous bat species in rural areas of Beijing municipality. Each species clearly has different preferences for particular food items. Greater horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, preferred to catch nocturnal, actively flying insects, mostly moths (Lepidoptera), and to a lesser percentage flies (Diptera), beetles (Coleoptera), and flying ants and termites (Hymenoptera). Other nocturnal insects which do not exhibit any perceptible wing movements, such as true bugs (Homoptera), or strictly diurnal insects that hardly ever fly in the dark, such as grasshoppers (Orthoptera) and dragon- and damselflies (Odonata), were never found in droppings of horseshoe bats. Large mouse-eared bats, Myotis chinensis, preferentially glean relatively large terrestrial prey of the order Coleoptera (mostly carabid beetles) and Orthoptera, whereas greater tube-nosed bats, Murina leucogaster, consume predominantly smaller, diurnal Coleoptera (mostly soldier beetles, Cantharidae, and ladybugs, Coccinellidae). Our findings also indicate previously not described, significant spectro-temporal differences in the echolocation signals of M. chinensis and M. leucogaster. The results suggest that in our study area the dramatic differences in the dietary composition of these three bat species are mainly based upon differences in their foraging behaviors, including differences in their echolocation signal structure. The dietary data provide important background information for conservational efforts, such as habitat protection.     

北京房山发现华南水鼠耳蝠

目前我国基础资源调查中有关翼手目物种多样性及其分布的项目正在开展,着手建立翼手目物种多样性和分布数据库,对翼手目物种在中国的分布情况亟需广泛调查和深入研究。我们于2021年9月在北京市开展翼手目物种调查时,在北京房山十渡镇四御洞使用竖琴网捕获8只蝙蝠,经过COI和Cyt b序列比对和系统发育关系重建以及外部形态数据鉴定为华南水鼠耳蝠（Myotis laniger）。此次发现华南水鼠耳蝠是北京市翼手目物种分布新记录种。     

The diets of British bats (Chiroptera)

Sixty-one studies of the diets of 15 species of bats found in the British Isles are reviewed. Fourteen studies describe the diets of more than one species. Barbastella barbastellus and Plecotus spp. eat mainly Lepidoptera. Eptesicus serotinus takes mainly Coleoptera, but feeds on a wide range of prey, found in several habitats. Rhinolophus ferrumequinum hunts mainly Coleoptera and Lepidoptera by hawking, gleaning and perch hunting. Myotis bechsteinii takes mostly woodland families of Diptera and Lepidoptera. The remaining nine species eat mainly Diptera. Myotis nattereri feeds almost entirely on diurnal Diptera, gleaned from their nightly resting places. Rhinolophus hipposideros and Myotis mystacinus take mostly swarming crepuscular Diptera by hawking, probably near water and in damp wooded areas; both also glean. Myotis brandtii feeds on Diptera by hawking and gleaning; Nyctalus noctula by hawking. Myotis daubentonii, Pipistrellus spp. and Nyctalus leisleri eat many aquatic Diptera, and may therefore be expected to feed close to freshwater habitats. M. daubentonii hunts by trawling aquatic Diptera from the surface of water.     

蝙蝠科三种蝙蝠的G-带和C-带

对肺、心等进行组织培养,用空气干燥法制作染色体标本,对贵州3种蝙蝠即中华鼠耳蝠(Myotis chinensis)、西南鼠耳蝠(M.altarium)和亚洲长翼蝠(Miniopterus fuliginosus)进行了G-带、C-带带型分析。结果表明,2种鼠耳蝠的G-带基本相同,亚洲长翼蝠的G-带与两种鼠耳蝠有一定同源性;C-带核型中,中华鼠耳蝠和亚洲长翼蝠只有着丝粒带,而西南鼠耳蝠有的染色体有插入C-带和端位C-带。根据带型异同分析讨论了鼠耳蝠和长翼蝠间的进化关系。     

Karyotype relationships of six bat species (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) from China revealed by chromosome painting and G-banding comparison

The Vespertilionidae is the largest family in the order Chiroptera and has a worldwide distribution in the temperate and tropical regions. In order to further clarify the karyotype relationships at the lower taxonomic level in Vespertilionidae, genome-wide comparative maps have been constructed between Myotis myotis (MMY, 2n = 44) and six vesper bats from China: Myotis altarium (MAL, 2n = 44), Hypsugo pulveratus (HPU, 2n = 44), Nyctalus velutinus (NVE, 2n = 36), Tylonycteris robustula (TRO, 2n = 32), Tylonycteris sp. (TSP, 2n = 30)and Miniopterus fuliginosus (MFU, 2n = 46) by cross-species chromosome painting with a set of painting probes derived from flow-sorted chromosomes of Myotis myotis. Each Myotis myotis autosomal probe detected a single homologous chromosomal segment in the genomes of these six vesper bats except for MMY chromosome 3/4 paint which hybridized onto two chromosomes in the genome of M. fuliginosus. Our results show that Robertsonian translocation is the main mode of karyotype evolution in Vespertilionidae and that the addition of heterochromatic material also plays an important role in the karyotypic evolution of the genera Tylonycteris and Nyctalus. Two conserved syntenic associations (MMY9 + 23 and 18 + 19) could be the synapomorphic features for the genus Tylonycteris. The integration of our maps with the published maps has enabled us to deduce chromosomal homologies between human and these six vesper bats and provided new insight into the karyotype evolution of the family Vespertilionidae.     

东亚水鼠耳蝠形态描述与分类

水鼠耳蝠 Myotis daubentonii(Chiroptera,Vespertilionidae),广泛分布于欧洲和亚洲,亚种分化众多,在亚洲已报道有 M.d.ussuriensis,M.d.loukashkini,M.d.petax和M.d.laniger但其分类地位一直受到国内外学者的关注.中国的水鼠耳蝠长期以来被认为属于水鼠耳蝠M daubentonii亚种.最近有研究认为中国的水鼠耳蝠与欧洲的水鼠耳蝠M.daubentonii不同,并把"petax"提升为种.在中国境内相继采到17只鼠耳蝠标本,根据外形、头骨、牙齿、阴茎骨、线粒体DNA细胞色素b等特征,鉴定为东亚水鼠耳蝠Myotis petax,对中国水鼠耳蝠的种和亚种分类做一讨论.     

大卫鼠耳蝠回声定位声波、翼型特征及夏季食性分析

2005 ～2009年,野外采集大卫鼠耳蝠(Myotis davidii)的回声定位声波、翼型数据及粪便样本,分析了其回声定位声波、翼型特征和夏季食性.结果表明,大卫鼠耳蝠回声定位声波主频为(60.4±10.0)kHz (Mean±SD),带宽为(54.7±8.5)kHz,能率环为7.4％±3.5％;翼展比为6.2±0...     

Recurrent replacement of mtDNA and cryptic hybridization between two sibling bat species Myotis myotis and Myotis blythii

The two sibling bat species Myotis myotis and Myotis blythii occur in sympatry over wide areas of Southern and Central Europe. Morphological, ecological and previous genetic evidence supported the view that the two species constitute two well-differentiated groups, but recent phylogenetic analyses have shown that the two species share some mtDNA haplotypes when they occur in sympatry. In order to see whether some genetic exchange has occurred between the two species, we sequenced a highly variable segment of the mitochondrial control region in both species living in sympatry and in allopatry. We also analysed the nuclear diversity of 160 individuals of both species found in two mixed nursery colonies located north and south of the Alps. MtDNA analysis confirmed that European M. blythii share multiple, identical or very similar haplotypes with M. myotis. Since allopatric Asian M. blythii presents mtDNA sequences that are very divergent from those of the two species found in Europe, we postulate that the mitochondrial genome of the European M. blythii has been replaced by that of M. myotis. The analysis of nuclear diversity shows a strikingly different pattern, as both species are well differentiated within mixed nursery colonies (F(ST) = 0.18). However, a Bayesian analysis of admixture reveals that the hybrids can be frequently observed, as about 25% of sampled M. blythii show introgressed genes of M. myotis origin. In contrast, less than 4% of the M. myotis analysed were classified as non-parental genotypes, revealing an asymmetry in the pattern of hybridization between the two species. These results show that the two species can interbreed and that the hybridization is still ongoing in the areas of sympatry. The persistence of well-differentiated nuclear gene pools, in spite of an apparent replacement of mitochondrial genome in European M. blythii by that of M. myotis, is best explained by a series of introgression events having occurred repeatedly during the recent colonization of Europe by M. blythii from Asia. The sharp contrast obtained from the analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear markers further points to the need to cautiously interpret results based on a single class of genetic markers.     

A new perspective on the zoogeography of the sibling mouse-eared bat species Myotis myotis and Myotis blythii: morphological, genetical and ecological evidence

The actual geographic distribution of the two sibling mouse-eared bat species Myotis myotis and Myotis blythii , which occur widely sympatrically in the western Palaearctic region, remains largely controversial. This concerns particularly the specific attribution of marginal populations from the Mediterranean islands and from adjacent areas of North Africa and Asia, which are morphologically intermediate between continental M. myotis and M. blythii from Europe. This study attempts to clarify this question by using four different approaches: cranial morphology, external morphology, genetics and trophic ecology. The three latter methods show unambiguously that North Africa, Malta, Sardinia and Corsica are presently inhabited by monospecific populations of M. myotis . In contrast, cranial morphometrics do not yield conclusive results. These results contradict all recent studies, which attribute North African and Maltese mouse-eared bats to M. blythii and consider that Sardinia and Corsica harbour sympatric populations of the two species. As concerns south-eastem populations, doubts are also expressed about the attribution of the subspecific taxon omari which may actually refer to M. myotis instead of M. blythii. Protein electrophoresis is presently the only absolute method available for determining M. myotis and M. blythii throughout their distribution ranges. However, species identification may be approached by relying on less sophisticated morphometrical methods as presented in this study. Species-specific habitat specializations are probably responsible for the differences observed between the geographic distributions of M. myotis and M. blythii , as they provide a logical groundwork for a coherent model of speciation for these two bat species.