古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭种群径级与龄级关系的研究

对古尔班通古特沙漠不同土壤类型梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)种群径级结构、年龄结构进行实地调查统计,分别比较不同种群结构模型及存活曲线。结果显示:梭梭个体大小与年龄呈直线关系;以径级和龄级作为划分大小结构时,径级结构和年龄结构类型表现一致;对两个函数的总体误差和区间误差比较净高显示,径级方程和龄级方程的相近程度在误差允许范围内且以径级结构和龄级结构应用到存活曲线的分析中效果良好。研究表明,梭梭种群可以采用径级结构代替年龄结构的方法进行研究。     

准噶尔盆地梭梭、白梭梭植物构型特征

荒漠植物构型是植物与环境相互作用、相互适应的最终产物,其与功能的相互作用与互馈关系决定了荒漠植被的发展与演替。选择准噶尔盆地天然梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、天然白梭梭(Haloxylon persicum)和人工种植梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)为研究对象,系统研究了天然梭梭、天然白梭梭和人工梭梭分枝率、分枝角度、分枝长度和枝径比等构型特征,对比研究了天然生境梭梭和人工种植梭梭构型差异,探讨了荒漠植物结构-功能特征及其对环境的响应与适应机理。结果表明:天然梭梭、天然白梭梭和人工梭梭的总体分枝率及逐布分枝率(SRB_1:2、SRB_2:3)均差异显著(P<0.05),且总体分枝率均较低,分别为0.35±0.23、0.50±0.42和0.15±0.05。天然梭梭、天然白梭梭和人工梭梭的分枝角度差异均不显著(P<0.05),从第1级到第4级均有减小趋势,角度均小于90°。天然梭梭、天然白梭梭和人工梭梭分枝长度从第1级到第4级排序为天然白梭梭>天然梭梭>人工梭梭,且天然梭梭、天然白梭梭和人工梭梭枝条伸展能力从第1级到第4级呈现相对减弱的趋势。天然梭梭、天然白梭梭和人工梭梭枝径比平均值分别为0.66、0.68和0.69。总体上,天然生境中梭梭、白梭梭构型为不同宽窄的"V"型,而人工梭梭呈现椭球形构型。     

新疆荒漠中的梭梭和白梭梭（上）

在我国西北的荒漠地区,梭梭和白梭梭是两种非常著名的植物。它们具有超旱生的特性,又是荒漠中十分罕见的小乔木树种,因此成为建造荒漠植被的主要材料,是我国荒漠生态系统中个体最大,生物量和生产量最高的物种。 如何区别两种梭梭 梭梭和白梭梭同属于藜科梭梭属(Haloxylon),因此它们既具有许多相似的特征,又各具特色不难     

基于稳定氧同位素确定植物水分来源不同方法的比较

利用稳定同位素技术确定植物水分来源,对提高生态水文过程的认识和对干旱半干旱区的生态管理至关重要。目前基于稳定同位素技术确定植物水分来源的方法众多,但不同方法之间对比的研究较少。本研究基于原位样品采集,室内实验测试,利用直接对比法、多元线性混合模型(IsoSource)、贝叶斯混合模型(MixSIR、MixSIAR)和吸水深度模型分析植物水分来源,并对比各方法的优缺点。结果表明:相对于多元线性混合模型(IsoSource)而言,贝叶斯混合模型(MixSIR、MixSIAR)具有更好的水源区分性能,但对数据要求较高,且植物木质部水和潜在水源同位素组成的标准差越小,模型运行结果的可信度更高。本研究中贝叶斯混合模型(MixSIR)为最优解。在利用稳定氢氧同位素技术确定植物水分来源时,可先通过直接对比法定性判断植物可能利用的潜在水源,然后再用多元线性混合模型(IsoSource)、贝叶斯混合模型(MixSIR、MixSIAR)计算出各潜在水源对植物的贡献率和贡献范围,必要时可评估模型性能,选择出最优模型,定量分析植物的水分来源。若植物主要吸收利用不同土层深度的土壤水,可结合吸水深度模型计算出植物吸收土壤水的平均深度。本研究为干旱半干旱地区利用同位素技术确定植物水分来源方法的选择提供了理论依据。     

Dynamics of water usage in Haloxylon ammodendron in the southern edge of the Gurbantünggüt Desert

植物的水分来源是荒漠地区植物水分关系研究的重要方面, 有助于理解荒漠植物对干旱环境的适应。为了研究古尔班通古特沙漠主要建群种梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)生长季的水分利用动态, 以及其对发生在不同时期相似量级降水脉冲的响应, 利用稳定性同位素技术测量了梭梭小枝木质部水、降水、0-300 cm不同土层的土壤水和地下水的δ ¹⁸O值。水源依据深度划分为4个: 浅层土壤水(0-40 cm), 中层土壤水(40-100 cm), 深层土壤水(100-300 cm)和地下水。然后, 应用IsoSource模型计算了梭梭对潜在水源的利用比例。结果表明: 4月份, 梭梭主要利用浅层土壤水, 利用比例为62%-95%; 5-9月份梭梭主要利用地下水, 利用比例为68%-100%。梭梭对不同时期发生的两场相似量级的降水具有不同程度的响应。5月22日, 6.7 mm降水后第1天, 梭梭对土壤水的吸收达到最大值, 由降水前的9.8%增长为降水后的40.4%, 同时降低了对地下水的吸收, 由降水前的83%-98%下降为42%-81%。8月31日7 mm降水后, 梭梭对土壤水的吸收没有增加, 仍然保持对地下水的高比例利用, 达71%-98%。低的土壤含水量可能抑制了表层根系的活性, 导致梭梭对降水不敏感。由冬季融雪和春季降水补给的浅层土壤水和地下水是梭梭种群可利用的两个重要水源。梭梭的水分利用动态反映了其对干旱环境的适应。     

古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭与白梭梭利用降雨的差异

采用模拟降雨的方法,对梭梭和白梭梭的降雨再分配过程进行了研究,并对梭梭与白梭梭0～100cm的浅层根系分布进行了调查。回归分析发现,梭梭与白梭梭茎流率、穿透率、截留率与降雨量之间呈显著对数关系。在相同的降雨强度下,梭梭与白梭梭之间降雨分配无显著差异,但在不同降雨强度下梭梭和白梭梭各自的降雨再分配存在显著差异。20mm·h-1的降雨强度有利于产生更多的茎流,梭梭和白梭梭茎流率在降雨强度20mm·h-1的情况下是30mm·h-1的情况下的2.3倍和2.9倍。白梭梭根系主要分布在土壤表层,0～60cm的土壤深度内侧根数占0～100cm内总侧根数的86%。白梭梭在0～20、20～40、40～60cm土壤深度的水平侧根极显著高于梭梭,分别是梭梭的10.0倍、9.6倍和10.9倍。白梭梭水平侧根伸展距离极显著大于梭梭,白梭梭根系冠幅半径为7.1m,梭梭为2.3m。综上所述,白梭梭主要通过植株特殊形态结构增加茎流等降雨再分配和地下根系协同作用,来充分的利用降雨;梭梭浅层根系分布稀少,故其利用降雨的能力十分有限,而更趋向于利用地下水。     

人工环境下两种梭梭幼苗光合水分关系的比较研究

在人工环境下测定了不同辐射强度,不同温度和不同水分状况下梭梭幼苗和白梭梭幼苗的净光合速率和蒸腾速率,以及水分胁迫下两种梭梭同化枝水势和含水量。实验结果表明：（１）两种梭梭光合作用和蒸腾作用对辐射强度的依赖是不同的,梭梭净光合速率和蒸腾速率随辐射强度的增加而上升的趋势明显低于白梭梭。两种梭梭幼苗在无光照对仍维持较高的蒸腾速率。（２）白梭梭的平均蒸腾系数低于梭梭,证明白梭梭能比梭梭更有效地利用水分。（     

脱水胁迫和光合日变化对梭梭和白梭梭叶绿素荧光参数的影响

采用IMAGING-PAM叶绿素荧光法,测定了宁夏地区种植的梭梭和白梭梭在离体脱水胁迫和光合日变化下的叶绿素荧光参数变化,以研究肉苁蓉寄主梭梭和白梭梭对地理环境的生态适应机制.结果表明： 梭梭具有较高的光合作用性能,其光合电子传递活性(F_v/F_m)、光能转化效率(q_P)和表观电子传递效率(ETR)等指标均高于白梭梭.离体脱水胁迫48 h,梭梭同化枝含水率及叶绿素荧光参数各指标均显著高于白梭梭.梭梭和白梭梭叶绿素荧光参数日变化差异较大,且呈现“V”型变化趋势.推测梭梭对水分及光照等环境因子变化的适应能力较白梭梭强,地理分布较广;白梭梭因受水分及光照等因子限制,地理分布较窄.     

新疆同域分布梭梭和白梭梭多样性格局及其形成机制

探究第四纪气候波动和地质事件对古尔班通古特沙漠同域分布的梭梭(Haloxylonammodendron)和白梭梭(H.persicum)分布、分化和演化的影响,对了解旱生植物区系的发展与演化具有重要意义。该研究测定新疆自然分布的19个梭梭种群225个个体和12个白梭梭种群106个个体叶绿体DNA间隔区(trn S-trn G和trn V)序列,整合单倍型网络分析、主坐标分析、分子方差分析、贝叶斯系统发育树、地理加权回归分析揭示种间、种内不同地理种群间的遗传多样性及其环境解释、空间遗传结构,估算种间谱系分化时间,分析群体演化历史。主要结果有:(1)共定义了21个叶绿体单倍型,梭梭和白梭梭聚为独立的支系;(2)接近80%的遗传变异发生于物种间及梭梭种内不同地理种群间,物种间分化发生于上新世晚期至更新世早期,这可能受干旱化加剧和沙漠形成、扩展的共同影响;(3)地理加权回归模型结果显示,环境因子对梭梭和白梭梭遗传多样性的影响存在明显的空间差异性,气候和土壤因子总体上主导梭梭、白梭梭的遗传多样性格局:在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘,气候因子对梭梭和白梭梭均为显著正向作用;在沙漠西南缘,气候因子对白梭梭为...     

荒漠植物梭梭稳定碳同位素组成与环境因子的关系

以广泛分布于新疆荒漠地区的建群种植物——梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)为研究对象,通过对23个样地101份梭梭同化枝样品δ~(13)C值的测定,分析了梭梭稳定碳同位素组成的变化特征及其与环境因子(海拔、日照时数、潜在蒸散量、年平均降水量和年平均温度)的关系,并讨论了不同生境下梭梭同化枝δ~(13)C值的变化特征。研究结果显示:(1)梭梭同化枝δ~(13)C平均值为-14.15‰,其在95%置信区间的变化范围为-13.14‰—-15.38‰,表明梭梭是C_4光合途径的植物。(2)梭梭同化枝δ~(13)C值与年平均降水量和年平均温度呈显著负相关关系,而与日照时数、潜在蒸散量和海拔呈显著正相关关系。我们推测梭梭同化枝δ~(13)C值对各环境因子响应趋势的不同,可能是由气孔限制因素造成的,它是梭梭适应干旱荒漠环境的一种策略。(3)在不同生境下,梭梭同化枝的碳同位素组成存在显著差异。当梭梭群落中的主要伴生种为白刺、红砂时,其δ~(13)C值最高,当主要伴生种为沙拐枣和假木贼时,其δ~(13)C值最低。在灰漠土与灰棕漠土样地中的梭梭δ~(13)C值高于棕钙土、风沙土、石质土样地;盆地中梭梭同化枝δ~(13)C值低于平原、山地、丘陵地形条件下的样地。以上结果表明:梭梭水分利用效率在不同环境梯度和生境中,存在着显著不同,表现出显著的适应策略差异。     

梭梭林下土壤结皮发育对黄花补血草种群发育格局的影响

通过梭梭林下黄花补血草种群调查,研究土壤结皮发育过程中的无结皮沙地(前期NSC1、后期NSC2)、物理结皮沙地(前期PSC1、后期PSC2)和生物结皮沙地(前期BSC1、后期BSC2)的黄花补血草种群发育格局特征,以揭示梭梭林下土壤结皮发育对黄花补血草种群发育的影响以及植被恢复技术。结果表明:(1)梭梭林下土壤结皮的发育对黄花补血草的种群密度具有显著的促进作用,在BSC1样地达到最大,而对个体冠幅具有前期促进后期抑制的作用,在NSC2样地达到最大,故导致种群总盖度变化不稳定。(2)种群个体发育值呈先增加后减小的趋势,在NSC2样地达到最大;在NSC1-NSC2过程中,土壤结皮发育对种群个体发育具有促进作用,其值逐渐增大,而在NSC2-BSC2发育过程中,土壤结皮发育对种群个体发育的抑制作用逐渐增强,其值逐渐减小。(3)黄花补血草种群优势级层位于较低级层,随着土壤结皮的发育,呈先增加后减小的趋势,其峰值在BSC1样地,而种群级层越高,该级层的峰值则逐渐向土壤结皮发育前期移动,其峰值在NSC2或PSC1样地。研究认为,梭梭林下土壤结皮发育对黄花补血草种群密度具有促进作用,但对种群内植株个体发育具有前期促进后期抑制的作用,该结论对梭梭林下黄花补血草植被恢复具有积极的指导意义。     

梭梭糖基转移酶基因克隆及序列分析

以梭梭叶片为材料,根据其他植物糖基转移酶基因的保守序列设计引物,采用同源基因克隆及RACE-PCR方法克隆到2个同源的序列,分别命名为 HaUGT1和 HaUGT2。基因测序结果显示, HaUGT1基因编码区长1 485 bp,编码495个氨基酸; HaUGT2基因编码区长1 185 bp,编码394个氨基酸。HaUGT1和HaUGT2蛋白具有保守的PSPG 基序、UDP-葡萄糖基转移酶结构域,与其他植物中的糖基转移酶蛋白同源性较高。     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

New species of Phaeoramularia, Pseudocercospora and Stenella from Western Ghats of India

Four new species of the hyphomycete genera Phaeoramularia viz. Ph. caesalpinae, Pseudocercospora viz., Ps. tiliacearum, Stenella, viz. S. argyreiae and S. grewiae occurring on Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming (Caesalpiniaceae), Grewia sp. (Tiliaceae), Argyrea sp. Lour (Convolvulaceae) and Grewia sp. L. (Tiliaceae), respectively are described and illustrated here. All these fungi were collected from Western Ghats of India.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

甘菊ClHSP70与ClHSP90基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以甘菊(Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium)为实验材料,通过RT-PCR方法从甘菊转录组数据中分离出热激蛋白合成相关基因,命名为ClHSP70和ClHSP90。序列分析表明,ClHSP70基因ORF全长为2 559bp,编码852个氨基酸,蛋白功能区预测表明含有典型的HSP70蛋白NBD和SBD保守结构域;ClHSP90基因ORF全长为2 094bp,编码697个氨基酸,含有HATPase结构域和HSP90保守结构域。生物信息学分析表明,甘菊ClHSP70与大豆(Glycine max)和烟草(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)HSP70蛋白有较高的一致性,ClHSP90基因编码的氨基酸序列与紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)HSP90高度相似;实时荧光定量表达分析表明,在42℃处理不同时间,甘菊叶片中ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因表达均在0.5h时显著增加,1h达到最大值,2h后缓慢下降;不同组织表达分析表明,甘菊在42℃处理1h后,ClHSP70在成熟叶中的表达量显著高于嫩叶和根等其他组织;ClHSP90在成熟茎中的表达量最高。研究说明,ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因具有热激蛋白特征,参与了甘菊热胁迫应答过程,该研究结果为以后深入研究其基因功能奠定了基础。     

Molecular and morphological characterization of Leveillula (Ascomycota: Erysiphales) on monocotyledonous plants

Leveillula on monocotyledonous plants have been recorded as L. taurica by several authors, whereas the fungus on Allium has been described as an independent species, namely L. allii, by some authors. We sequenced ca 600 bp of the rDNA ITS region for two Leveillula specimens from Allium and Polianthes (both from monocotyledons) and compared them with several already published sequences from Leveillula isolates from dicotyledons. Pair-wise percentages of sequence divergences were calculated for all Leveillula isolates. The ITS sequence of the Polianthes isolate was identical to L. taurica on Helianthus and Vicia. The sequence of the Allium isolate was 99.5 % identical to L. taurica on Euphorbia, Haplophylum, Peganum, etc. These results suggest close relationships between monocot and dicot pathogenic Leveillula species. The identity between two monocot isolates was 98.4 %. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two monocot isolates do not group into a clade together. This result suggests that Leveillula acquired parasitism to monocots at least twice independently.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.