原儿茶酸对脂多糖诱导的急性肺损伤小鼠的保护作用

目的:探索原儿茶酸(protocatechuicacid,PCA)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)小鼠的保护作用,探讨其保护机制。方法:将40只昆明小鼠按随机数字表法均分为空白对照组(NC组)、LPS模型组、原儿茶酸预处理组(PCA+LPS组)、地塞米松阳性对照组(Dex+LPS组),每组10只,模型组以5mg·kg-1脂多糖腹腔内注射诱导急性肺损伤。6h后处死小鼠,HE染色观察肺组织病理学变化;BCA法检测肺泡灌洗液中总蛋白浓度;ELISA检测肺泡灌洗液炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β含量;Western Blot检测肺组织中p38MAPK、p-p38MAPK、p-ATF2蛋白的表达水平。结果:与对照组相比,模型组小鼠肺损伤明显,肺泡内出血、水肿、炎细胞浸润,肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α、IL-1β的含量及总蛋白浓度增加,肺组织中p38MAPK/p-p38MAPK、p-ATF2表达均明显增加(均P0.01)。与模型组相比,原儿茶酸预处理组、地塞米松阳性对照组肺组织病理损伤程度明显减轻,肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α、IL-1β的含量及总蛋白浓度、肺组织中p38MAPK/p-p38MAPK、p-ATF2表达均明显降低(均P0.01)。结论:PCA对LPS诱导的急性肺损伤有保护作用,其作用机制可能与其抑制p38MAPK-p-ATF2信号通路的活化、降低肺组织炎症反应有关。     

CREB 和NF-κB在p38MAPK所致脊髓星形胶质细胞活化中的作用

目的:探讨CREB和NF-κB在p38MAPK所致脊髓星形胶质细胞活化中的作用,明确脊髓星形胶质细胞活化中p38MAPK细胞信号转导途径的作用。方法:分离培养SPF大鼠脊髓星形胶质细胞,设正常组、SP刺激组(SP组,10-7mol/L)、SP刺激+SB203580(10μmol/L)阻断p38MAPK组(SP+SB组)、SP刺激+PD98059(10μmol/L)阻断CREB组(SP+PD组)、SP刺激+SN50(10μmol/L)阻断NF-κB(SP+SN组)。WB法、免疫荧光法、ELISA法检测12 h和24 h时p-p38、p-CREB、NF-κBp65水平及GFAP、TNF-、IL-1β水平变化。结果:SP组脊髓星形胶质细胞p-p38、p-CREB、NF-κBp65显著升高,GFAP水平显著增高,同时TNF-和IL-1β水平显著增高。与SP组比较,用SB203580阻断p38MAPK通路后,SP+SB组p-p38、p-CREB、NF-κBp65显著降低,GFAP、TNF-和IL-1β水平显著降低。用PD98059阻断CREB通路后,SP+PD组p-p38、NF-κBp65无显著变化,p-CREB显著降...     

云芝糖肽在ROS、p3 8信号通路中对巨噬细胞Raw264.7的免疫调节作用

目的:探究云芝糖肽(PSP)对静息和脂多糖(LPS)过度刺激两种不同状态的巨噬细胞Raw264.7产生活性氧簇(ROS)及p38、p-p38的影响及其相关机制。方法:采用流式细胞术方法检测ROS的表达;Western blot方法检测MAPK信号通路中p38磷酸化及非磷酸化的相对表达量。结果:100g/ml PSP下调1g/ml LPS单独作用于巨噬细胞时ROS及p-p38的表达量;100g/mlPSP上调正常巨噬细胞p-p38的表达量;p38表达量基本不变。结论:PSP通过ROS,p38两条通路参与巨噬细胞的免疫调节作用。     

白介素17对脂多糖诱导人支气管上皮细胞炎症损伤的影响

目的:探讨白介素17A(interleukin-17A, IL-17A)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)诱导的人支气管上皮细胞(16-HBE)炎症损伤的影响及其可能机制。方法:体外培养16-HBE细胞系,予LPS、IL-17A进行干预,分为空白对照组、LPS组、IL-17A组、IL-17A+LPS组。采用酶联免疫吸附法(Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, Elisa)测定细胞培养液上清中IL-4、IFN-γ、IL-6、IL-8等炎症因子的水平,蛋白印迹法(Western Blot, WB)检测细胞中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPKs)信号通路相关蛋白:细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK)、P38蛋白激酶(P38)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)的表达及其相应磷酸化蛋白(P-ERK、P-P38、P-JNK)的表达。体外培养16-HBE细胞系,予LPS、IL-17A以及ERK1/2抑制剂(U0126)、p38抑制剂(SB203580)和JNK抑制剂(SP600125),分为空白对照组、LPS+IL-17A组、IL-17A+LPS+UO126组、IL-17A+LPS+SB203580组、IL-17A+LPS+SP600125组。采用酶联免疫吸附法测定细胞培养液上清中IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-6、IL-8等炎症因子水平。结果:与空白对照组比较,LPS、IL-17A组,细胞上清中IL-6、IL-8的表达明显升高(P0.01),IL-4的表达降低(空白组vs LPS组P0.01,空白组vs IL-17A组P0.05),细胞内磷酸化ERK、P38、JNK蛋白的表达明显增加(空白组vs LPS组P0.05,空白组vs IL-17A组P0.01)。IL-17A+LPS组细胞上清中IL-6、IL-8、IL-4水平及细胞内P-ERK、P-P38、P-JNK的表达较LPS、IL-17A组更高(P0.05)。添加ERK、P38和JNK抑制剂后,与LPS+IL-17A组对比,IL-17A+LPS+U0126组、IL-17A+LPS+SB203580组和IL-17A+LPS+SP600125组细胞上清中IL-6、IL-8、IL-4水平下降(P0.05)。结论:IL-17A可能通过上调IL-6、IL-8的表达加重LPS诱导的16-HBE细胞炎症损伤,MAPKs可能是这一过程中的重要信号转导通路。     

CCK-8对内毒素休克大鼠肺脏细胞因子的抑制效应

观察八肽胆囊收缩素(cholecystokinin-octapeptide,CCK-8）改善脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS）引起的大鼠内毒素性休克（endotoxic shock,ES）过程中血清及肺脏细胞因子的变化,探讨p38比裂素活化蛋白激酶（p38 mito-gen-activated protein kinase,p38 MAPK）的信号转导作用。用生理多道记录仪观察尾静脉注入LPS(p38 mito-gen-activated protein kinase,p38 MAPK）的信号转导作用。用生理多道记录仪观察尾静脉注入 LPS（8mg/kg i.v.）复制的SD大鼠ES模型、LPS注入前10min尾静脉注入CCK-8(40ug/kg i.v.）、单独注入CCK-8(40Uug/kg i.v.）或生理盐水（对照）的四组大鼠平均动脉血压（MAP）的改变,应用ELISA试剂盒检测血清和肺脏中炎性细胞因子（TNF-a、IL-1β和IL-6）的变化。用Western blot检测肺脏p38 MAPK的表达。结果显示：CCK-8可改善LPS引起的大鼠MAP的下降。与对照组相比,LPS可显著增加血清和肺脏TNF-a、IL-1β和IL-6含量;CCK-8可显著抑制LPS诱导的血清和肺脏TNF-a、IL-1β和IL-6的增加。CCK-8可增加ES大鼠肺脏磷酸化p38 MAPK的表达。结果提示CCK-8可改善ES大鼠MAP的降低,并对肺脏促炎性细胞因子过量产生有抑制作用,p38MAPK可能参与了其信号转导机制。     

黄芪甲苷对马兜铃酸诱导的巨噬细胞M1型极化的作用及机制研究

目的:探讨黄芪甲苷对马兜铃酸诱导的RAW264.7细胞向M1型极化的影响,并初步探索其可能的作用机制。方法:分别采用马兜铃酸和脂多糖(LPS)刺激RAW264.7细胞24 h,伴或不伴黄芪甲苷进行药物干预处理。采用细胞计数检测试剂盒-8(CCK 8)检测细胞活性变化,流式细胞仪检测巨噬细胞分型,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测细胞上清液中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的分泌量。反转录实时定量PCR(RT-qPCR)技术检测RAW264.7细胞IL-6、TNF-αmRNA表达。蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测RAW264.7细胞p-p38和p38 MAPK蛋白表达水平。结果:CCK8结果提示黄芪甲苷在5~50μg/mL浓度范围对RAW264.7巨噬细胞无明显毒性,本研究选取10μg/mL作为实验干预浓度。黄芪甲苷能够显著改善马兜铃酸诱导的巨噬细胞活性(P<0.05),同时减少IL-6和TNF-α的分泌水平和mRNA表达水平(均P<0.05),抑制马兜铃酸和LPS诱导的M1/M2巨噬细胞比例(P<0.05)。黄芪甲苷可部分抑制马兜铃酸诱导的巨噬细胞p38 MAPK磷酸化水平(P<0.05)。结论:黄芪甲苷可减少巨噬细胞M1型极化,降低炎症因子IL-6和TNF-α水平,减少巨噬细胞的活性,从而起到减缓马兜铃酸肾损害的作用,其作用机制可能与部分抑制p38 MAPK信号活性有关。     

SB239063通过抑制TNF-α和p38MAPK，减轻香烟烟雾暴露变应性鼻炎大鼠MKP-1的表达

摘要 目的：探讨p38MAPK抑制剂SB239063对香烟烟雾暴露变应性鼻炎大鼠p38MAPK信号通路、TNF-α、MKP-1表达的影响。方法：先构建变应性鼻炎（AR）大鼠模型,然后给予AR大鼠被动吸入香烟烟雾（CS）,再行腹腔注射AR大鼠SB239063（100 mg/kg）,分为AR组、AR+CS组、AR+CS+SB239063组。造模后对各组大鼠进行症状学评分;苏木精-伊红（HE）染色法观察大鼠鼻黏膜的形态学变化;实时荧光定量PCR（RT-PCR）检测鼻黏膜p38MAPK、MKP-1 mRNA的表达水平;酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)分析外周血、脾脏TNF-α的含量;Western blots检测鼻黏膜p38MAPK、p-p38MAPK、MKP-1蛋白的表达水平。结果：与AR组比较,AR+CS组大鼠的过敏症状（P<0.05）加重;鼻黏膜嗜酸性粒细胞（P<0.05）、中性粒细胞浸润（P<0.01）增多; MKP-1 mRNA及其蛋白的表达水平均升高（P<0.001）;外周血、脾脏TNF-α的表达水平升高（P<0.001）;p-p38MAPK蛋白的表达水平升高（P<0.001）。与AR+CS组比较,AR+CS+SB239063组大鼠过敏症状评分下降（P<0.01）;鼻黏膜中嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞计数下降（P值均< 0.05）;p38MAPK mRNA的表达水平降低（P<0.05）,MKP-1 mRNA及其蛋白的表达水平下降（P<0.001）;外周血、脾脏TNF-α的表达水平降低（P值均< 0.001）;p38MAPK、p-p38MAPK蛋白的表达水平降低,差异均具有显著统计学意义（P值均 < 0.001）。结论：SB239063通过抑制TNF-α、p38MAPK及其自磷酸化,减轻香烟烟雾暴露变应性鼻炎大鼠MKP-1的表达。     

CREB和NF-κB在p38MAPK所致脊髓星形胶质细胞活化中的作用（英文）

目的：探讨CREB和NF-κB在p38MAPK所致脊髓星形胶质细胞活化中的作用,明确脊髓星形胶质细胞活化中p38MAPK细胞信号转导途径的作用。方法：分离培养SPF大鼠脊髓星形胶质细胞,设正常组、SP刺激组（SP组,10-7mol/L）、SP刺激＋SB203580（10μmol/L）阻断p38MAPK组（SP＋SB组）、SP刺激＋PD98059（10μmol/L）阻断CREB组（SP＋PD组）、SP刺激＋SN50（10μmol/L）阻断NF-κB（SP＋SN组）。WB法、免疫荧光法、ELISA法检测12 h和24 h时p-p38、p-CREB、NF-κBp65水平及GFAP、TNF-、IL-1β水平变化。结果：SP组脊髓星形胶质细胞p-p38、p-CREB、NF-κBp65显著升高,GFAP水平显著增高,同时TNF-和IL-1β水平显著增高。与SP组比较,用SB203580阻断p38MAPK通路后,SP＋SB组p-p38、p-CREB、NF-κBp65显著降低,GFAP、TNF-和IL-1β水平显著降低。用PD98059阻断CREB通路后,SP＋PD组p-p38、NF-κBp65无显著变化,p-CREB显著降低,GFAP水平降低,同时TNF-和IL-1β水平降低。用SN50阻断NF-κB通路后,SP＋SN组p-p38、p-CREB无显著变化,NF-κBp65显著降低,GFAP水平降低,同时TNF-和IL-1β水平降低。结论：体外培养中,SP刺激后脊髓星形胶质细胞显著活化,p38MAPK活化后通过CREB及NF-κB信号途径导致胶质细胞炎性因子水平显著升高。     

黑果枸杞汁对大鼠酒精性肝损伤的保护作用*

目的: 研究黑果枸杞汁对大鼠酒精性肝损伤的保护作用,探讨其中Toll样受体4(TLR4)/p38 丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)信号通路的调节机制。方法: 60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组(C)、模型组(M)、低剂量黑果枸杞汁组(LLM)、中剂量黑果枸杞汁组(MLM)、高剂量黑果枸杞汁组(HLM),每组12只。M、LLM、MLM和HLM组每天以20 ml/kg(8 g/(kg·d))剂量分2次灌胃400 g/L酒精,C组于相同时间点灌胃等体积蒸馏水。每日首次酒精灌胃前4 h,黑果枸杞汁各剂量组分别以2.4、4.8、9.6 ml/(kg·d)进行灌胃,其他组于相同时间点灌胃等体积蒸馏水。实验周期4周,末次实验结束后24 h处死大鼠,取血液和肝脏,计算肝脏指数,HE染色观察肝脏组织形态,比色法检测血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性,免疫组化法检测肝脏TLR4、p38 MAPK及磷酸化p38 MAPK(p-p38 MAPK)蛋白质表达,酶联免疫吸附试验检测肝脏肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、白细胞介素-18(IL-18)水平。结果: 与C组比较,M组成功建立酒精性肝损伤模型。与M组比较,黑果枸杞汁各剂量组的相关指标出现改善,其中HLM组肝脏组织形态改善最为显著,其肝脏系数、血清ALT和AST、肝脏TLR4蛋白质表达、p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK比值、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-18水平均显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),肝脏IL-10水平显著升高(P＜0.01)。黑果枸杞汁各剂量组组间比较,肝脏系数、血清AST、肝脏TLR4蛋白质表达、p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK比值、TNF-α和IL-18水平,HLM组较LLM组均显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);肝脏IL-10水平,HLM组较LLM和MLM组均显著升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);其余主要指标组间比较均无统计学差异(P＞0.05)。结论: 黑果枸杞汁可以通过调控TLR4/p38 MAPK信号通路,改善炎症应激,缓解大鼠酒精性肝损伤,高剂量组效果优于其他剂量组。     

Phosphorylation of Raptor by p38beta participates in arsenite-induced mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation

Cell growth is influenced by environmental stress. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), the central regulator of cell growth, can be positively or negatively regulated by various stresses through different mechanisms. The p38 MAP kinase pathway is essential in cellular stress responses. Activation of MK2, a downstream kinase of p38α, enhances mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activity by preventing TSC2 from inhibiting mTOR activation. The p38β-PRAK cascade targets Rheb to inhibit mTORC1 activity upon glucose depletion. Here we show the activation of p38β participates in activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) induced by arsenite but not insulin, nutrients, anisomycin, or H(2)O(2). Arsenite treatment of cells activates p38β and induces interaction between p38β and Raptor, a regulatory component of mTORC1, resulting in phosphorylation of Raptor on Ser(863) and Ser(771). The phosphorylation of Raptor on these sites enhances mTORC1 activity, and contributes largely to arsenite-induced mTORC1 activation. Our results shown here and in previous work demonstrate that the p38 pathway can regulate different components of the mTORC1 pathway, and that p38β can target different substrates to either positively or negatively regulate mTORC1 activation when a cell encounters different environmental stresses.     

Mannich Bases Derived from 5-Substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-thiones

The organophosphate (OP)-resistant Daisan Yumenoshima (3-Y_M) housefly strain, which had been reared under the pressure of malathion, was further selected by fenitrothion (3-Y_F) and by diethyl fenitrothion (3-Y_E). The 3-Y_F and 3-Y_E selected strains were highly resistant to the chemical used in the selection, and their acetylcholinesterases were insensitive to the corresponding OP-oxon. The 3-Y_F and 3-Y_M strains had a high activity for glutathione (GSH)-dependent degradation of fenitrothion, whereas that of the 3-Y_E strain was lower. Salithion was relatively effective against both the 3-Y_F and 3-Y_E strains as well as against 3-Y_M. K-1 and K-2, salioxon analogs as the inhibitors of malathion carboxylesterase, were synergistic with fenitrothion against these strains by inhibiting GSH-dependent detoxication.     

大鼠脑内远位触液神经元p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶的分布及在噪声应激时的表达

目的：观察脑内远位触液神经元内p-p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）的分布及其在噪声应激时的表达。方法：用霍乱毒素亚单位B与辣根过氧化物酶复合物（CB-HRP）标记和免疫组织化学相结合的双重标记技术．观察SD大鼠脑实质内远位触液神经元中p-p38MAPK的分布：进一步制作噪声应激动物模型,观察噪声应激后该类神经元中p-p38MAPK的表达变化。结果：在脑干的特定部位恒定出现被CB-HRP标记的两组神经细胞簇,其他脑区未见CB-HRP标记神经细胞簇。不予应激刺激,该细胞簇内仅有个别神经元见有CB-HRP／p—p38MAPK;噪声应激刺激1d时,上述特定部位细胞簇的CB-HRP／p-p38MAPK双重标记神经元数目没有明显变化;噪音应激刺激5d时,CB-HRP／p—p38MAPK双重标记神经元数目较对照组显著增多（P〈0．05）;噪音应激刺激10d时CB-HRP／p—p38MAPK双重标记神经元数目较对照组显著增多（P〈0．05）;噪音应激刺激20d时,CB-HRP／p—p38MAPK双重标记神经元数目较对照组显著增多（P〈0．01）：结论：在脑干特定部位恒定存在的两组被CBHRP标记的细胞团为远位触液神经元,其中少数触液神经元有p-p38MAPK表达,且当给予动物噪声应激刺激时,p-p38MAPK免疫阳性神经元和CB-HRP／p—p38MAPK双重标记神经元数量显著增加,提示脑实质内的这种远位触液神经元中的P—p38MAPK可能参与了机体对噪声应激的信息传递或调控,其作用随应激天数增加而日趋增强．     

The p38β Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Possesses an Intrinsic Autophosphorylation Activity,Generated by a Short Region Composed of the α-G Helix and MAPK Insert

Protein kinases are regulated by a large number of mechanisms that vary from one kinase to another. However, a fundamental activation mechanism shared by all protein kinases is phosphorylation of a conserved activation loop threonine residue. This is achieved in many cases via autophosphorylation. The mechanism and structural basis for autophosphorylation are not clear and are in fact enigmatic because this phosphorylation occurs when the kinase is in its inactive conformation. Unlike most protein kinases, MAP kinases are not commonly activated by autophosphorylation but rather by MEK-dependent phosphorylation. Here we show that p38β, a p38 isoform that is almost identical to p38α, is exceptional and spontaneously autoactivates by autophosphorylation. We identified a 13-residue-long region composed of part of the αG-helix and the MAPK insert that triggers the intrinsic autophosphorylation activity of p38β. When inserted into p38α, this fragment renders it spontaneously active in vitro and in mammalian cells. We further found that an interaction between the N terminus and a particular region of the C-terminal extension suppresses the intrinsic autophosphorylation of p38β in mammalian cells. Thus, this study identified the structural motif responsible for the unique autophosphorylation capability of p38β and the motif inhibiting this activity in living cells. It shows that the MAPK insert and C-terminal extension, structural motifs that are unique to MAPKs, play a critical role in controlling autophosphorylation.     

Cell type-specific activation of p38 MAPK in the brain regions of hypoxic preconditioned mice

Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) has been implicated as a mechanism of ischemia/hypoxia-induced cerebral injury. The current study was designed to explore the involvement of p38 MAPK in the development of cerebral hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) by observing the changes in dual phosphorylation (p-p38 MAPK) at threonine180 and tyrosine182 sites, protein expression, and cellular distribution of p-p38 MAPK in the brain of HPC mice. We found that the p-p38 MAPK levels, not protein expression, increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the regions of frontal cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus of mice in response to repetitive hypoxic exposure (H1–H6, n = 6 for each group) when compared to values of the control normoxic group (H0, n = 6) using Western blot analysis. Similar results were also confirmed by an immunostaining study of the p-p38 MAPK location in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus of mice from HPC groups. To further define the cell type of p-p38 MAPK positive cells, we used a double-labeled immunofluorescent staining method to co-localize p-p38 MAPK with neurofilaments heavy chain (NF-H, neuron-specific marker), S100 (astrocyte-specific marker), and CD11b (microglia-specific maker), respectively. We found that the increased p-p38 MAPK occurred in microglia of cortex and hippocampus, as well as in neurons of hypothalamus of HPC mice. These results suggest that the cell type-specific activation of p38 MAPK in the specific brain regions might contribute to the development of cerebral HPC mechanism in mice.     

p38与脓毒症

近年来在危重病监护方面有重大的进展,但是脓毒症仍有很高的发病率和死亡率[1],其本质是由于感染所致机体过度反应,引发炎症因子的过度分泌而引起的促、抗炎因子平衡失调.脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）是引起脓毒症的重要因素之一,它可以激活细胞内多条信号转导通路.丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK）信号转导途径是体内重要的信号转导通路,参与调节胚胎发育、细胞分化、细胞增殖和细胞死亡,其中MAPK家族中的p38与炎症反应有着密切关系.本文着重综述p38的分子结构、p38信号转导通路的激活、p38的底物以及在由脂多糖激活的脓毒症中p38发挥的重要作用和应用p38抑制剂的防治前景.     

p38信号通路参与LPS诱导的Raw264.7细胞骨架重构

应用免疫荧光标记、基因转染等方法,观察脂多糖（LPS）刺激对单核细胞系Raw264.7细胞骨架的影响,探讨p38家族不同亚型对LPS诱导的细胞骨架蛋白微管蛋白与肌动蛋白变化的调控作用结果显示,未受LPS刺激的细胞富含微管蛋白,微管蛋白交联形成辐射状的交联丝网,丝网在细胞中分布均匀;LPS刺激后,微管蛋白募集在细胞膜、核膜周围;p38α、p38β、p38γ亚型的特异性抑制剂FHPI对LPS诱导的微管蛋白募集无影响,而p38无活性突变体p38δ(AF)的基因转染,可抑制LPS诱导的细胞骨架微管蛋白的募集;肌动蛋白在静息的细胞内主要存在于细胞膜周围,LPS作用后,肌动蛋白在细胞中形成广泛分布的辐射状应激纤维;p38上游激酶活性诱变体MKK6b基因转染可诱导Raw细胞形成类似的应激纤维,而p38γ(AF)的基因转染,可抑制LPS诱导的细胞应激纤维的形成.上述结果表明,p38δ可能参与了LPS诱导的微管蛋白的重构;而LPS诱导Raw细胞应激纤维的形成,可能是通过p38γ蛋白激酶而发挥作用.     

p38对骨髓间充质干细胞成肌分化作用的研究

目的:以5-氮杂胞苷(5-Aza-CR)诱导骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)成肌分化,探讨生肌调控因子中Myf5的表达及信号转导通路p38在此分化过程中的作用.方法:分离、纯化MSCs,以10 μmol/L 5-Aza-CR诱导其向成肌细胞分化,RT-PCR测定Myf5的表达,免疫组化检测肌球蛋白(myosin)的表达,Western-blot检测p38信号通路特异抑制剂SB203580作用前后磷酸化p38的变化.结果:SB203580作用后,Myf5表达由6 h延迟至9 h,诱导12 d部分MSCs表达myosin,18 d表达的数量及程度明显增加;5-Aza-CR诱导后,磷酸化p38蛋白水平较作用前增强,但在SB203580抑制后明显受抑.结论:5-Aza-CR诱导后,MSCs表达生肌调控因子并向成肌细胞分化,p38在此分化过程中起着正向信号转导作用.     

Mechanism of induction of muscle protein loss by hyperglycaemia

Treatment of murine myotubes with high glucose concentrations (10 and 25 mM) stimulated protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, and also caused activation (autophosphorylation) of PKR (double-stranded-RNA-dependent protein kinase) and eIF2α (eukaryotic initiation factor 2α). Phosphorylation of PKR and eIF2α was also seen in the gastrocnemius muscle of diabetic ob/ob mice. High glucose levels also inhibited protein synthesis. The effect of glucose on protein synthesis and degradation was not seen in myotubes transfected with a catalytically inactive variant (PKRΔ6). High glucose also induced an increased activity of both caspase-3 and -8, which led to activation of PKR, since this was completely attenuated by the specific caspase inhibitors. Activation of PKR also led to activation of p38MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase), leading to ROS (reactive oxygen species) formation, since this was attenuated by the specific p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580. ROS formation was important in protein degradation, since it was completely attenuated by the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene. These results suggest that high glucose induces muscle atrophy through the caspase-3/-8 induced activation of PKR, leading to phosphorylation of eIF2α and depression of protein synthesis, together with PKR-mediated ROS production, through p38MAPK and increased protein degradation.