芫花花蕾中一个新的瑞香烷二萜类化合物CSCD

为了研究中药芫花(Daphne genkwa)的干燥花蕾化学成分及其抑制皮肤病原真菌活性,采用正相硅胶及半制备HPLC等多种色谱技术对芫花花蕾95%乙醇提取物进行分离纯化得到2个瑞香烷型二萜类化合物,并通过MS、NMR和ECD等波谱技术和文献数据比对鉴定化合物结构,分别为daphgenin A(1)和yuanhuakine B(2),其中化合物1为新的瑞香烷型二萜类化合物。同时,结合MIC法测定该化合物对皮肤真菌犬小孢子菌、红色毛癣菌、须癣毛癣菌和马拉色菌的抑制活性,结果表明化合物1和2对皮肤病原真菌有一定的抑制活性,化合物1对红色毛癣菌和须癣毛癣菌的抑制活性与阳性对照组相当(MIC值4.0μg/mL),化合物2对红色毛癣菌显示显著的抑制活性,其MIC值为2.0μg/mL。     

聚六亚甲基双胍体外抗真菌作用研究

目的探讨聚六亚甲基双胍(PHMB)对浅部真菌病常见致病菌的杀灭作用。方法参照标准的微量液基稀释法和琼脂稀释法检测PHMB粉剂和溶液对红色毛癣菌、须癣毛癣菌、犬小孢子菌及白念珠菌临床分离株的体外最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MFC)。结果 PHMB对红色毛癣菌、须癣毛癣菌、犬小孢子菌和白念珠菌临床分离株的MIC范围分别为1.0～4.0μg/mL、2.0～4.0μg/mL、2.0～4.0μg/mL和0.3～5.0μg/mL;MFC范围分别为2.0～8.0μg/mL、 4.0μg/mL、2.0～4.0μg/mL和5.0～10.0μg/mL。琼脂稀释法结果表明PHMB溶液浓度为1.25%时,红色毛癣菌、犬小孢子菌和须癣毛癣菌无菌落生长;PHMB溶液浓度为0.32%时,白念珠菌无菌落生长。加入透皮剂氮酮后,杀菌效果并无改变。结论 PHMB对浅部真菌病常见的致病真菌皮肤癣菌及白念珠菌具有较好的抑制和杀灭作用。     

氟曲马唑对足癣分离病原菌的体外抗菌活性研究

目的评价氟曲马唑对足癣分离病原菌的体外抗菌活性,并与联苯苄唑相比。方法采用CLSI推荐的M-38 A2(皮肤癣菌)和M27-A3(酵母菌)微量液基稀释法对病原菌进行体外药物敏感性测定。结果氟曲马唑对红色毛癣菌最小抑菌浓度(MIC)范围为0.031~2μg/m L,MIC50为0.5μg/m L,MIC90为1μg/m L,GM值为0.637μg/m L;联苯苄唑分别为0.031~16μg/m L,0.25μg/m L,2μg/m L,0.634μg/m L;两药对红色毛癣菌MIC GM值比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.974)。氟曲马唑对趾(指)间毛癣菌MIC范围为0.031~1μg/m L,MIC50为0.031μg/m L,MIC90为0.5μg/m L,GM值为0.17μg/m L;联苯苄唑分别为0.125~16μg/m L,1μg/m L,2μg/m L,1.886μg/m L;两药对趾(指)间毛癣菌MIC GM值比较差异具有统计学意义(P=0.001)。尽管酵母菌菌株数偏少,但研究结果显示两药对念珠菌属和毛孢子菌属MIC GM值比较差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000和P=0.031)。结论氟曲马唑对红色毛癣菌的抗菌活性与联苯苄唑相似,但对趾(指)间毛癣菌、念珠菌属和毛孢子菌属的抗菌活性明显优于联苯苄唑。     

大青叶和板蓝根提取物的抑菌作用研究

目的：探讨中药大青叶和板兰根的逐级提取物的抑菌作用。方法：采用试管稀释法测定大表吉和板兰根的各级提取物－总浸液、乙醇提取液、正丁醇萃取液对各实验菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果：各级提取物对实验菌分别有不同程度的抑菌作用,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用最为明显;各提取物的抑菌强度依次为：正丁醇萃取液（对三种实验菌均明显抑制：MIC≤62mg/ml)、乙醇提取液（金黄色葡萄球菌：MIC≤62mg/ml、肠炎杆菌：MIC≤125mg/ml、大肠埃希菌MIC≤500mg/ml)、总浸液（仅对金黄色葡萄球菌抑制明显：MIC＝62mg/ml）。结论：大青叶和板蓝根具有广谱抗菌作用,其逐级提取物富集的抑菌活性逐级增强。     

复方明矾散对妇科阴道炎病原菌的抑菌作用研究

目的 探讨复方明矾散对妇科阴道炎病原菌的抑菌作用。方法 从临床妇科阴道炎患者分离病原菌为受试菌,采用美国临床实验室标准化委员会（NCCLS）M27-A大量肉汤稀释法和琼脂稀释法分别检测复方明矾散对140株受试菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果 总MIC范围：0．07～10mg／ml。念珠菌MIC范围：0．07～1．25mg／ml,MIC50 0．30mg／ml,MIC90：0．61mg／ml。结论 复方明矾散对所有受试菌均有不同程度的抑菌作用,对念珠菌的效果最好。     

2种中药单体对念珠菌的体外药敏研究

目的探讨人参茎叶皂甙、三七总皂甙、氟康唑、伊曲康唑体外抗念珠菌的敏感性。方法采用CLSI公布的M-27A方案微量液体稀释法分别测定氟康唑、伊曲康唑、人参茎叶皂甙、三七总皂甙对60株临床分离念珠菌的体外敏感性。结果氟康唑、伊曲康唑、人参茎叶皂甙、三七总皂甙对受试菌的MIC50分别为0.25、0.25、7.812和15.625 mg/L,MIC90分别为64、16、250和250 mg/L。60株念珠菌临床分离株中有10株对伊曲康唑、人参茎叶皂甙、三七总皂甙交叉耐药。结论人参茎叶皂甙、三七总皂甙在体外对念珠菌均有不同程度抑制作用,CLSI M27-A方案可用于对中药抗念珠菌活性的评价。     

0.1%西吡氯铵漱口液的体外抗菌试验

目的：测定0．1％西吡氯铵（CPC）漱口液对龋病、牙龈炎、牙周炎和颌面外科术后感染常见病原菌的抗菌活性。方法：采用经典的琼脂稀释法药物敏感试验,测定检测药品及对照药品对细菌的MIC50和MIC90。结果：0．1％漱口液对204株厌氧菌均有明显的抗菌作用,其MIC50和MIC90则均为3.1mg/L、6.2mg/L和3.1mg/L、3.1-6.2mg/L,对革兰阴性厌氧杆菌的MIC50和MIC90则均为3．1mg/L 和3．1－6．2mg/L,对致龋菌变形链球菌的MIC50和MIC90为6．2mg/L和12．5mg/L,对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌的MIC50和MIC90分别为6．2、6．2、12．5、6．2mg/L,对铜绿假单胞菌的MIC50和MIC90均≥1000mg/L。另外,接种细菌的浓度对0．1％CPC漱 口液的MIC值略有影响,随着细菌浓度升高,MIC值略升高;随着细菌浓度减小,MIC值略减小。结论：除铜绿假单胞菌外,0．1％CPC漱口液对其余259株实验菌均有明显的抗菌作用,因此0．1％漱口液可作为口腔感染的有效抗菌剂。     

柠条锦鸡儿籽油体外抗真菌作用及其机制研究(英文)

参照美国临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)推荐的《产孢丝状真菌的液基稀释法抗真菌药物敏感性试验方案》(M38-A),测定超临界CO2萃取的柠条锦鸡儿籽油对3种(每种15株)临床常见的皮肤癣菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC);高效液相色谱法研究柠条锦鸡儿籽油对真菌细胞膜麦角甾醇生物合成的影响以探讨其作用机制。结果表明柠条锦鸡儿籽油对犬小孢子菌、须癣毛癣菌、红色毛癣菌的MIC范围分别为64～512μg/mL、32～512μg/mL、64～1024μg/mL;高效液相色谱法检测显示,与其生长对照菌相比,籽油作用的皮肤癣菌细胞膜上麦角甾醇含量明显降低,且具有剂量依赖性。柠条锦鸡儿籽油主要是通过影响真菌细胞膜上麦角甾醇的合成而发挥抗真菌作用。     

大肠埃希菌高产AmpC酶的检测及耐药性分析

目的了解深圳市人民医院高产AmpC酶大肠埃希菌的存在现状及其耐药性。方法采用Tris-ED-TA纸片裂菌法检测148株大肠埃希菌的AmpC酶。用琼脂稀释法测定产酶株对11种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果 148株大肠埃希菌中6株检出AmpC酶,检出率为4.1%。所有产AmpC酶大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南敏感,MIC为0.12～0.25μg/ml;对头孢吡肟的MIC值也较低,为0.5～32.0μg/ml,仅1株耐头孢吡肟。所有产AmpC酶大肠埃希菌对头孢西丁耐药,MIC为32～128μg/ml;对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、阿莫西林/克拉维酸和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦等加酶抑制剂复合物耐药性较强。结论深圳市人民医院大肠埃希菌高产AmpC酶检出率为4.1%。产酶株对多种抗生素耐药性较高。     

Antimicrobial activities of 26 Yunnan plants extracts against clinical multi-drug resistant pathogens in vitro

研究26种云南滇东南产植物80％乙醇提取物的体外抗耐药菌作用.制备植物的醇提物,用琼脂打孔法对其进行抗菌活性的筛选.通过微量稀释法测定提取物的最低抑菌浓度[minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)]、最低杀细菌浓度[minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)]及最低杀真菌浓度[minimum fungicidal concentration(MFC)].结果表明:26种提取物中有9种对金黄色葡萄球菌(简称金葡菌)、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色念珠菌有不同程度的抑制活性;其中以红花荷、马蹄参、百花贝母兰、二色大包兰和光序肉实树提取物对耐甲氧西林金葡菌的抑菌作用最强,其MIC/MBC(mg/L)范围分别为512/2048～＞2048,512/2048～＞2048,256-512/2048～＞2048,512～1024/1024～＞2048和512～1024/＞2048.另外,肋果茶提取物对铜绿假单胞菌及白色念珠菌有较好的抑制作用,其对铜绿假单胞菌及其耐药菌株的MIC/MBC为512～2048/＞2048mg/L;对白色念珠菌及其耐药菌株的MIC/MFC均为2048/＞2048 mg/L.26种植物提取物对大肠埃希菌的抑制作用均较弱.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.