种群密度对大果虫实形态特征与异速生长的影响

为揭示种群密度与植物形态特征、器官生物量间的异速生长关系,阐明植物在退化土地恢复过程中的适应策略,以大果虫实为材料,通过异速生长分析方法,研究种群密度对其形态特征、生物量分配与异速生长的影响。结果表明,种群密度对大果虫实的株型构建产生了显著地影响。随着密度增大,大果虫实株高呈减小趋势,其分枝数及分枝长度明显减小。大果虫实各器官生物量随密度增大而显著减小。随密度增大,茎和繁殖器官生物量分配呈减小趋势,根和叶片生物量分配呈增大趋势。这与最优化分配理论中水分、营养物质及光资源受限时的情况一致。密度对大果虫实株高:根生物量间异速生长具有显著影响,且对株高与器官生物量间异速指数和个体大小产生了极显著影响。密度对根:地上部分、叶片:根、繁殖器官:根生物量间的影响属于表观可塑性,而对根:茎、茎:地上部分、叶:其他器官及繁殖器官:其他器官生物量间的影响属于真正可塑性,说明密度改变了大果虫实的株型发育系统,并影响各器官间的异速生长,进而权衡器官生物量分配以完成生活史。     

檵木生物量分配特征

生物量是生态系统最基本的数量特征,其在各器官间的分配反映了植物适应环境的生长策略,是物种进化、生物多样性保护和生态系统碳循环研究的核心问题。檵木(Loropetalum chinense)灌丛是中国亚热带灌丛生态系统最具优势的一种灌丛类型。该研究以该灌丛建群种檵木为研究对象,采用整株收获法在个体水平上研究了器官间的异速生长、生物量在各器官间的分配以及与个体大小、灌丛更新起源和生境因子之间的关系。研究发现:檵木地上-地下相对生长关系符合等速生长规律,但随径级增大其等速生长关系可能发生变化;较小径级檵木叶-茎、叶-根为等速生长,随径级增大转换为异速生长。不同灌丛起源间,檵木叶-茎、叶-根相对生长存在显著差异。器官间相对生长的尺度系数与生境因子无显著相关关系,灌木层盖度和坡度通过影响檵木生长初期器官间的相对生长影响其生物量在器官间的分配。檵木平均叶质比为0.11,茎质比为0.55,根质比为0.34,根冠比为0.65。随径级的增大,茎质比(0.50–0.64)逐渐增大,叶质比(0.12–0.08)、根质比(0.38–0.28)和根冠比(0.91–0.43)逐渐减小。在次生灌丛中,檵木叶质比为0.12,根质比为0.33;在原生灌丛中,檵木叶质比为0.07,根质比为0.36。生物量向地上部分的分配与灌木层盖度正相关,叶质比与坡度负相关,根质比与年平均气温正相关。研究结果表明:随个体增大,檵木器官间的相对生长关系由等速生长转换为异速生长,生物量向地上部分的分配增加,地上生物量更多地分配到茎干中;干扰通过影响器官间的相对生长影响生物量在各器官间的分配,干扰导致生物量向叶的分配增加,向根的分配减少;光照减少促进生物量向地上部分的分配,坡度增加导致生物量向叶的分配减少,年平均气温升高促进生物量向根系的分配,年降水量的变化对生物量分配无显著影响。檵木生物量分配策略在一定程度上支持了最优分配假说。     

葎草种群自疏过程中幼苗构件性状及生物量分配变化

以雌雄异株攀援草本植物葎草为材料,通过每10 d测量1次,连续6次,测定幼苗期葎草种群的密度和高度、个体构件性状和生物量分配等参数,分析种群自疏过程中种群密度与个体构件性状及生物量分配的关系,研究葎草种群的自疏规律。结果表明:幼苗期葎草种群存在显著的自疏现象,种群密度60 d内下降了71%;幼苗期葎草由直立生长向横向生长时,种群密度和株高显著降低;自疏过程中存留植株的茎性状有显著变化,变化大小为节间长主茎长茎直径,节间长增加,叶性状变化大小为叶面积叶柄长叶厚叶宽叶长总叶数保留叶片数,根性状变化大小为总根长根体积根数根长最大根长;自疏过程中存留植株的构件生物量、单株生物量显著增加,而单位面积累积生物量呈阶段性下降;留存植株的地上生物量分配比相对稳定(P0.05),根茎比和叶茎比有极显著变化(P0.01);叶、茎、叶柄生物量与根生物量和地上生物量之间均呈极显著的异速关系(P0.01),茎随地上生物量增长呈等速生长,而叶、叶柄和根随地上生物量增长呈异速生长,地上生物量与叶、茎、叶柄及根生物量极显著相关(P0.01);茎生物量与密度的异速关系遵循最终产量恒定法则,叶、叶柄和根生物量并不满足-3/2或-4/3或-1自疏法则;地上和单株总生物量与密度极显著相关(P0.01),存留单株的地上生物量和总生物量与密度的异速关系遵循最终产量恒定法则。     

甘肃南部7种高寒杜鹃生物量分配的异速生长关系

生物量分配模式影响着植物个体生长和繁殖到整个群落的质量和能量流动等所有层次的功能, 揭示高寒灌丛的生物量分配模式不仅可以掌握植物的生活史策略, 而且对理解灌丛碳汇不确定性具有重要意义。该研究以甘肃南部高山-亚高山区的常绿灌丛——杜鹃(Rhododendron spp.)灌丛的7个典型种为对象, 采用全株收获法研究了不同物种个体水平上各器官生物量的分配比例和异速生长关系。结果表明: 7种高寒杜鹃根、茎、叶生物量的分配平均比例为35.57%、45.61%和18.83%, 各器官生物量分配比例的物种差异显著; 7种高寒杜鹃的叶与茎、叶与根、茎与根以及地上生物量与地下生物量之间既有异速生长关系, 也有等速生长关系, 异速生长指数不完全支持生态代谢理论和小个体等速生长理论的参考值; 各器官异速生长关系的物种差异显著。结合最优分配理论和异速生长理论能更好地解释陇南山地7种高寒杜鹃生物量的变异及适应机制。     

干热河谷草本植物生物量分配及其对环境因子的响应

以干热河谷6种草本植物为对象,研究了水分、养分、刈割对生物量在根、茎、叶的分配及异速生长关系的影响.结果表明:刈割处理叶生物量质量分数从25.1%显著增加到31.2%,茎生物量质量分数从43.7%显著降低到34.2%;养分添加处理根生物量质量分数从34.0%显著降低到30.8%;水分处理对生物量分配没有显著影响.物种对根、茎、叶生物量分配有显著影响,适应贫瘠土壤的物种将更多生物量分配给叶和根,对茎生物量的分配相对较低.物种与环境因子存在显著的互作效应,表明环境因子对不同物种的生物量分配影响不同.适应贫瘠土壤的物种叶-茎标度指数和异速生长常数大于其他物种,而茎-根标度指数和异速生长常数小于其他物种.养分显著增加了叶-茎和叶-根的异速生长常数,刈割显著降低了茎-根的标度指数,水分处理则没有显著效应.环境因素对器官间异速生长关系的影响存在种间差异.生物量分配的种间差异及其对环境因素的响应特征可能对植物适应环境变化产生重要影响.     

Nitrogen addition affects plant biomass allocation but not allometric relationships among different organs across the globe

全球尺度上氮添加影响植物生物量分配但不影响不同器官间的异速生长关系 生物量在不同器官间的分配是植物对环境变化响应的一个关键生态生理学过程。然而,在全球尺度上有关不同陆地生态系统植物生物量分配对氮沉降响应的认识还比较欠缺。本文通过整合分析333篇已发表文章的5474个观测值,基于“最优分配假说”和“异速分配假说”,评估了全球尺度上氮添加对植物生物量及其在不同器官间分配的影响。结果表明：(1)氮添加显著增加了整株植物或不同器官的生物量,降低了根冠比和根质量分数,但对叶质量分数和茎质量分数无显著影响;(2)氮添加对不同器官质量分数的影响受实验条件、植物功能性状、纬度、氮添加率等因子单独或交互作用的调控;(3)氮添加对生物量在不同器官间的异速分配率无显著影响,表明氮添加导致的根冠比和根质量分数减少是在异速分配模式下由整株植物生物量增加而致。虽然氮添加改变了地上和地下部分的质量分数,但不同器官生物量间异速分配模式的稳定性表明“异速分配假说”能更好地描述植物生物量分配对氮添加的响应规律。该研究结果将有助于深入认识氮沉降环境下植物生物量的分配规律,同时表明将生物量分配纳入有关氮沉降对陆地生态系统影响的预测模型中的重要性。     

密度制约决定的植物生物量分配格局

基于自然环境下红葱(Allium cepa var.proliferum)个体各器官生物量积累动态、生物量分配比例动态、生物量比率动态和形态性状对不同种群密度(36、49、64、121和225株·m-2)响应的模拟实验,分析了密度制约对其生物量分配格局的影响。结果表明:红葱地上部分、叶和鞘的生物量分配比例均随密度的增加而增加,地下部分和鳞茎的分配比例随密度的增加而下降,而根的分配比例未随密度发生显著变化。除根:叶、根:地上比在密度处理间无显著差异外,各器官间生物量比率均表现出明显的密度依赖性。随着个体的生长,根:鞘、根:叶、根:地上比逐渐减小,鳞茎:叶、鳞茎:鞘、鳞茎:地上比先减小后增加,而地上:地下比先增加后减小。比叶面积与密度呈显著正相关(P<0.01),叶面积和根长与密度呈显著负相关(P<0.05),而比根长不受密度的影响。由此可见,种内竞争水平会对植物体内的资源分配产生较大影响;植物生物量分配格局响应不同密度具有可塑性,随着密度的增加,红葱个体会增加地上营养器官的生物量分配,并以减小地下无性繁殖器官的生物量分配为代价。最优化分配理论仅在无竞争存在的情况下适用,当竞争发生时,种群密度及其制约性调节是决定...     

东北天然次生林下木树种的生物量器官分配规律

以帽儿山天然次生林主要下木树种为研究对象,探讨了植物生物量器官(叶、新枝、多年枝、细根、粗根)分配特征及其与物种和个体大小的关系。结果表明:1)林下植物器官生物量的相对生长遵循异速生长理论,相对生长关系并不唯一。叶与新枝(0.924～1.055)、多年枝与粗根(0.917～1.024)和地上部分与地下部分(1.064～1.125)近于等速生长,新枝与多年枝(0.585～0.700),叶与总枝(0.742～0.795),叶与总根(0.853～0.918),以及细根与粗根(0.658～0.750)的生物量相对生长表现为异速生长。2)林下植物生物量器官分配遵循异速生长分配理论,叶、新枝、多年枝、细根和粗根等的生物量比例依次是5.83%～20.60%、0.83%～7.42%、36.25%～68.24%、1.32%～6.75%和16.38%～42.88%、根冠比是0.272～0.866。3)器官生物量比例与物种和植物大小等有关,各植物的器官生物量比例有差异,随植物生长,各植物生物量的叶分配、新枝分配、细根分配和根冠比明显减小、多年枝分配明显增加(P0.05),仅少数植物的粗根分配无明显变化(P0.05)。     

煤矸石山不同种植年限香根草生物量分配及异速生长分析

香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)是一种良好的矿业废弃地生态修复物种,研究其生物量分配和异速生长关系,有助于深入了解香根草在矿区的生存策略与生态功能。该研究以贵州省六盘水市大河煤矿煤矸石山种植年限为4、5、8和15 a的香根草为对象,采用挖掘法和称重法对不同种植年限香根草的器官生物量、分配比例及异速生长关系进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)随种植年限的增加,根、茎、叶生物量均呈现先增加后减少的趋势,且均在种植年限为5 a时最大,15 a时最小。(2)茎生物量分配比在种植年限15 a时最大(37.3%),叶生物量分配比在种植年限5 a时最大(36.1%),根生物量分配比不随种植年限的增加而发生变化,基本保持在30%左右。(3)种植年限为4、5、8 a时,地上部总生物量与根生物量、叶生物量呈异速生长关系;种植年限为5 a时,叶面积与根、叶生物量呈异速生长关系,与茎生物量呈等速生长关系。不同种植年限间的生物量分配及异速生长关系虽然没有一致规律,但体现了香根草在煤矸石基质中生物量分配的特点,且显示了其特别的生长方式和资源分配策略,为今后香根草在煤矸石山生态治理方面提供了参考依据。     

准噶尔盆地南缘不同坡向对短命植物生物量分配和化学计量特征的影响

短命植物是中国荒漠区系中重要的组成部分,坡向是准噶尔荒漠区最重要的地形因子之一,可能影响该地区短命植物的生物量和化学计量特征。该研究通过分析两种十字花科的短命植物涩荠(Malcolmia africana)和条叶庭荠(Alyssum linifolium)的不同器官(根、茎、叶和繁殖器官)在不同坡向(东坡、西坡和北坡)上的生物量分配和化学计量特征,来探究短命植物的适应策略。结果表明:(1)两种短命植物个体生物量在不同坡向上均差异显著,但涩荠在西坡的单株生物量最大(1.1±0.0134 g),而条叶庭荠在北坡的单株生物量最大(1.45±0.0113 g),东坡最小(0.5±0.0084 g)。(2)涩荠各器官的生物量分配均表现为叶茎繁殖器官根,且在不同坡向上各器官分配比例相似;条叶庭荠各器官的生物量在不同坡向的分配均差异显著,且均表现为根部生物量显著低于其他器官(P0.05),其中北坡繁殖器官的比例最大,东坡叶片的比例大,而西坡的根、茎、叶生物量所占比例差异不大。(3)两种短命植物在不同坡向的生物量与C、N、P化学计量呈极显著正相关关系。(4)两种短命植物在不同坡向的N/P均小于14,说明植物的生长受到N的限制;涩荠通过调整个体大小以适应不同环境,而条叶庭荠则是通过调整各器官的分配比例来适应变化的环境。研究认为,短命植物具有通过调整养分和生物量分配来适应荒漠环境的策略,在准噶尔荒漠区的低山丘陵地带,坡向是影响其生物量分配和化学计量特征的主要环境因子。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Anti-fungal effects of phenolic amides isolated from the root bark of Lycium chinense

Four phenolic amides, dihydro-N-caffeoyltyramine (1), trans-N-feruloyloctopamine (2), trans-N -caffeoyltyramine (3), and cis-N-caffeoyltyramine (4), were isolated from an ethyl acetate extract of the root bark of Lycium chinense Miller. All had an anti-fungal effect; compounds 1-3 were potent at 5-10 microg ml(-1) and were without hemolytic activity against human erythrocyte cells. Compound 4 was active at 40 microg ml(-1). All four compounds impeded the dimorphic transition of pathogen, Candida albicans.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).