野生水芹与旱芹的营养成分比较分析

为研究野生水芹的营养价值,以湖北野生水芹和旱芹为材料,对新鲜叶片和叶柄的主要营养成分进行了比较分析。结果表明:两种材料叶片和叶柄的淀粉、粗纤维和维生素B1含量的差异不明显,游离氨基酸和维生素B2含量比旱芹低,但野生水芹含有丰富的蛋白质和钙,其叶柄中可溶性糖和磷的含量分别达29.70 mg/g和0.77mg/g,分别比旱芹高57.23%和37.50%;其叶片维生素C、铁含量分别达0.19 mg/g和0.35 mg/g,比旱芹分别高137.50%和191.67%,整株黄酮类物质含量是旱芹含量的2倍。这说明野生水芹具有较高的食用价值,是一种适合作为涝渍地区保护性开发的野生蔬菜资源。     

不同饲养方式对各产蛋阶段鸡蛋品质的影响

目的：比较不同饲养方式对鸡蛋品质的影响,为蛋鸡产业化生产提供指导。方法：以如皋黄鸡为试验素材,采用笼养和平养两种饲养方式,测定不同产蛋阶段常规蛋品质、营养成分和矿物元素含量。结果：产蛋初期,平养条件下蛋黄色泽、脂肪和胆固醇含量极显著高于笼养（P＜0-01）,铜和铁含量显著低于笼养（P＜0-05）。产蛋中期,平养条件下蛋壳强度、蛋黄重量、蛋黄比率、蛋黄蛋白比均显著低于笼养（P＜0-05）;哈氏单位以及蛋白质、维生素E和氨基酸含量均显著高于笼养（P＜0-05）;蛋黄色泽、维生素A和胆固醇含量均极显著高于笼养（P＜0-01）,锰含量极显著低于笼养（P＜0-01）。产蛋后期,平养条件下胆固醇含量极显著高于笼养（P＜0-01）;蛋白质、维生素A和铜含量显著高于笼养（P＜0-05）;锰含量极显著低于笼养（P＜0-01）;硒含量显著低于笼养（P＜0-05）。结论：不同产蛋阶段,饲养方式对鸡蛋品质均有一定的影响。     

几种葱属植物的营养成分比较分析

对几种野生与栽培种葱属植物营养成分进行测定和比较分析,结果表明：几种葱属植物因种类和栽培方式不同,营养成分含量也不同。大蒜鳞茎的可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量分别为733%、1583%,比其他野生和栽培种葱属植物高;韭菜嫩茎的维生素C含量最高,为2314%;棱叶蒜鳞茎的粗脂肪含量、游离氨基酸含量比其他野生与栽培种葱属植物高,分别为1583%、1616%。     

臭菜营养成分分析及作为特色蔬菜的评价

臭菜是分布于我国热带、南亚热带及东南亚和非洲地区的一种大型木质藤本植物 ,其嫩茎叶是当地许多民族常用的野生蔬菜。本文报道臭菜嫩茎叶营养成分矿物质、微量元素、蛋白质、氨基酸和维生素的含量。臭菜嫩茎叶蛋白质含量高 ,占干物质的 5 1 .4%。测定了臭菜年产量 ,进行了为期一年的臭菜市场价格调查 ,分析了产量与市场价格的关系。作者认为臭菜可作为一种蛋白质含量高 ,有独特风味的芳香型特色蔬菜进行开发。     

组培苗鲜罗汉果与干罗汉果营养成分的分析和比较

对组培苗鲜罗汉果与干罗汉果提取物的营养成分进行分析和比较研究,分别测定了蛋白质、脂肪、总糖、碳水化合物、灰分、矿质元素、维生素E和氨基酸含量。结果表明:组培苗鲜罗汉果和干罗汉果蛋白质含量分别为22.23%、19.8%,氨基酸总量分别为12.51%、8.36%,其中人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量分别为38.13%、36.36%,矿质元素含量分别为1081mg/100g、1089mg/100g,维生素E含量分别为0.183mg/100g、0.589mg/100g。组培苗鲜罗汉果的蛋白质、氨基酸含量比组培苗干罗汉果分别高2.43%、4.15%,碳水化合物、维生素E含量组培苗干罗汉果比组培苗鲜罗汉果分别高2.44%、0.406mg/100g,矿质元素、粗脂肪、总糖、灰分等含量两者不存在明显差异。     

黄须菜中氨基酸的含量与营养评价

<正> 黄须菜学名翅碱蓬(Suaeda heterop-tera kitagawa)系藜科一年生草本植物,野生于盐碱土。其鲜叶和嫩茎含有丰富维生素和蛋白质等营养成分,其种子含油脂和蛋白质均在20%以上。为合理开发利用这一野生植物资源提供科学依据,我们对山东潍坊北郊沿海地区野生黄须菜的营养成分作了初步分析和研究。现将黄须菜中氨基酸的含量及化学法营养评价结果报告如下。     

萝卜花粉的营养成分研究

萝卜芬粉的营养成分测定表明,其蛋白质含量２８．３８％,总糖含量３３．３３％,氨基酸总量２７．５９％,总黄酮含量３．５７％,维生素和矿质元素含量亦较丰富。萝卜药粉资源丰富,营养成分齐全,具有很好的开发利用价值。     

养殖与野生的中华眼镜蛇蛇肉营养成分比较分析

目的 为了解人工养殖与野生眼镜蛇蛇肉的营养成分的差异.方法 对养殖与野生眼镜蛇蛇肉的营养成分如蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸、糖、微量元素的含量进行检测,并对两者的各项检测结果进行比较分析.结果 养殖眼镜蛇蛇肉的蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸、糖以及微量元素等营养成分与野生眼镜蛇完全一致,并无缺失,且含量基本相同.结论 养殖眼镜蛇蛇肉与野生眼镜蛇蛇肉的营养价值大致相同,养殖眼镜蛇蛇肉不但嫩香醇,而且无致病菌及寄生虫感染,是理想的绿色营养食品.     

野生石芽茶营养成分与药用成分的分析

对广西野生石芽茶中的营养成分及其药用成分进行了系统分析检测。结果表明,该茶叶含有丰富的氨基酸、维生素和无机元素等营养成分,且其药用成分总黄酮的含量为28.4％,明显高于其它茶叶。     

降胆固醇乳酸菌对肉鸡胆固醇的影响研究

目的探讨经体外实验筛选出的降胆固醇乳酸菌对肉鸡血清胆固醇及胸肌组织、腿肌组织和肝脏组织胆固醇含量的影响。方法将肉鸡随机分为2组,对照组喂食普通饲料,实验组喂食含有DM86056菌的饲料;喂食56d后分离其血清及肝脏等组织,并应用硫酸铁铵法测定其胆固醇含量,观察对照组与实验组结果差异是否有显著性。结果对肉鸡血清、胸肌组织、腿肌组织胆固醇含量测定后,对照组与实验组结果差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,而对肝脏组织胆固醇含量测定后,对照组与实验组结果差异无显著性（P〉0．1）。结论菌株DM86056可明显降低肉鸡血清、胸肌组织、腿肌组织中胆固醇含量,而对肝脏组织胆固醇含量没有明显改变。     

Influence of keeping pheasants in captivity vs. nature on the biological value of meat and its use in human nutrition

The life of game birds (pheasants) in nature is coupled with a number of difficulties in all seasons of the year. This refers to finding food, breeding, laying eggs, raising the young, fleeing from their natural enemies and lack of protection from unfavorable climatic conditions. The pheasants that live in captivity--aviaries for pheasants--do not have such difficulties--they are fed regularly by quality feed for pheasants, they are protected from bad weather and natural enemies. Our research was aimed at determining the biological value of meat of pheasants grown in the two different settings--in captivity and in nature. The highest weight achieved wild pheasant males (1232.4 +/- 147.36 g). The differences between tested pheasant groups were statistically very high significant (P < 0.001). The differences between groups related to breast weight and tights with drumsticks weight were statistically very high significant (P < 0.001). Between breast parts (%) and legs parts (%) were notified very high (P < 0.001) i.e. high (P = 0.002) differences. The highest weight breast muscles and tights with drumsticks had wild pheasants (282.6 +/- 63.53 g i.e. 206.2 +/- 37.88g). Wilde pheasants had lower part (%) and lighter (g) skin with subcutaneous fatty tissue on breasts. Female pheasants cultivated on both ways had higher skin part (%) and subcutaneous fatty tissue in tights with drumsticks. Related to chemical composition of breast muscles is established statistically significant differences (P < 0.001 i.s. P = 0.040)) in part of Ca (%) and P (%). In wild pheasant tights with drumsticks muscles established statistically very significant (P < 0.001) higher part of moisture, protein and Ca, i.e. statistically very high significant (P < 0.001) lower part of fat and energetic value. Research results indicate that the quality of meat of pheasants grown in nature has higher biological value than the meat of pheasants kept in aviaries, which means it has advantages in human nutrition.     

Muscle fat composition of pheasants (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phasianus colchicus)</Emphasis>, wild ducks (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Anas platyrhynchos</Emphasis>) and black coots (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fulica atra</Emphasis>)

The aim of this investigation was to characterise the fatty acid composition within intramuscular fat (IMF) of two muscles (breast and thigh) from 28 pheasants, ten wild ducks and 27 black coots from Slovakia. A high variability for all single fatty acids (FA) and the total fat concentration in muscles of wild birds was identified. Black coots deposited the highest fat in breast muscle whereas wild ducks and pheasants accumulated more lipids in thigh muscle. In general, the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the IMF in wild bird muscles was high, and the saturated FA concentration was lower compared with muscles of domestic farm animals. The ratio between PUFA and saturated fatty acids (PSQ) ranked between 0.6 and 1.2, and the ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acid was favourably low in black coot and wild pheasants (3.2 and 2.9, respectively). Farmed pheasants had increased IMF and more saturated and n-6 fatty acids deposited in thigh muscle but not in breast muscle.     

The effect of treating method of game on the content of biogenic amines in wild duck (Anas platyrhynchos) meat during the course of storage

The aim of present study was to assess the correlation between the method of treating the carcasses of shot wild ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and the formation of biogenic amines in the their muscles. The carcasses of wild ducks (n?=?180) were divided into three groups of 60 carcasses according to the method of treatment: eviscerated, drawn, and left untreated. Each group was further divided into three subgroups of 20 duck carcasses on the basis of the storage temperature (0, 7, and 15 °C) and stored for 21 days. Samples of breast and thigh muscles were taken at regular weekly intervals. Biogenic amines (cadaverine, putrescine, tyramine, histamine, phenylethylamine, and tryptamine) in samples of breast and thigh muscles were separated by reverse-phase liquid chromatography and detected by tandem mass spectrometry. The sum of biogenic amines was compared with a value of 5 mg/kg, indicating the critical content for fresh meat of high hygienic quality. The results of this study indicated that the sum of biogenic amines in wild duck meat exceeded this limit in an extremely short period of time after the commencement of storage (during the first week of storage). Higher content of biogenic amines were recorded in thigh muscle compared to breast muscle of drawn ducks and untreated ducks. According to our results, the generally recommended method for treating the carcasses of feathered game after hunting (evisceration) does not represent a method that would ensure a longer period of freshness or higher hygiene quality of the game than the other two possible methods of treatment from the biogenic amines point of view.     

A note on meat quality traits of pheasants (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phasianus colchicus</Emphasis>)

Meat yield, proximate composition, pH and drip loss of breast and thigh muscles were studied in 29 hunted male and 32 slaughtered female pheasants. In the breast muscles of additional 14 hunted male pheasants, colour, cooking loss and shear force were measured. Weight of muscles of hunted male pheasants was higher than that of slaughtered females, but the percentages of breast and thigh muscles relative to the dressed carcass did not differ. Average protein concentrations in lean muscles were above 22%, and average fat was below 1.2%. In breast muscles, pH₂₄ was lower than in thigh (ca. 5.6 vs. 6.0), and, consequently, drip loss was higher (2.2-3.0% vs. 1.0-1.5%). Colour of breast muscles was characterised by L*a*b* values of about 55, 4 and 8-9, respectively. The shear force of breast muscles was about 30 N/cm².     

Dietary deoxynivalenol does not affect mineral element accumulation in breast and thigh muscles of broiler chicken

Deoxynivalenol (DON), a well-known contaminant of feed, can have negative effects on gut permeability and function in poultry, which then could affect major and trace element content of the broilers’ breast and thigh muscles, and ultimately reduce meat quality. To study this hypothesis, DON-contaminated diet was fed to broiler chicks. Two groups of birds were housed in metabolic cages with free access to water and feed, with or without DON (10 mg/kg). After 5 weeks, birds were dissected and samples of the breast and thigh muscles, feed and droppings were analysed for five macro (Ca, K, Mg, Na, and P) and ten micro elements (Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, and Zn) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) methods. In both groups, increased (p?<?0.05) concentrations of Ca Na, Fe, Mn, and Zn were found in thigh muscles compared with the breast, whereas the concentrations of Mg, P, and Rb were higher in the breast muscles. DON had no effect on the elemental contents of the broilers’ breast and thigh muscles. In conclusion, DON at a level of 10 mg/kg feed to broiler chicken over of 5 weeks did not alter the macro or micro element composition in muscle meat.     

Associations of A-FABP and H-FABP Markers with the Content of Intramuscular Fat in Beijing-You Chicken

This study has assessed the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) identified in the adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) and heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) genes with the content of intramuscular fat (IMF) in a population of male Beijing-You chickens. A previously described SNP in the chicken A-FABP gene had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on IMF content. Chickens inheriting the homozygous BB genotype at A-FABP had a significantly higher content of IMF in thigh muscles and breast muscles than did those inheriting the AA and AB genotypes. A novel SNP, identified here, in the H-FABP gene was also significantly (P < 0.05) associated with IMF content in thigh and breast muscle. Chickens inheriting the genotypes of DD and CD had much higher content of IMF than those inheriting the homozygous genotype of CC. Markers at the A-FABP and H-FABP genes were associated with IMF content in the studied population. Chickens inheriting the BB genotype at A-FABP, along with the CD genotype at H-FABP, produced muscles with a much higher content of IMF when compared with all other genotypes. A weak interaction between A-FABP and H-FABP was detected (P < 0.09) for IMF content in the tested population. The statistical significance of interaction is tentative because of the limited number of observations for some genotypic combinations. Markers identified within the A-FABP and H-FABP genes are suitable for future use in identifying chickens with the genetic potential to produce more desirable muscle with higher IMF content, at least in the population of Beijing-You male chickens.     

Dietary selenium regulation of transcript abundance of selenoprotein N and selenoprotein W in chicken muscle tissues

Selenium (Se), selenoprotein N (SelN) and selenoprotein W (SelW) play a crucial role in muscle disorders. Se status highly regulates selenoprotein mRNA levels. However, few attempts have been performed on the effect of dietary Se supplementation on muscle SelN and SelW mRNA levels in birds. To investigate the effects of Se on the regulation of SelN and SelW mRNA levels in muscle tissues, one-day-old male chickens were fed either a commercial diet or a Se-supplemented diet containing 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 or 5.0 mg/kg sodium selenite for 90 days. Muscle tissues (breast, flight, thigh, shank and cardiac muscles) were collected and examined for Se content and mRNA levels of SelN and SelW. Moreover, Selenophosphate synthetase-1 (SPS-1) and selenocysteine-synthase (SecS) mRNA levels were analyzed. Significant increases in SelN mRNA levels were obtained in breast, thigh and shank muscles treated with Se, with maximal effects at 3.0 mg Se/kg diet, but 2.0 mg Se/kg diet resulted in peak levels of Sel N mRNA in flight muscles. Changes in SelW mRNA abundance in thigh and shank muscles increased in response to Se supply. After reaching a maximal level, higher Se supplementation led to a reduction in both SelN and SelW mRNAs. However, SelN and SelW mRNA levels displayed a different expression pattern in different skeletal and cardiac muscles. Thus, it suggested that skeletal and cardiac muscles SelN and SelW mRNA levels were highly regulated by Se supplementation and different muscle tissues showed differential sensitivity. Moreover, Se supplementation also regulated the levels of SPS1 and SecS mRNAs. The mRNA levels of SPS1 and SecS were enhanced in the Se supplemented groups. These data indicate that Se regulates the expression of SelN and SelW gene and affect the mRNA levels of SecS and SPS1.     

SOME PROPERTIES OF EMBRYONIC MYOSIN

Myosins from the following sources were purified by diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex chromatography: moytubes grown in vitro for 7–8 days, prepared from pectoralis muscles of 10-day old embryos, and breast and leg muscles from 16-day old embryos. The adenosine triphosphatase activities of these myosins were close to that of adult m. pectoralis myosin. The light chains of the embryonic myosins had the same mobilities in sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis as those in adult pectoralis muscle myosin and were clearly distinguishable from those in myosin from tonic muscle m. latissimus dorsi anterior. The fastest light chain in embryonic muscle myosin—apparent mol wt 16,000—was present in smaller amounts than in adult myosin. The negative staining pattern of paracrystals of embryonic light meromyosin (LMM) was indistinguishable from that of adult fast muscle LMM. The significance of these results for differentiation of various muscle types has been discussed.     

野生与池塘、工厂化养殖牙鲆肌肉理化品质及质构特性比较研究

实验以牙鲆为研究对象, 测定野生与池塘、工厂化养殖牙鲆肌肉的持水性、胶原蛋白含量、肌纤维直径和质构特性, 以了解3种生长方式下牙鲆肌肉理化品质及质构特性的差异。结果表明: (1) 3种生长方式牙鲆有眼侧及无眼侧肌肉的滴水损失均呈野生组池塘组工厂化组(P0.01); 工厂化组失水率显著小于野生组及池塘组(P0.01), 而野生组与池塘组无显著差异(P0.05)。(2) 3种生长方式牙鲆有眼侧及无眼侧肌肉胶原蛋白含量和纤维直径差异均不显著 (P0.05)。(3)通过主成分分析, 发现黏附性和胶黏性是反映牙鲆肌肉质构特性的主要因素。工厂化养殖牙鲆肌肉具有较好的持水能力, 池塘养殖牙鲆肌肉的理化品质和质构特性与野生牙鲆相近。野生牙鲆并没有在理化特性上表现出明显优势。