中华眼镜蛇伤致局部组织损伤的临床研究

目的 探讨中华眼镜蛇咬伤致局部组织损伤的最佳治疗方法。方法 对蛇伤患者分别采用蛇伤药酒外敷、胰蛋白酶或糜蛋白酶局部封闭、抗眼镜蛇毒血清局部封闭共3种处理方法进行局部治疗,观察其疗效。结果 3种治疗方法从优到劣依次是：抗眼镜蛇毒血清局部封闭、胰蛋白酶或糜蛋白酶局部封闭、蛇伤药酒外敷。结论 中华眼镜蛇咬伤致局部组织损伤的治疗方法应首选抗眼镜蛇毒血清局部封闭,其次是胰蛋白酶或糜蛋白酶局部封闭,最差的是采用蛇伤药酒外敷。     

中华眼镜蛇伤致局部组织损伤治疗的实验研究

目的 探讨中华眼镜蛇伤致局部组织损伤的最佳治疗方法。方法 用中华眼镜蛇毒作家兔局部组织损伤模型,分别采用抗蛇素血清局部注射、糜蛋白酶局部注射、蛇伤药酒外敷、坏死组织早期切除、局部烧灼法、局部组织切开冲洗,共6种处理方法进行局部治疗,观察其疗效。结果 6种治疗方法从优到劣依次是：抗蛇毒血清局部注射、糜蛋白酶局部注射、蛇伤药酒外敷、坏死组织早期切除、局部烧灼法、局部组织切开冲洗。结论 中华眼镜蛇伤致局部组织损伤的治疗方法应首选抗蛇毒血清局部注射和糜蛋白酶局部注射,其次选用蛇伤药酒外敷。     

中华眼镜蛇毒致局部组织损伤的动物实验研究

目的对中华眼镜蛇毒致局部组织损伤的6种治疗方法,通过动物实验进行疗效优劣比较,找出最佳治疗方法。方法用中华眼镜蛇毒制作动物家兔局部组织损伤模型,分别采用6种不同的治疗方法进行局部治疗,观察其疗效。结果6种治疗方法从优到劣依次是：抗蛇毒血清局部注射-糜蛋白酶局部注射-蛇伤药酒外敷-坏死组织早期切除-局部烧灼法-局部组织切开冲洗。结论中华眼镜蛇伤致局部组织损伤的治疗方法应首选抗蛇毒血清局部注射和糜蛋白酶局部注射,其次选用蛇伤药酒外敷．     

蛇伤药酒抗眼镜蛇毒的药效学研究

目的探讨蛇伤药酒对眼镜蛇毒中毒的治疗效果。方法用中华眼镜蛇毒于家兔制作的病理模型并用蛇伤药酒于注毒局部外敷治疗,再进行中毒表现和血液指标等观察。结果与蛇毒组相比,药酒组局部和全身症状均较轻,死亡率较低;WBC、CK和CRP变化没有那么明显,PLT、PT和FBG水平基本没有变化。结论蛇伤药酒能减轻炎症反应,防止急性DIC发生和保护机体组织受损,故有较好的对抗眼镜蛇毒的作用。     

临床应用抗蛇毒血清皮试的体会

抗蛇毒血清是马血清制剂 ,异体蛋白对人体有过敏反应 ,传统办法是使用前必须作皮试。但皮试时有的个体会出现假阳性或假阴性反应。对蛇伤患者来说 ,即使是皮试阳性 ,为抢救患者生命 ,必须注射抗蛇毒血清。按传统的脱敏注射法既麻烦又耽误治疗时间。早在 1 973年江苏无锡崇安医院应用分段稀释滴注法治疗蛇伤患者数千例 ,均不采用皮试法 ,却安全有效。作者 1 999年至 2 0 0 0年收治毒蛇咬伤 32 5例 ,其中使用抗蛇毒血清配合中西药物辅助治疗 1 67例 (蝮蛇咬伤 1 5 6例 ,烙铁头蛇咬伤2例 ,眼镜蛇咬伤 7例 ,五步蛇咬伤 2例 ) ,为验证皮试假阳性…     

中华眼镜蛇咬伤致CK及超敏C反应蛋白改变的中西医结合治疗研究

目的探讨桂中桂北蛇伤救治基地自主研发的蛇伤灵内服Ⅰ方、外敷Ⅱ方联合早期程序化综合治疗方法在中华眼镜蛇咬伤致患者心肌酶谱(CK)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)表达改变中的临床治疗效果及机制。方法将纳入研究的60例患者随机分为蛇伤灵方联合早期程序化综合治疗组和早期程序化综合治疗对照组,每组各30例,观察比较两组在心肌酶谱与超敏C反应蛋白表达方面的临床疗效。结果治疗组CK与超敏C反应蛋白表达量明显低于对照组,组间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论中西医结合治疗毒蛇咬伤具有一定优势,蛇伤灵方联合早期程序化综合治疗方法在针对中华眼镜蛇咬伤所致局部肌肉细胞损伤、全身炎性反应症状控制方面优于早期程序化综合治疗方法,疗效确切。     

中华眼镜蛇咬伤致组织肿胀坏死的中西医结合治疗研究

目的探讨桂中桂北蛇伤基地自主研发的蛇伤灵内服Ⅰ方、外敷Ⅱ方联合早期程序化综合治疗方法对中华眼镜蛇咬伤患者的局部组织坏死与肢体肿胀的临床治疗效果及机制。方法制定蛇伤皮肤组织坏死相关的客观临床评分标准,将纳入研究的60例患者随机分为蛇伤灵方联合早期程序化综合治疗组和早期程序化综合治疗对照组,每组各30例,观察比较两组患者在皮肤组织坏死积分及患肢肿胀程度方面的临床效果。结果治疗组患者的皮肤组织坏死积分与患肢肿胀程度明显低于对照组,组间比较差异具有显著性统计学意义(P0.05)。结论中西医结合治疗方法具有优越性,蛇伤灵方联合早期程序化综合治疗对中华眼镜蛇咬伤所致肢体肿胀、组织坏死程度的效果优于早期程序化综合治疗方法。     

金枝蛇伤药酒体外抗蛇毒与抗菌的实验研究

目的探讨金枝蛇伤药酒抗5种蛇毒与4种细菌的效果。方法采用鲎试剂试管凝集反应法检测金枝蛇伤药酒对蝰蛇、竹叶青蛇、五步蛇、眼镜蛇、蝮蛇蛇毒的抗毒效果,采用滤纸片法检测金枝蛇伤药酒对大肠埃希氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、粪肠球菌的抑制效果。结果金枝蛇伤药酒浓度为1.0ml/ml时,可抑制以上5种蛇毒;浓度为0.5ml/ml时,可抑制五步蛇、竹叶青蛇、眼镜蛇蛇毒;浓度为0.3ml/ml时,仅能抑制五步蛇蛇毒;浓度为0.1ml/ml时,无抑制作用。金枝蛇伤药酒对金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌抑制作用较强,对大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌也有一定的抑制作用。结论金枝蛇伤药酒有较好的抗蛇毒与抗菌的作用。     

蛇毒清胶囊对眼镜蛇咬伤患者血清CK、LDH、AST活性的影响

目的观察眼镜蛇咬伤后血清CK、LDH、AST活性的变化和蛇毒清胶囊对其的影响. 方法眼镜蛇咬伤2h内的患者120例,随机分为2个组,均给予常规治疗,治疗组加服蛇毒清胶囊,均以7天为1个疗程.分别于就诊时、咬伤后24h测定其血清酶学三项指标:CK、LDH、AST的活性,比较2组酶学的变化和临床疗效.结果2组患者在就诊时(伤后2h内)的酶学三项指标尚未出现明显异常,伤后24h三项指标均明显升高,对照组显著高于治疗组,治疗组疗效优于对照组(P＜0.05).结论蛇毒清胶囊能抑制眼镜蛇咬伤患者血清CK、LDH、AST的升高,对眼镜蛇咬伤患者组织损伤有防治作用.     

眼镜王蛇咬伤救治成功临床分析

目的探讨眼镜王蛇咬伤患者的最佳抢救方法。方法对6例眼镜王蛇咬伤患者的抢救过程进行回顾性分析总结。结果通过及时使用抗蛇毒血清、中草药等治疗,6例患者均痊愈出院。结论早期正确局部处理伤口是抢救成功的前提;早期足量应用抗眼镜蛇毒血清和抗银环蛇毒血清治疗是抢救成功的关键;中西医结合治疗是抢救成功和治愈的保证。     

银环蛇咬伤致急性呼吸衰竭的治疗及临床观察

目的观察抗银环蛇毒血清和机械通气对银环蛇咬伤致急性呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法应用抗蛇毒血清和机械通气救治23例银环蛇咬伤致急性呼吸衰竭患者。结果银环蛇咬伤患者及早应用抗银环蛇毒血清,毒蛇咬伤后发生急性呼吸衰竭时间为2.5～16h。当患者出现睁眼困难、吞咽困难、呼吸节律改变或呼吸困难时,即予气管插管行机械通气,可获得较好的疗效。结论机械通气辅助抗蛇毒血清是救治银环蛇咬伤致呼吸衰竭有效的方法。     

蝮蛇咬伤局部组织坏死原因分析及中药内服外敷治疗

目的分析蝮蛇咬伤后局部组织坏死的原因,预防和治疗蛇伤性溃疡,降低致残率。方法 2003~2010年我院收治514例蝮蛇咬伤患者,对其中75例合并蛇伤性溃疡患者局部伤口的缚扎、血泡清除、切开排毒方法进行综合分析以及观察中药内服外敷的疗效。结果 514例蝮蛇咬伤患者中合并组织坏死75例,占14.59%;缚扎方法不当、过紧或时间过长,切开排毒,血泡处置不当均可引起或加重组织缺血和坏死;中药蛇伤解毒汤的内服与外敷可改善局部组织坏死。结论蝮蛇咬伤后的组织坏死原因复杂,正确的缚扎、血泡清除,不予切开排毒可降低组织坏死发生率;给予中药蛇伤解毒汤内服与外敷,对蛇伤溃疡有较好的疗效。     

毒蛇咬伤病人的血小板聚集功能初探

目的为了探讨血液毒及混合毒类毒蛇咬伤病人的血小板功能情况,了解临床中毒发病机理。方法对近年来在本院急诊科确诊的五步蛇(Da.),蝮蛇(Ah.),眼镜蛇(Nn.),眼镜王蛇(Oh.),蝰蛇(Vr.),烙铁头(Tm.)和竹叶青(Ts.)等各种血液毒及混合毒类毒蛇咬伤17例病人25个血样,进行最大血小板聚集率(MAR)的检查和分析研究。结果除了Da未见MAR下降外(仅1例1个样品),其余各蛇种咬伤的样品均有下降。在获得未经治疗(抗蛇毒血清)的15个样品的检查结果中,进行统计分析,Vr、Tm以及Ah的MAR比正常人对照组(51.3±16.0)%明显下降。结论蛇毒中的血小板集聚抑制因子,可引起蛇伤患者体内血小板聚集功能下降,血小板处于无用状态,结果有些蛇伤病人DIC样综合征时出现严重出血而无明显微循环血栓形成致器官受损的临床症状。     

Control of snakebite envenoming: A mathematical modeling study

A mathematical model is designed to assess the impact of some interventional strategies for curtailing the burden of snakebite envenoming in a community. The model is fitted with real data set. Numerical simulations have shown that public health awareness of the susceptible individuals on snakebite preventive measures could reduce the number of envenoming and prevent deaths and disabilities in the population. The simulations further revealed that if at least fifty percent of snakebite envenoming patients receive early treatment with antivenom a substantial number of deaths will be averted. Furthermore, it is shown using optimal control that combining public health awareness and antivenom treatment averts the highest number of snakebite induced deaths and disability adjusted life years in the study area. To choose the best strategy amidst limited resources in the study area, cost effectiveness analysis in terms of incremental cost effectiveness ratio is performed. It has been established that the control efforts of combining public health awareness of the susceptible individuals and antivenom treatment for victims of snakebite envenoming is the most cost effective strategy. Approximately the sum of US$72,548 is needed to avert 117 deaths or 2,739 disability adjusted life years that are recorded within 21 months in the study area. Thus, the combination of these two control strategies is recommended.     

激素联合抗蛇毒血清环行封闭治疗毒蛇咬伤伤口溃疡

目的探讨激素联合抗蛇毒血清环行封闭治疗毒蛇咬伤伤口溃疡的疗效及实用价值。方法对81例伤口溃疡形成,且周围组织肿胀的毒蛇咬伤患者,在静脉应用抗蛇毒血清的同时,迅速清除及破坏伤口局部蛇毒,伤口常规扩创、负压吸引冲洗,予同种抗蛇毒血清1／2支加甲基强的松龙40mg(或地塞米松10mg)环行封闭,观察治疗后患者自觉症状、伤口愈合程度。结果治疗1～3天后症状明显好转,疼痛减轻,伤口肿胀、溃烂、渗血明显减轻,无1例需植皮或截肢。结论激素联合抗蛇毒血清环行封闭对毒蛇咬伤伤口疗效明显,具有一定的推广价值。     

Novel Apigenin Based Small Molecule that Targets Snake Venom Metalloproteases

The classical antivenom therapy has appreciably reduced snakebite mortality rate and thus is the only savior drug available. Unfortunately, it considerably fails to shield the viper bite complications like hemorrhage, local tissue degradation and necrosis responsible for severe morbidity. Moreover, the therapy is also tagged with limitations including anaphylaxis, serum sickness and poor availability. Over the last decade, snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) are reported to be the primary component responsible for hemorrhage and tissue degradation at bitten site. Thus, antivenom inability to offset viper venom-induced local toxicity has been a basis for an insistent search for SVMP inhibitors. Here we report the inhibitory effect of compound 5d, an apigenin based molecule against SVMPs both in silico and in vivo. Several apigenin analogues are synthesized using multicomponent Ugi reactions. Among them, compound 5d effectively abrogated Echis carinatus (EC) venom-induced local hemorrhage, tissue necrosis and myotoxicity in a dose dependant fashion. The histopathological study further conferred effective inhibition of basement membrane degradation, and accumulation of inflammatory leucocytes at the site of EC venom inoculation. The compound also protected EC venom-induced fibrin and fibrinogen degradation. The molecular docking of compound 5d and bothropasin demonstrated the direct interaction of hydroxyl group of compound with Glu146 present in hydrophobic pocket of active site and does not chelate Zn²⁺. Hence, it is concluded that compound 5d could be a potent agent in viper bite management.     

A pharmacological approach to first aid treatment for snakebite

Snake venom toxins first transit the lymphatic system before entering the bloodstream. Ointment containing a nitric oxide donor, which impedes the intrinsic lymphatic pump, prolonged lymph transit time in rats and humans and also increased rat survival time after injection of venom. This pharmacological approach should give snakebite victims more time to obtain medical care and antivenom treatment.     

Time delays in treatment of snakebite patients in rural Sri Lanka and the need for rapid diagnostic tests

Delays in treatment seeking and antivenom administration remain problematic for snake envenoming. We aimed to describe the treatment seeking pattern and delays in admission to hospital and administration of antivenom in a cohort of authenticated snakebite patients. Adults (> 16 years), who presented with a confirmed snakebite from August 2013 to October 2014 were recruited from Anuradhapura Hospital. Demographic data, information on the circumstances of the bite, first aid, health-seeking behaviour, hospital admission, clinical features, outcomes and antivenom treatment were documented prospectively. There were 742 snakebite patients [median age: 40 years (IQR:27–51; males: 476 (64%)]. One hundred and five (14%) patients intentionally delayed treatment by a median of 45min (IQR:20-120min). Antivenom was administered a median of 230min (IQR:180–360min) post-bite, which didn’t differ between directly admitted and transferred patients; 21 (8%) receiving antivenom within 2h and 141 (55%) within 4h of the bite. However, transferred patients received antivenom sooner after admission to Anuradhapura hospital than those directly admitted (60min [IQR:30-120min] versus 120min [IQR:52-265min; p<0.0001]). A significantly greater proportion of transferred patients had features of systemic envenoming on admission compared to those directly admitted (166/212 [78%] versus 5/43 [12%]; p<0.0001), and had positive clotting tests on admission (123/212 [58%] versus 10/43 [23%]; p<0.0001). Sri Lankan snakebite patients present early to hospital, but there remains a delay until antivenom administration. This delay reflects a delay in the appearance of observable or measurable features of envenoming and a lack of reliable early diagnostic tests. Improved early antivenom treatment will require reliable, rapid diagnostics for systemic envenoming.     

中西医结合治疗毒蛇咬伤773例

目的：探讨中西医结合治疗各类型毒蛇咬伤的临床方法。方法根据１９６４－１９９８年收治各类型毒蛇咬伤患者７７３例的临床资料,分析中草药、西医综合对症治疗及灵活应用抗蛇毒血清的临床疗效。结果治愈７６５例,治愈率９９．０％;死亡８例,死亡率。结果治愈７６５例,治愈率９９．０％;死亡８例,死亡率１．０％。结论建立完善的抢救治疗队伍,采用中西医结合的综合性治疗方法,可明显提高临床治愈率。