草菇培养料二次发酵过程中真菌的群落结构

【目的】明确草菇培养料二次发酵过程中真菌群落变化情况,确定发酵不同阶段的优势菌群,为能够在分子水平上准确高效监测发酵过程,解析发酵机制奠定基础。【方法】采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)及克隆菌株18S r DNA序列分析技术对草菇培养料二次发酵不同阶段真菌群落结构进行分析。【结果】DGGE图谱显示,不同处理真菌群落多样性存在差异,发酵高温阶段条带多样性较高,而且优势条带及相对含量也在发生动态变化。回收克隆不同发酵阶段的20个优势菌株中,9个菌株为非培养未知真核生物或真菌,其余克隆菌株为非培养散子囊菌目(Eurotiales)、烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)、曲霉菌属(Aspergillus sp.)、米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)、Melanocarpus albomyces、炭疽菌属(Colletotrichum sp.)、根毛霉菌属(Rhizomucor sp.)、轮枝菌属(Verticillium sp.)、普通青霉(Penicillium commune)、三角孢小囊菌(Microascus trigonosporus)和Trichosporon lactis真菌,其中14株(70%)克隆菌株为耐热真菌。【结论】草菇培养料二次发酵过程中真菌群落结构及优势菌群在发生着动态的变化。     

遗址木构件有害真菌的快速测定方法

介绍了1种快速测定遗址木构件有害真菌的方法:用孢子菌丝悬浮液直接接种于供试木块上,培养4d,即可确定其侵染性;培养8d,即可确定其侵染力。应用该方法成功地测定了灰绿曲霉(Aspergillus glau-cus)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、枝孢霉(Cladosporiumsp.)、顶青霉(Penicillium corylophilum)、柑桔青霉(Penicilliumcitrinum)、团青霉(Penicillium commune)、黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)、微紫青霉(Penicilliumjanthinellum)、总状毛霉(Mucor racemosus)、绿木霉(Trichoderma viride)等10种真菌的侵染性和侵染力。     

邳州地区霉腐蒜头致病性真菌的分离鉴定

[目的]分离鉴定江苏邳州地区霉腐蒜头的致病真菌,为防控该地区蒜头腐败,延长蒜头贮藏期提供理论指导。[方法]对江苏邳州霉腐大蒜的腐败真菌采用点接法培养分离纯化,科赫氏法则和粘片法对蒜头霉腐微生物菌落形态、菌丝显微结构进行观察,并进行分子生物学鉴定。[结果]分离得到7株菌株,确定病原菌A为芽枝霉菌(Cladosporium cladosporioides),B为黑霉菌(Cladosporium cladosporioide),C为鲜绿青霉菌(Penicillium verrucosum),D为白腐菌(Trametes versicolor),E、G为芽枝状枝孢霉菌(Cladosporium cladosporioide),F为青霉菌(Penicillium chrysogenum),H为烟曲霉菌(Aspergillus funigatus)。[结论]导致江苏邳州地区大蒜霉腐的真菌主要是芽枝霉菌(Cladosporium cladosporioides)、黑霉菌(Cladosporium cladosporioide)、鲜绿青霉菌(Penicillium verrucosum)、白腐菌(Trametes versicolor)、芽枝状枝孢霉菌(Cladosporium cladosporioide)、青霉菌(Penicillium chrysogenum)、烟曲霉菌(Aspergillus funigatus)。     

连作花生田根际土壤优势微生物的分离和鉴定

【目的】从不同连作年限的花生田根际土壤中分离优势微生物并进行鉴定,为研究花生连作后优势微生物的变化奠定基础。【方法】采用土壤稀释分离法从不同连作年限花生根际土壤中分离优势细菌、真菌和放线菌,结合菌株形态特征、培养性状、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析对细菌、放线菌进行鉴定,通过形态特征、培养特征和分子鉴定方法对优势真菌进行鉴定。【结果】从连作花生田根际土壤中分离鉴定出7种优势细菌、7种优势真菌和7种优势放线菌。7种优势细菌分别为Leifsonia xyli、氯酚节杆菌(Arthrobacterchlorophenolicus)、黄色微杆菌(Microbacterium flavescens)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas sp.)、巴斯德菌属(Pasteurella sp.)、简单芽孢杆菌(Bacillus simplex)和巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)。7种优势真菌分别为枝状枝孢菌(Cladosporium cladosporioides)、产紫青霉(Penicillium purpurogenum)、哈茨木霉有性型(Hypocrea lixii)、Exophiala pisciphila、微紫青霉(Penicillium janthinellum)、曲霉(Aspergillus sp.)和大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)。7种优势放线菌分别为紫红链霉菌(Streptomyces violaceoruber)、华丽黄链霉菌(Streptomyces flaveus)、Streptomyces panaciterrae、不产色链霉菌(Streptomyces achromogenes)、假浅灰链霉菌(Streptomyces pseudogriseolus)、纤维素链霉菌(Streptomyces cellulosae)和金色链霉菌(Streptomyces aureus)。【结论】本研究是第一次系统的从连作花生根际土中分离鉴定优势微生物,种植花生后根际土壤中优势微生物的种类发生了明显变化,但变化没有规律。     

基于高通量测序的3种竹子小枝真菌群落

为了解感染丛枝病时竹子真菌群落的特征,以丛枝病侵染的斑竹(Phyllostachys bambusoides f. lacrima-deae)、毛竹(Ph. edulis)和早竹(Ph. praecox)小枝为研究材料,运用高通量测序技术、DNA条码技术和生物信息学技术,分析了感染丛枝病的斑竹、毛竹、早竹真菌群落的物种组成和多样性,探讨了竹子丛枝病病原菌与其他竹子真菌之间的相关性。结果表明:(1) 3种竹子小枝共鉴定到706个最终的OTUs,所有样品中均存在的有48个; 3种感病竹子真菌群落中相对丰度较高的菌群包括:针孢麦角菌属(Aciculosporium)、竹黄属(Shiraia)、漆斑菌属(Myrothecium)、棘壳孢属(Pyrenochaeta)、刺盘孢/炭疽菌属(Colletotrichum)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、弯梗孢属(Camptophora)和假酵母状菌属(Pseudozyma)。(2)3种感病竹子真菌群落间的Chao1指数和Shannon指数差异不显著(P0.05)。(3) 3种感病竹子的病原菌为竹针孢座囊菌(Aciculosporium take),该菌与13种竹子真菌之间存在负相关,其中9种的相关性达到显著水平(P0.05);该菌与2种竹子真菌之间存在较弱的正相关。(4)鉴定的竹子真菌中存在绿色木霉(Trichoderma virens)、枝孢霉属真菌(Cladosporium sp.)、竹黄属真菌(Shiraia sp.)、弯孢霉属真菌(Curvularia sp.)、青霉属真菌(Penicillium sp.)和枝顶孢属真菌(Acremonium sp.),这些真菌是竹子病害潜在的生防菌。     

黑龙江省药用植物根际土壤真菌多样性

为了解黑龙江省药用植物根际土壤真菌的种群结构和区系分布特点,于2010年7月份和10月份,在黑龙江省的伊春、铁力、绥化、哈尔滨、牡丹江和佳木斯6个中药材产区共采集土壤样品220份,所采集的药用植物种类主要有五味子、平贝母、刺五加、党参、防风、柴胡、桔梗、黄芩等14种.经稀释平板法和土壤颗粒平板法分离共获得1016株真菌,经形态鉴定归为35属86种,其中接合菌7属10种,占7.78％;子囊菌1属2种,占0.69％;无性型真菌27属74种,占70.76％,其余20.77％的菌株为不产孢真菌.试验结果表明,黑龙江省药用植物根际土壤真菌的种群多样性丰富,其中青霉属Penicillium、曲霉属Aspergillus、木霉属Trichoderma、镰孢菌属Fusarium是优势种群,粘帚霉属Gliocladium、金孢属Chrysosporium、毛霉属Mucor、枝孢属Cladosporium、枝顶孢属Acremonium、根霉属Rhizopus是亚优势种群.不同药用植物根际土壤真菌区系的结构和组成存在一定的差异.除无孢类群外,青霉属Penicillium、曲霉属Aspergillus、木霉属Trichoderma和镰孢菌属Fusarium是14种药用植物根际土壤真菌的优势菌群.五味子、平贝母和柴胡是黑龙江省种植的主要中药材,它们在6个采样地点间的真菌种群的多样性水平存在差异,其中伊春地区的多样性指数(H’=2.9574)和丰富度指数(R=5.6683)最高,而佳木斯地区的均匀度指数(J=0.9200)最高.不同地区的相似性水平也存在差异,其中牡丹江与绥化的药用植物根际土壤真菌种群组成之间的相似性系数最高(Cj=0.6315),牡丹江与哈尔滨的相似性最低(Cj=0.3704).     

新疆特色植物恰玛古块根内生真菌的分离与鉴定

植物体的内生真菌与其自身生长及生物防御均有密切关系,因此对健康恰玛古块根组织进行内生真菌分离与纯化,利用形态学结合分子鉴定方法对内生真菌群落多样性进行了初步研究。从恰玛古块根中共分离到可培养内生真菌29株,鉴定结果分属于8个属的11个种,其中支顶孢属(Acremonium sp.)和青霉属(Penicillium sp.)为优势属,分别占总菌株数的34.48%和27.59%。为国内外首次对新疆特色药用植物恰玛古内生真菌进行分离研究,并对其分类地位进行了确定。     

海鞘真菌的形态鉴定及其代谢产物抗菌活性研究

为寻找产生新颖抗菌活性物质的海洋真菌,以海鞘为原料,采用平板涂布法分离出14株真菌,并对其进行形态学鉴定和抗菌活性的初筛。结果显示:从海鞘中共分离出14株真菌,根据形态观察初步鉴定其分属青霉属(Penicillium sp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillus sp.)、枝孢属(Cladosporium sp.)、麦轴梗霉属(Tritirachium sp.)等4个属。14株菌中有抗菌活性的共11株,优选出抗菌活性较强抗菌谱较广的4株菌分别是Asc-2-4(青霉属)、Asc-2-12(青霉属)、Asc-1-1(青霉属)和Asc-2-1(曲霉属)。青霉属菌株Asc-2-12的抑菌活性最明显,抑菌圈直径最大达到21.91 mm。海鞘共附生真菌是寻找抗菌物质的一个资源,其中的3株青霉属和1株曲霉属的抗菌活性有深入研究的价值。     

喷气燃料中主要污染真菌的确定

真菌污染是产生喷气燃料悬浮物的主要原因之一,因此对喷气燃料中主要污染真菌的研究具有重要意义。以喷气燃料作为唯一碳源对30种真菌进行培养,观察其生长状况。另外,从三个不同地区的6个油罐进行取样,并富集油样中的微生物,用Takara通用提取试剂盒(Code No.9765)提取基因组DNA,Nanodrop2000c分光光度计测定浓度,然后将其寄往北京诺禾致源生物信息科技有限公司进行ITS1测序。根据真菌培养和ITS1测序的结果确定喷气燃料中主要的污染真菌为枝孢霉(Cladosporium resinae)、青霉(Penicillium sp.)、曲霉(Aspergillus sp.)、Un-sHerpotrichiellaceae sp.以及Khuskia oryzae。     

太原北齐徐显秀墓壁画真菌群落组成与菌害成因

【目的】确定壁画病害真菌群落组成,解析影响病菌发生的关键环境因子,为墓室壁画的科学保护提供依据。【方法】利用无菌解剖刀分别采集白色霉变与无明显霉变壁画样品;使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析病害真菌微观形态特征;通过提取样品基因组总DNA、扩增真菌ITS区、构建克隆文库、测序和系统发生关系分析等技术研究壁画真菌群落组成与结构特点;结合温度与相对湿度监测,分析诱发壁画霉变的环境成因。【结果】霉变壁画表面有大量菌丝体,分生孢子大小为(1.5-2.0)μm×(1.0-1.5)μm。霉变壁画克隆文库序列分别与NCBI数据库中白色侧齿霉属(Engyodontium)和支顶孢属(Acremonium)真菌具有较高的相似度,白色侧齿霉菌(Engyodontium album)为优势病害菌(98.1%);无明显霉变壁画克隆文库序列分别与青霉属(Penicillium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、假丝酵母属(Candida)、毛壳菌属(Chaetomium)和白色侧齿霉属真菌高度相似,无绒毛青霉菌(Penicillium laeve)为优势菌(77.4%);所有文库序列均属于子囊菌门(Ascomycota)。监测期墓道下部环境温度在-0.3-17.6°C之间波动,相对湿度长期在80%-100%之间变化。【结论】霉变与无明显霉变壁画中真菌群落组成差异较大;白色侧齿霉菌是引起墓道壁画霉变的主要病害菌;墓道下部相对湿度常年较高是诱发壁画霉变的关键环境因子;有必要开展壁画菌害区域的抢救性防护,并实施一定的环境控制措施以保护该考古遗址古代壁画。     

羊肚菌烂柄病发生对土壤真菌群落结构的影响

为了解羊肚菌(Morel)烂柄病的发生对土壤真菌群落结构的影响,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,对健康羊肚菌根际土、烂柄病发病子实体根际土及相同环境下未栽培羊肚菌土壤的真菌群落结构进行研究。结果表明,测序样品共获得344 163条序列,归为7个真菌门。各样品真菌多样性分析结果表明,未栽培土壤真菌群落多样性较高,栽培羊肚菌根际土壤真菌多样性显著降低,烂柄病发生后土壤真菌多样性增加。群落结构分析表明,烂柄病根际优势真菌类群为拟青霉属(Paecilomyces)、木霉属(Trichoderma)、葡萄穗霉属(Stachybotrys)、枝顶孢属(Acremonium)、Paratritirachium、Zopfiella、被孢霉属(Mortierella)和柄孢壳属(Podospora)。烂柄病的发生改变了土壤真菌群落结构,促进了根际真菌的繁殖。为了解羊肚菌烂柄病的发生、传播机理及防治提供了参考。     

麦田土壤真菌多样性对麦玉轮作长期秸秆还田和配施有机肥的响应

【背景】土壤真菌主导田间秸秆腐解的过程,秸秆还田配施有机肥可为真菌提供良好的营养物质。【目的】研究麦玉轮作模式下长期秸秆还田配施有机肥对麦田土壤真菌多样性的影响。【方法】依托山西南部麦玉轮作区长达14年的秸秆还田和施有机肥长期定位试验,采用高通量测序开展土壤真菌群落结构和多样性对不施肥+秸秆清茬(CK)、氮磷化肥+秸秆清茬(NP)、氮磷化肥+秸秆还田(SNP)、氮磷化肥+有机肥+秸秆清茬(NPM)及氮磷化肥+秸秆还田+有机肥(SNPM)的响应差异研究。【结果】秸秆还田和施有机肥处理组的物种丰富度指数、Chao1指数和ACE指数均高于CK。5个处理共产生953个分类操作单元(operational taxonomic units, OTU),CK、NP、NPM、SNP和SNPM分别具有398、451、472、462和440个OTU。在门水平上共检测出9个菌门,其中子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、毛霉门(Mucoromycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为3个主要菌门,各处理中所占丰度差异显著;在属水平上共检测出262个真菌属,其中CK丰度较高的3个属为柄孢壳菌属(Podospora) 18.85%、被孢霉属(Mortierella) 16.67%和镰刀菌属(Fusarium) 7.77%;NP、NPM、SNP和SNPM丰度较高的前3个相同属均为Dendrostilbella、毛葡孢属(Botryotrichum)和被孢霉属(Mortierella),但相对丰度值存在差异。由聚类分析可知,NPM和SNPM群落组成相似度高,归为一类,而CK、NP、SNP各独立为一类。与环境因子间冗余分析发现,TN含量是影响土壤真菌群落结构的关键因子,也受速效磷、pH、速效钾、碱解氮和全磷等环境指标影响。【结论】长期秸秆还田和施有机肥改变了小麦土壤真菌种群结构和多样性。     

基于Illumina MiSeq测序平台分析长期不同施肥处理对黑土真菌群落的影响

【目的】不合理施肥所引发的土壤环境问题逐渐成为制约我国农业可持续发展的重要因素之一,土壤真菌作为一类重要的土壤微生物,研究长期施肥对土壤真菌多样性及群落分布格局,探讨其理化因子对真菌群落结构的影响具有一定意义。【方法】本研究以东北黑土玉米田长期定位施肥试验(1984–2017)为基础,通过常规分析和Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序技术,分析长期施肥对黑土玉米田土壤养分含量和真菌群落结构变化的影响。【结果】长期施用氮肥明显降低土壤p H,却增加了玉米产量,秸秆与化肥配施可以增加土壤有机质和全氮的含量。稀释曲线结果表明长期施肥降低了土壤真菌序列的丰度和均匀度,并且在秸秆与化肥配施中序列数最低;在优势菌群中,共检测出5个已知真菌门,分别是子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、接合菌门(Zygomycota)、球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)和壶菌门(Chytridiomycota),子囊菌门占总序列平均值的57.0%,并且在氮磷钾配施高量秸秆有机肥(NPK+S0.5)的土壤中,子囊菌门丰度高达70.35%。在土壤真菌属水平的物种丰度分析中,共检测出109个已知真菌属,Humicola、Fusarium、Verticillium、Mortierella这4个菌属为优势菌属;Chaetomium、Trichocladium、Podospora、Preussia 4个菌属在秸秆与化肥配施处理中丰度较高,并同属一个分支聚类。从多样性指数分析得出,秸秆与化肥配施可以增加物种丰度和群落多样性;从热图分析可知,施用氮肥和不施用氮肥处理间真菌群落组成存在明显差异。RDA分析中,土壤理化性质影响着土壤真菌群落结构,尤其是土壤的p H、全量氮磷钾(T-N、T-P、T-K)、有效磷钾(A-P、A-K)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)浓度是重要环境因素。【结论】因此,施用氮肥虽然增加了产量,但也造成土壤酸化,真菌数量增加,其丰富度和多样性明显降低。而秸秆与化肥配施可以维持土壤健康生态环境和真菌群落多样性。     

Effect of fungi–termite interaction on the chlorophyll content of three rice varieties grown on ultisol soil of Ikenne,south-west Nigeria

The effect of fungi–termite interaction on three rice varieties was conducted in a screen house at the Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice) Ibadan, Nigeria. Of the 10 fungi species (Fusarium verticilloides, Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Macrophoma sp., Neurospora sp., Botryodiplodia theobromae, Penicillum sp., Rhizopus sp. and Sclerotium rolfsii) isolated from termites, soil and rice plants, F. verticilloides, Trichoderma sp. and B. theobromae were used for the interaction study. Each fungus was inoculated singly and in combinations with termite into the root of each rice variety in potted soil. Leaf samples were taken to measure the chlorophyll content which is a major parameter to estimate effect of termite–fungi interaction. The chlorophyll content of the inoculated rice plants was significantly reduced when compared with the control. Fungi interaction with termite had significant reduction on the chlorophyll content. The synergistic relationship between the fungi and the termite was discussed.     

Evaluation of thermophilic fungal consortium for paddy straw composting

Out of 10 thermophilic fungi isolated from wheat straw, farm yard manure, and soil, only three showed highest cellobiase, carboxymethyl cellulase, xylanase, and FPase activities. They were identified as Aspergillus nidulans (Th₄), Scytalidium thermophilum (Th₅), and Humicola sp. (Th₁₀). A fungal consortium of these three fungi was used to compost a mixture (1:1) of silica rich paddy straw and lignin rich soybean trash. The composting of paddy straw for 3 months, during summer period in North India, resulted in a product with C:N ratio 9.5:1, available phosphorus 0.042% and fungal biomass 6.512 mg of N-acetyl glucosamine/100 mg of compost. However, a C:N ratio of 10.2:1 and highest humus content of 3.3% was achieved with 1:1 mixture of paddy straw and soybean trash. The fungal consortium was effective in converting high silica paddy straw into nutritionally rich compost thereby leading to economical and environment friendly disposal of this crop residue.     

Fungal endophytes from leaves of Avicennia marina growing in semi-arid environment as a promising source for bioactive compounds

Endophytic fungi are broadly dispersed residing inside plant tissues and have been demonstrated as a treasure for bioactive natural products. Unexplored harsh and heavy metal contaminant habitat of Avicennia marina may have diverse and potential fungal association. Therefore, this work aimed to isolate the culturable fungal endophytes associated with leaves of A. marina and to evaluate their medical potentialities. Seventeen isolates of endophyte fungi were isolated from healthy leaves and their antimicrobial activities were evaluated. Results showed that isolates had activity against micro-organisms in addition to their antioxidant activity produced a variety of phenolic compounds, besides exhibited a lowest cytotoxicity against ATCC-CCL-81 cell line. Consequently, selected endophytic fungal isolates were identified genetically as Chaetomium sp., Chaetomium madrasense, Chaetomium sp., Chaetomium globosum, Aspergillus hiratsukae, Aspergillus ochraceus, Alternaria tenuissima and Curvularia lunata with gene bank accession numbers MT089951, MT089952, MT089953, MT089954, MT089955, MT089956, MT089957 and MT089958 respectively. The most potent fungus extract was analysed using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry which verified the presence of numerous bioactive compounds. These findings confirmed that new endophytic fungal strains derived from A. marina thrive in harsh ecosystem produce bioactive metabolites which can be recommended as a novel source for drug discovery.     

Lignocellulose Decomposition and Production of Ligninolytic Enzymes During Interaction of White Rot Fungi with Soil Microorganisms

Abstract Four strains of white rot fungi, including two strains of Pleurotus sp., one Dichomitus squalens, and one Ganoderma applanatum, were grown on milled straw. After colonization of the straw by the fungi, sterile or nonsterile plugs of soil were added to the fungal substrates. The influence of the sterile soil and the indigenous soil microbiota on fungal growth, overall respiration, and production of ligninolytic exoenzymes was assessed. A method for extraction of laccase from soil samples was developed. Lignocellulose decomposition, and enzyme production of D. squalens were enhanced by the presence of sterile soil. The availability of inorganic compounds such as manganese may be a trigger for this stimulation. Neither growth nor the production of laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP) of the Pleurotus strains was markedly affected by the soil microbiota. These fungi were highly competitive with the soil microbiota. It was demonstrated for the first time that the exoenzymes of such fungi are active in nonsterile soil. Enzyme activity in the aqueous phase of soil was high as in the aqueous phase of the straw substrate. D. squalens and G. applanatum did not withstand the competition with the soil microbiota, but the mycelia associated with straw were overgrown by soil microorganisms. Correspondingly, the fungi did not penetrate the soil, decomposition of lignocellulose was impeded, and the activities of laccase and MnP decreased dramatically. Received: 2 April 1996; Accepted: 7 June 1996     

Two-step degradation of pyrene by white-rot fungi and soil microorganisms

  The effect of soil microorganisms on mineralization of ¹⁴C-labelled pyrene by white-rot fungi in solid-state fermentation was investigated. Two strains of white-rot fungi, Dichomitus squalens and a Pleurotus sp., were tested. The fungi were incubated on milled wheat straw contaminated with [¹⁴C]pyrene for 15 weeks. CO₂ and ¹⁴CO₂ liberated from the cultures were determined weekly. To study the effect of soil microorganisms on respiration and [¹⁴C]pyrene mineralization in different periods of fungal development, the fungal substrate was covered with soil at different times of incubation (after 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 11 weeks). The two fungi showed contrasting ecological behaviour in competition with the soil microflora. Pleurotus sp. was highly resistant to microbial attack and had the ability to penetrate the soil. D. squalens was less competitive and did not colonize the soil. The resistance of the fungus was dependent on the duration of fungal preincubation. Mineralization of [¹⁴C]pyrene by mixed cultures of D. squalens and soil microorganisms was higher than by the fungus or the soil microflora alone when soil was added after 3 weeks of incubation or later. With Pleurotus sp., the mineralization of [¹⁴C]pyrene was enhanced by the soil microflora irrespective of the time of soil application. With D. squalens, which in pure culture mineralized less [¹⁴C]pyrene than did Pleurotus sp., the increase of [¹⁴C]pyrene mineralization caused by soil application was higher than with Pleurotus sp. Received: 8 March 1996 / Received revision: 1 July 1996 / Accepted: 8 July 1996     

Antimicrobial potentials of endophytic fungi residing in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus variabilis</Emphasis> and brefeldin A obtained from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cladosporium</Emphasis> sp.

Among 67 endophytic fungi isolated from Quercus variabilis, 53.7% of endophytic fungal fermentation broths displayed growth inhibition on at least one test microorganism, such as pathogenic fungi (Trichophyton rubrum, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis) and bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens). Moreover, 19.4% of strains showed a broader antimicrobial spectrum, such as Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Alternaria sp., 20.9% of strains showed strong inhibition (+++) to pathogenic bacteria, while only 7.5% displayed that to test fungi. The most active antifungal strain I(R)9-2, Cladosporium sp. was selected and fermented. From the broth, a secondary metabolite, brefeldin A was obtained. This is the first report on the antimicrobial potentials of endophytic fungi residing in Q. variabilis and isolation of brefeldin A produced by Cladosporium sp.     

秸秆覆盖配施氮肥根际土真菌群落及其与小麦产量的关系

为研究秸秆覆盖与施氮条件下土壤真菌群落变化及其驱动因素与冬小麦产量的关系,试验采用二因素裂区设计,主区为秸秆覆盖（SM）和不覆盖（NSM）;副区为两种施氮量0（N0）和180（N1） kg/hm²。于小麦开花期采集土壤样品测定土壤养分及采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术分析根际真菌群落结构和多样性。结果表明,SM较NSM处理小麦产量提高40.3%,差异显著。NSMN1较NSMN0处理小麦产量显著提高75%;SMN1处理比SMN0处理小麦产量显著提高92%。SM处理较NSM处理土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、碱解氮（AN）、氨态氮（NH₄⁺-N）、速效磷（AP）和速效钾（AK）的含量显著增加,土壤硝态氮（NO₃^--N）含量降低。无论秸秆覆盖与否,施氮显著提高了土壤TN、AN、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、AP和AK的含量。秸秆覆盖根际真菌群落多样性（Chao1与Shannon指数）增加;施氮则降低其多样性。SM处理较NSM处理显著增加担子菌门（Basidiomycota）和降低被孢霉门（Mortierellomycota）的相对丰度,子囊菌门（Ascomycota）的相对丰度无显著差异。在NSM条件下,施氮显著增加子囊菌门的相对丰度,担子菌门与被孢霉门相对丰度显著降低;在SM条件下,施氮处理显著降低子囊菌门和增加担子菌门的相对丰度,被孢霉门的相对丰度降低,但无显著差异。在属水平上,SM处理较NSM处理显著增加光盖伞属（Psilocybe）、弯孢菌属（Curvularia）和黑孢霉属（Nigrospora）的相对丰度,被孢霉属（Mortierella）、球腔菌属（Mycosphaerella）、帚枝霉属（Sarocladium）、镰刀菌属（Fusarium）和柱霉属（Scytalidium）的相对丰度显著降低,蛋白单胞属（Pyrenochaetopsis）的相对丰度无显著差异。NSMN1较NSMN0处理显著增加球腔菌属、弯孢菌属和帚枝霉属的相对丰度,显著降低被孢霉属和柱霉属的相对丰度;SMN1比SMN0处理显著增加光盖伞属、弯孢菌属、帚枝霉属和柱霉属的相对丰度,被孢霉属相对丰度显著降低。组间群落差异（LEfSe）分析,球腔菌属、弯孢菌属和光盖伞属是秸秆覆盖配施氮肥的关键真菌菌属。基于冗余分析,土壤SOC、AK、AP、AN、TN与NH₄⁺-N含量对真菌群落结构有显著或者极显著的影响。进一步分析表明,在秸秆覆盖配施氮肥条件下光盖伞属、柱霉属和弯孢菌属与小麦产量相关。综上,秸秆覆盖配施氮肥有助于提高土壤养分有效性和小麦产量,利于优化土壤真菌群落结构,对四川丘陵旱地提升土壤肥力和作物生产力具有重要意义。