微立地土壤水分-物理性质差异及对水曲柳幼林生长的影响

采用较小立地尺度对土壤水分物理性质的变化及与水曲柳生长的关系进行研究.结果表明,除传统尺度立地上土壤水分-物理性质存在较大差异外,该尺度立地内部微立地间亦存在较大的变化,一些指标如非毛管孔隙度、土壤通气度和土壤渗透系数等在微立地间的变化甚至超出立地间的变化.土壤水分-物理性质的差异,使得不同微立地间水曲柳生长存在较大差异,同一立地内不同微立地间林木生长差异明显高于不同立地间的差异.土壤水分-物理性质及林木生长受到局部地段微立地的影响.微立地的研究对进一步实现适地适树具有重要意义.     

落叶松、水曲柳、樟子松和农田土壤指标差异及其综合比较

东北地区以大森林和大农业为主要特色,主要造林树种落叶松、水曲柳、樟子松及农田对土壤肥力、物理指标、盐碱度、碳截获等的影响差异是本文研究目的。选择秀水林场和帽儿山林场的4种植被类型进行0—60cm分层土壤采样,对根系密度、土壤p H、电导率、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、土壤真菌代谢产物(球囊霉素相关蛋白易提取球囊霉素EEG、总提取球囊霉素TG)、容重、比重、孔隙度、比表面积、SOC、有机碳矿化速率等17个指标进行研究。主要结论如下:植被类型间的差异在不同土层之间表现一致的指标所占比例很大,其中秀水林场13个指标,帽儿山林场全部17个指标。尽管不同地点间土壤差异较大,但也存在树种差异一致性。土壤物理性质(容重、比重、孔隙度、比表面积)维持方面,两个林场均显示水曲柳综合得分最高,说明其具有更好的土壤物理性质维持能力,且多通过土壤容重下降来实现。土壤固碳能力得分最高的也是水曲柳,并且两个研究地点结果类似,主要与其高根系密度有关。综合土壤肥力维持能力(N、P、K及其有效态及真菌代谢产物球囊霉素相关蛋白),不同地点间植被类型差异排序不同。降低土壤盐碱能力(p H和电导率)方面,樟子松得分最高,尽管不同地点不尽一致。不同植被类型对土壤影响尽管不同地点、不同土壤深度多不相同,但总体上存在规律性,特别是土壤物理性质维持和土壤固碳能力方面。进行造林绿化时应该根据造林目的进行树种选择,提升土壤物理性质应该考虑种植更能够维持良好土壤物理性质的树种(如水曲柳、樟子松等),而提升土壤碳截获则要考虑根系密度大的树种(如水曲柳)。相关研究结果对国家重大生态工程(三北防护林、退耕还林)工程生态功能评价以及后续管理、树种选择具有支撑作用。     

天然次生林中水曲柳种子库的空间格局与过程

 研究土壤种子库的空间格局与过程是认识林木更新的基础。应用地统计学方法定量分析了东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场天然次生林中土壤种子库水曲柳（Fraxinus mandshurica）种子的统计特征、空间格局、尺度和格局的变化过程。结果表明,落种后水曲柳种子库的平均密度有很大变幅（5.8～105个·m-2）,平均年削减率为91.6%～92.7%,5～8月的削减率高达98%以上。变异函数分析及理论模型拟合显示,一年之内种子库的空间格局强度及尺度变化非常明显。种子雨可形成较强的异质性格局,空间自相关尺度较大,为36.     

黄土丘i陵小流域土壤水分的空间异质性及其影响因子

研究了黄土丘陵小流域土壤水分空间异质性的剖面及时间变化规律,从土壤水分与环境因子的关系分析人手,探讨了景观尺度上土壤水分空间异质性的影响因子.结果表明,黄土丘陵小流域土壤水分的平均值与空间异质性均呈现出明显的剖面变化与季节变化规律.土壤平均含水量从表土层开始,随着土层深度的增加而增高;空间异质性(变异系数)从亚表层开始增加.土壤含水量在降雨后立即升高随后逐渐降低;空间异质性却正好相反.方差分析与相关分析表明,土壤水分的空间异质性是立地尺度(坡度)、坡面尺度(坡位与相对高度)和流域尺度(土地利用与降雨)等多重尺度上的环境因子共同作用的结果.这些不同尺度的环境因子对土壤水分空间异质性的影响表现出明显的剖面变化规律与季节变化规律.     

黄土丘陵小流域土壤水分的空间异质性及其影响因子

研究了黄土丘陵小流域土壤水分空间异质性的剖面及时间变化规律，从土壤水分与环境因子的关系分析入手，探讨了景观尺度上土壤水分空间异质性的影响因子，结果表明，黄土丘陵小流域土壤水分的平均值与空间异质性均呈现出明显的剖面变化与季节变化规律，土壤平均含水量从表土层开始，随着土层深度的增加而增高；空间异质性（变异系数）从亚表层开始增加，土壤含水量在降雨后立即升高随后逐渐降低；空间异质性却正好相反，方差分析与相关分析表明，土壤水分的空间异质性是立地尺度（坡度），坡面尺度（坡位与相对高度）和流域尺度（土地利用与降雨）等多重尺度上的环境因子共同作用的结果，这些不同尺度的环境因子对土壤水分空间异质性的影响表现出明显的剖面变化规律与季节变化规律。     

半干旱黄土区成熟柠条林地土壤水分利用及平衡特征

选择半干旱黄土区流域尺度不同地形条件下成熟柠条林作为研究对象,并以荒坡草地作为对照,在2009—2011年生长季节对0—210cm土壤含水量进行连续观测,开展了剖面土壤水分变异、动态平衡及影响因素研究。结果显示:土壤水分平均值:30—130cm对照>北坡>东坡>南坡,150—210cm南坡(上、中坡位)>对照>北坡>东坡,南坡和北坡样地上坡位>中坡位>下坡位。土壤水分的季节变化表现为9月﹥8月﹥7月,5、6、10月份最低;不同地形条件下,柠条林地土壤水分极差值和变异系数并没呈现出规律性变化,在垂直尺度上,柠条林地土壤水分极差值和变异系数曲线在0—50cm表现比较活跃,70—210cm则相对稳定;在连续干旱年份土壤储水量并没有连续的降低和亏缺,在第1个欠水年亏缺比较严重,第2个欠水年盈亏量基本平衡,而第3个欠水年则略有盈余。研究认为:小流域尺度下的地形条件差异造成了土壤水分规律性变化,但在特定植被生长发育状态和剖面尺度下,植被因子将会成为土壤水分动态变化的主控因子。柠条林发育至成熟阶段,土壤水分补偿与消减将会保持平衡状态。土壤水分与植被生长的相互关系一方面表现出一定的时间差,另一方面植被对土壤水分也具有一定的适应性。这是因为土壤含水率高促进植物生长,植物生长势增强会进一步加大对土壤水分的消耗,土壤水分含量不足则会抑制植物生长,植物生长势减弱会进一步降低对土壤水分的消耗。     

微尺度下城市公园人造绿地土壤水分的时空分异格局及其驱动机制

水是生态系统的基本非生物组成要素,土壤水分对生态系统结构和功能有重要影响。微地形改造被证明能有效涵养水源、防止水土流失,并被广泛应用在生态恢复工程中。然而,在微尺度下人造生态系统土壤水分的时空分异格局及其驱动机制仍不明确。选择北京奥林匹克森林公园一处集合了4种不同地形的草地作为研究对象,对表层(0—10 cm)和深层(10—25 cm)土壤水分开展了长期的研究工作。研究结果表明,不同地形上土壤水分的季节变化特征没有显著差异,土壤温度是影响土壤水分季节变化的主要因素。在植被覆盖均匀的条件下,微地形对土壤表层水分的空间分布格局有显著影响,除洼地和冲沟两种特殊地形外,坡度决定的生态水文过程是主要的驱动机制;土壤深层水分没有明显的空间分布格局。研究结果说明在微尺度下,微地形通过影响土壤水分的空间分布格局,可能会对生态系统结构和功能产生潜在影响,应当在景观改造和生态恢复相关研究和工程应用中给予更多的关注。     

长白山阔叶红松林主要树种对干旱胁迫的生态反应及生物量分配的初步研究

以组成长白山温带阔叶红松林主要树种红松,水曲柳,胡桃楸,椴树和蒙古柞的幼苗,盆载于土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的85％－100％（CK）,65％－85％（MW）和45％－65％（LW）条件下4个月,研究不同土壤水分亏缺对不同树种生态反应和生物量再分配,结果表明,干旱处理显著降低供试树种的单叶面积,侧根数,根长等,降低叶比重,增加根比重,不同种对干旱响应应存在明显差异,椴树和水曲柳叶比重随水分亏缺的加剧而显著降低,蒙古柞和胡桃揪叶比重值在轻度水分亏缺时达到最高,但不同树种幼树茎比重并不随土壤水分含量的降低而发生明显变化,各树种生物量较对照组有显著差异,椴树,水曲柳,胡桃揪,红松幼树总生物量平均降低32．8,43．6,26．2和23．8％,蒙古柞幼 树生物量平均增加4．8％,耐旱性比其它4个供试树种强。     

云冷杉林林隙内倒木腐烂等级及其形成的微立地类型对土壤理化性质的影响

为揭示倒木腐烂等级及其形成的微立地类型对土壤理化性质的影响,分析了小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区谷地云冷杉林由倒木形成的林隙内不同腐烂等级倒木形成的3种微立地(丘顶、坑底和倒木下)的土壤理化性质(容重、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、毛管持水量、饱和持水量、土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效磷、速效钾和pH值)和化学计量特征(C/N、N/P和C/P)的差异.结果表明: 倒木腐烂等级对土壤物理性质的影响不显著,而倒木形成的微立地类型对其影响显著.除土壤饱和持水量外,倒木下的其他土壤物理性质均最好,坑底最差;随着倒木腐烂等级的上升,除有效磷外的其他土壤养分含量呈显著上升趋势;3种微立地中,坑底土壤养分含量最低,pH最高;随倒木腐烂等级的上升,3种微立地浅层土壤C/N、N/P和C/P下降,而丘顶和坑底深层土壤C/N上升,N/P和C/P下降,C/P的变化趋势与土壤有效磷的一致.综上,随倒木腐烂等级的提高,土壤养分含量显著增加,且不同类型微立地之间差异明显,其中坑底始终最低.     

民勤梭梭人工林天然更新的生态条件

针对民勤绿洲梭梭人工林天然更新不良现状,从群落天然更新的必要条件出发,通过对种子萌发、幼苗存活与生长所需生态条件的对比研究,对民勤梭梭人工林天然更新生态条件与限制因子进行了分析,结果表明:民勤多年(1971—2002年)平均降水量为116mm,是适宜梭梭生长的区域,但降雨的季节变化却影响到梭梭天然更新的进行;梭梭的更新与所处的立地类型关系密切,不同立地条件下梭梭人工林植株生长、母株结实状况和土壤水分都存在较大的差异,立地类型是影响梭梭人工林更新的另一影响因素。     

东北珍贵阔叶树适地适树的研究

本文以森林类型为基础,利用数值分析法对东北地区珍贵阔叶树种适地适树进行了研究。白石砬子自然保护区可划分为3个森林类型组和8个森林类型,用逐步回归和立地指数法进行树种立地生产力评价,结果表明A层土厚、坡向、坡度、土壤湿度等是影响人工林生长的主导因子。在阔叶红松混交林,造林树种选择顺序为紫椴、裂叶榆、黄波罗、胡桃楸、水曲柳;而在阔叶杂木林,则是紫椴、胡桃楸、裂叶榆、黄波罗、水曲柳。     

Predictors of moss and liverwort species diversity of microsites in conifer‐dominated boreal forest

Patterns of moss and liverwort species diversity — species richness and species turnover (β‐diversity) — in three conifer‐dominated boreal forest stands of northern Alberta, Canada are described. We examined the relationship between bryophyte species diversity and micro‐environment at two sample grains, the microsite — substrate types for moss colonization: logs, stumps, tree bases, undisturbed patches of forest floor (dominated by feather moss species), and disturbed patches of forest floor — and the mesosite (25 m × 25 m plots). Microsite type and properties (e.g. decay class, hardwood vs softwood, pH) were the principal predictors of bryophyte species diversity and not micro‐environment variation among mesosites. Microsite type was the strongest predictor of microsite species richness and β‐diversity was higher among microsites and types and within microsites than among mesosites or stands. Microsite properties were significant predictors of species richness for all microsite types. Log and stump decay classes, influenced also by hardwood vs softwood predicted species richness of woody microsite types and soil pH and moisture predicted species richness of forest floor microsites. β‐diversity was highest for tree bases and disturbed patches of forest floor and lowest for logs. Mesosite β‐diversity was lower than that among microsites, and mesosite species richness was not well explained by measured environmental parameters. Results suggest that in conifer‐dominated boreal stands, species richness of microsites is only negligibly influenced by within‐stand variation at the mesosite grain and that substrate characteristics are the most important predictors of bryophyte species diversity in this ecosystem.     

Root proliferation characteristics of seven perennial arid-land grasses in nutrient-enriched microsites

We compared root proliferation in fertilized microsites among seven cultivars of five commonly planted cool-desert perennial grass species that differ in productivity and competitive ability. In a greenhouse experiment on nutrient-limited plants, one soil microsite in each pot received distilled water (control) and a second microsite received a rich, complete nutrient solution (fertilized). Roots in and adjacent to the microsites were mapped on Mylar windows for 22 days after the injections to determine the magnitude and timing of response in root length relative growth rates (RGRs). Because we provided adequate water, used a high level of fertilization in the treatment microsites, and conducted the experiments during rapid vegetative growth, the results provide a measure of the relative capacities and maximal rates of the grasses responses to enriched microsites. Root samples were harvested from control and fertilized microsites at the end of the experiment to determine the morphological basis of the proliferation response. In all seven grasses fine roots proliferated in the fertilized microsites faster than in the control microsites. The grasses did not differ in the timing of their response which showed a peak 7–8 days after injection. Although one species, Pseudoroegneria spicata cv. Goldar, had higher maximum root length RGR and higher RGR ratio (RGR in fertilized to RGR in control microsites) 7–8 days after injection, the seven grasses did not differ significantly in the magnitude of root length RGR response to fertilizer integrated over the 22 day experiment. The grasses also did not differ significantly in root morphological changes in fertilized mocrosites. Compared to roots in control microsites, roots in fertilized microsites had greater specific root length, length of secondary roots per length of main axis, number of lateral and sublateral roots per length of main axis, and mean lateral root length. Root proliferation was mainly the result of increased lateral branching and lateral root growth in all seven grasses. The consistency of root proliferation responses among these seven cultivars suggests that differences in the capacity for, maximum rate, or morphological basis of root proliferation are not directly related to ecological characteristics such as productivity and competitive ability. Other aspects of root response to nutrient enrichment, such as differential responses as a function of microsite nutrient concentration, plant phenology, plant nutrient status, or specific nutrient element(s), may still be important, but further experiments are required to determine whether different responses to enriched soil microsites among species correspond with know species differences in ecological characteristics.     

Effects of microsite conditions on seedling establishment on the foreland of Coleman Glacier,Washington

Abstract. Questions: How do physical microsite conditions of microsites affect germination and seedling survival in different successional stages? Do different species germinate in similar microsites in a given successional stage? Location: Coleman Glacier foreland, Mount Baker, Washington State, USA. Methods: Two methods were used to characterize safe sites. 1. Grids of 300 10 cm × 10 cm plots were located in four different age classes on the foreland. 2.105 pairs of plots, with and without seedlings of Abies amabilis, were located in each age class. For each plot we identified all seedlings and all individuals < 1 m tall. Microsite characteristics such as topography and presence of rocks or woody debris were noted for each plot. Microsite characteristics were compared between plots with and without each species. In addition we examined the effect of distance from seed sources on the presence of Alnus viridis seeds and seedlings in a newly disturbed area. Results: In early successional sites, seedlings of several species were positively associated with depressions and presence of rocks, and negatively associated with ridges. Patterns were generally consistent among species. In later succession, seedlings were not significantly associated with any microsite characteristics. For Alnus viridis, seed density decreased with distance from seed sources but seedling density did not. Conclusions: Because of harsh conditions in early succession, physical microsites are important, and most species have similar microsite requirements. In later succession, physical microsites characteristics are not as important and are more variable. Microsites appear to be more important than seed rain in controlling the distribution of Alnus viridis in early succession.     

Bare soil cover and arbuscular mycorrhizal community in the first montane forest restoration in Central Argentina

Soil erosion affects extensive areas worldwide and must be urgently reduced promoting plant cover and beneficial microorganisms associated with plants, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). In mountain environments, plant cover is difficult to enhance due to harsh conditions during the dry season and steep slopes. Our objective was to evaluate the percentage of the soil surface covered by plants and the AMF community associated with trees 12.5 years after planting during forest restoration efforts in microsites at different levels of soil degradation. The study was performed in the first montane forest restoration initiative of Central Argentina, where one of the trials consisted of planting Polylepis australis saplings at microsites with different levels of soil degradation: high, intermediate, and low. After 12.5 years, percentage of bare soil cover was significantly reduced by 36 and 37% in the high and intermediate degradation microsites, respectively. Low degradation microsites were initially very low in bare soil and did not significantly change. Mycorrhizal colonization, hyphae, vesicles, arbuscules, AMF diversity, and community structure were similar among microsite types. Percentage of hyphal entry points was higher at microsites with low degradation, number of spores was higher in high and intermediate degradation, and species richness was higher in high degradation. Acaulospora and Glomus were the most abundant genera in all microsites. We conclude that even in the most degraded microsites around 2.8% of the bare soil is covered by vegetation each year and that the arbuscular mycorrhizal community is highly tolerant and adapted to soils with different disturbance types.     

白蜡属种间杂交子代木质素含量变异及FmPAL核苷酸多态性关联分析

研究水曲柳（Fraxinus mandshurica）×大叶白蜡（Fraxinus rhynchophylla）、水曲柳×小叶白蜡（Fraxinus sogdiana）和水曲柳×绒毛白蜡（Fraxinus velutina）的3个杂交组合与母本自由授粉子代木质素含量的遗传变异及FmPAL核苷酸多态性相关性,为水曲柳遗传育种和定向改良奠定基础。以东北林业大学帽儿山林场白蜡属种间杂交组合及母本自由授粉子代共176个无性系的水曲柳当年新生枝为材料,测定木质素的含量,进行木质素含量差异、变异参数及均值比较分析,并对木质素及其合成相关基因PAL进行分子水平的联合分析。结果表明：白蜡属各杂交组合间木质素含量差异极显著,各杂交组的木质素含量均与母本自由授粉子代水曲柳差异显著。其中大多数杂交子代水曲柳的木质素含量高于母本水曲柳木质素平均含量。本研究中的水曲柳群体的PAL基因单倍体多样性值达到了0.999 7,属高水平,证实了FmPAL基因具有较高的变异,且存在3个单核苷酸多态性（SNP）位点与木质素含量显著相关。主要结论：水曲柳各杂交组合的木质素含量存在显著性差异,FmPAL基因中SNP位点与木质素含量显著相关。     

Restoration potential of threatened ecosystem engineers increases with aridity: broad scale effects on soil nutrients and function

Species extinctions alter ecosystem services, and the magnitude of this impact is likely to change across environmental gradients. In Australia, soil‐disturbing mammals that are now considered ecologically extinct are thought to be important ecosystem engineers. Previous studies have demonstrated microsite‐level impacts of reintroduced soil‐disturbing mammals on soil functions, but effects are yet to be tested across larger scales. Further, it is unclear how impacts vary across environmental gradients and if the restoration potential of reintroductions changes with climate. We examined the effects of soil‐disturbing mammal reintroductions across a large rainfall gradient in Australia to test the hypothesis that ecosystem engineering effects on soil function depend on climate. We compared soil labile carbon, available nitrogen and the activity of four enzymes associated with nutrient cycling in three microsite types with and without soil‐disturbing mammals in five sites along a large rainfall gradient (166–870 mm). Soil enzyme activity was greatest in the presence of soil‐disturbing mammals and increased with rainfall, but soil available carbon and nitrogen varied across the gradient and among microsites. Microsite effects were often stronger than any effects of soil‐disturbing mammals, with soil beneath vegetated patches (shrubs and trees) having greater enzyme activity, carbon and nitrogen than bare soils. However, soil‐disturbing mammals homogenised nutrient distributions across microsites. The impacts of soil‐disturbing mammals on soil function previously detected at micro‐scales was detected at a landscape‐scale. However, the overall effects of soil‐disturbing mammals on soil functions varied with productivity (rainfall). The context of soil‐disturbing mammal reintroductions is thus likely to be critical in determining their effectiveness in restoring soil function.     

红松阔叶混交林不同大小林隙内丘坑复合体微气候动态变化

2012年5月,在小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区阔叶红松混交林2.55 hm²的固定样地内,调查了由掘根风倒形成的38对丘坑复合体所处的7个小林隙、5个中林隙和3个大林隙以及7个郁闭林分的基本状况.于2012年6—9月,每月选定6个典型晴天,测定处于大林隙、中林隙和小林隙以及郁闭林分内每个丘坑复合体不同微立地(坑底、坑壁、丘顶、丘面及完整立地)的土壤温度、土壤含水量和空气相对湿度.结果表明: 6—9月,丘顶的土壤温度平均值最大,坑底最小;坑底土壤含水量和空气相对湿度的平均值最大,丘顶最小.上述指标在大多数微立地之间差异显著.6—9月,位于不同大小林隙和郁闭林分的丘坑复合体土壤温度总平均值依次为:大林隙>中林隙>小林隙>郁闭林分;各月份土壤水分大小次序并不一致;6月、8月和9月丘坑复合体各个微立地月均空气相对湿度大小顺序均为郁闭林分>小林隙>中林隙>大林隙,7月的排列次序有所不同.上述指标在不同大小林隙及郁闭林分内丘坑复合体大多数微立地之间差异显著.不同大小林隙和郁闭林分内丘坑复合体各微立地月均土壤温度和空气相对湿度均为7月最大,9月最小;除完整立地6月月均土壤含水量最大以外,其余微立地均为7月最大,9月最小.丘坑复合体微气候的变化主要受林隙大小、微立地和时间等的影响.