高羊茅春化基因FeVRN2的克隆及其在非生物胁迫下的表达

VRN2基因是受春化作用负调控的开花抑制子。为揭示非生物胁迫下高羊茅(Festuca elata)春化基因VRN2的分子调控机制,本研究以高羊茅为实验材料,采用c DNA末端快速扩增技术,克隆得到VRN2基因全长c DNA序列,命名为Fe VRN2。Fe VRN2基因c DNA全长为1 219 bp,具有一个完整的长度为657 bp的开放阅读框,编码蛋白质产物长度为218个氨基酸,并包含一个CCT保守结构域。同源性分析表明Fe VRN2与禾本科植物圆锥小麦(Triticum turgidum)、节节麦(Aegilops tauschii)、山羊草(Aegilops speltoides)、二穗短柄草(Brachypodium distachyon)、大麦(Hordeum vulgare subsp.vulgare)的亲缘关系非常近。荧光定量PCR结果显示:Fe VRN2基因在高羊茅叶片中的表达受高温、干旱与高盐胁迫特异诱导,说明该基因参与了高羊茅对高温、干旱与高盐胁迫的适应性调控。     

水稻锌指蛋白基因OsBBX6的克隆、表达及生物信息学分析

锌指蛋白作为植物体内一类重要的转录因子,对植物生长发育、基因调控以及响应外界环境变化方面发挥重要作用。Os BBX6基因属于水稻锌指蛋白B-Box基因家族成员,启动子元件分析发现其含有高温应答元件(HSE)、干旱应答元件(MBS)及非生物胁迫响应元件(TC-rich repeats)等逆境相关元件。组织特异性定量表达分析表明,Os BBX6在叶片中表达最高,根其次,茎和幼穗中表达最低。胁迫处理后的荧光定量PCR发现其受低温诱导上调,受高温、干旱、盐胁迫等抑制表达,表明其正向响应低温胁迫,负向响应高温、干旱、盐胁迫等。另外,本研究还克隆了OsBBX6基因,并对其进行了系统进化、蛋白跨膜、蛋白亚细胞定位及OsBBX6基因共表达等分析,为进一步研究其生物学功能奠定基础。     

非生物逆境胁迫下ZmCIPK10基因表达分析

干旱、高盐、低温、高温等非生物逆境严重影响植物的生长发育,研究参与逆境胁迫应答基因具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。从玉米中克隆了一个CIPK蛋白激酶基因,暂时命名为ZmCIPK10。该基因全长2 730 bp,转录长度2 100 bp,编码438个氨基酸。顺式元件分析发现在基因启动子区域存在ABRE、HSE、TC-rich repeats等推测的逆境顺势元件。荧光实时定量PCR结果表明ZmCIPK10在干旱、低温、盐胁迫下表达量上调,在ABA、高温胁迫下表达量下调。研究结果初步证实ZmCIPK10基因响应非生物逆境胁迫,为ZmCIPK10参与植物逆境信号途径及其功能研究提供理论依据。     

陆地棉GhCDPK1基因响应干旱胁迫的功能初探

钙依赖性蛋白激酶(CDPKs)是一类重要的钙信号感受蛋白和响应蛋白,在植物干旱、低温、盐碱等非生物胁迫应答中起着重要的调控作用。为探讨陆地棉GhCDPK1基因在干旱胁迫下所起的作用,该研究利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析了PEG模拟干旱胁迫下该基因的表达量,发现GhCDPK1基因受干旱胁迫诱导。通过构建植物表达载体pCAMBIA2300-GhCDPK1,采用农杆菌介导的叶盘法转化模式植物烟草,发现干旱胁迫下转基因植株保水能力明显高于野生型植株,叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量及POD、SOD活性也高于野生型植株,而丙二醛含量低于野生型植株。研究结果表明,GhCDPK1基因作为正向调控因子响应干旱胁迫诱导,过表达GhCDPK1基因可以使植株积累更多的渗透调节物质、增强抗氧化系统酶的活性和维持细胞膜的稳定性来提高植物抵御外界干旱胁迫的能力。     

星星草PtLIR1基因克隆及其在NaCl胁迫下的表达分析

类光诱导蛋白1基因LIR1与植物的抗逆性密切相关,可能与蔗糖水平的调节有关。克隆了星星草Pt LIR1基因的编码区序列,在此基础上分析了Na Cl胁迫下星星草根中Pt LIR1的表达特性。Pt LIR1基因的开放读码框全长408 bp,编码135个氨基酸。Pt LIR1与黑麦草、水稻、玉米、芜青、小盐芥、拟南芥、短花药野生稻、粟、马铃薯、葡萄、二穗短柄草和大豆等的植物LIR1具有较高的同源性,其中与黑麦草类光诱导蛋白1的一致性最高,达80%。Pt LIR1响应盐胁迫的实验表明,在盐胁迫早期,可溶性糖的积累与星星草根中Pt LIR1基因的表达呈现出负相关性,在蔗糖水平的调节中其他蔗糖代谢相关基因可能发挥了更主要的作用。但在盐胁迫晚期,星星草根中的Pt LIR1基因响应盐胁迫上调表达,可能在蔗糖水平的调节中发挥了主要作用。研究结果表明Pt LIR1基因参与星星草根系对Na Cl胁迫的应答,可能在星星草根抵御盐胁迫的过程中具有重要的调控作用。     

玉米逆境胁迫响应基因ZmbZIP71的克隆与表达分析

从玉米抗旱自交系CN165中克隆得到了与逆境胁迫相关的bZIP（Basic Leucine Zipper Protein）基因ZmbZIP71。ZmbZIP71基因的开放阅读框为471 bp,编码156个氨基酸,相对分子量为17.59 kDa,等电点pI为9.24。ZmbZIP71蛋白包含真核生物中高度保守的bZIP结构域。ZmbZIP71基因编码区的基因组序列全长为1050 bp,包括2个外显子和1个内含子。利用实时荧光定量PCR方法分析ZmbZIP71基因在玉米不同组织中的表达差异及其在非生物胁迫下的表达模式,结果表明,该基因在雄穗和雌穗中的表达量较高,并且受干旱、低温和ABA的胁迫诱导上调表达,在盐胁迫下下调表达。     

盐胁迫对二穗短柄草幼苗生长及不同器官中盐离子稳态的影响

采用4种浓度的NaCl溶液(50、100、150、200 mmol/L)处理二穗短柄草和拟南芥(对照)幼苗,测定不同浓度盐胁迫下2种植物幼苗的生长指标和离子分布,以探讨二穗短柄草在盐胁迫下主要阳离子平衡机制.结果表明:(1)盐胁迫显著抑制二穗短柄草根叶的生物量积累.(2)根冠比数据显示,在盐胁迫条件下二穗短柄草能够更好地维系地下部分的生物量积累.(3)在4种浓度盐胁迫下,二穗短柄草叶中Na+含量低于根系,而且K+、Cl-含量和K+/Na+比值始终高于根系,说明在二穗短柄草中Na+从地下到地上的转运受到抑制,但对Cl-的转运缺乏有效的调控.(4)回归分析发现,盐胁迫下二穗短柄草和拟南芥根部Na+与K+含量变化呈正相关关系,而在叶部则不相关,说明二穗短柄草和拟南芥Na+与K+在根部具有相同的离子通道,而在叶部却具有各自独立的转运途径.     

谷子光敏色素基因光周期、非生物胁迫响应特性及关键自然变异位点鉴定北大核心CSCD

比较分析光敏色素基因家族成员对光周期、非生物胁迫响应模式并鉴定其有利自然变异类型,为全面了解光敏色素基因家族在光周期调控谷子生长发育及应对非生物胁迫中的作用机制、开展关键性状的分子辅助选择奠定基础。文中利用RT-PCR技术从超晚熟谷子农家种‘毛粟’中克隆了3个光敏色素基因SiPHYA、SiPHYB和SiPHYC;在进行生物信息学分析后,利用荧光定量PCR技术研究了3个基因的光周期调控模式及对聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol,PEG)模拟干旱、自然干旱、脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)、高温、Na Cl五种非生物胁迫的响应特性;最后检测这3个基因在160份谷子材料的突变位点,通过单倍型分析确定基因的功能效应。结果表明,获得了基因SiPHYA、SiPHYB和SiPHYC包含完整编码区的c DNA序列,长度分别为3 981、3 953、3 764 bp,其中基因SiPHYB和SiPHYC具有较近的进化关系。基因SiPHYA、SiPHYB和SiPHYC均受光周期调控,但光周期对SiPHYB、SiPHYC昼夜表达模式的影响要强于SiPHYA;短日照条件临近抽穗SiPHYA、SiPHYB表达水平显著低于长日照,暗示其在谷子长日照抑制抽穗中发挥作用。SiPHYB和SiPHYC共同响应PEG模拟干旱、自然干旱、ABA、高温4种胁迫;SiPHYA和SiPHYB以不同方式响应盐胁迫,SiPHYC没有参与谷子盐胁迫响应过程。基于160份谷子材料重测序数据发现基因SiPHYB高度保守,基因SiPHYA含有两个错义突变:单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP) 7 034 522;,SNP7 036 657;,导致延迟抽穗、增加株高。基因SiPHYC含有一个错义突变(SNP5 414 823;),导致短日照缩短抽穗期,长日照延长抽穗期,对株高、穗长的增加作用不受光温环境影响。光周期对基因SiPHYA、SiPHYB和SiPHYC具有不同的调控作用,除了盐胁迫,SiPHYB和SiPHYC共同响应多种非生物胁迫,相比参考基因型,SiPHYA、SiPHYC突变延迟抽穗、增加株高和穗长。     

柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA1基因克隆及表达分析

植物受到逆境胁迫后,大量逆境响应基因会被诱导表达,LEA蛋白编码基因就是与植物抗旱、抗冷等非生物胁迫密切相关的一类基因.从已构建的柠条锦鸡儿干旱胁迫抑制性削减杂交文库中筛选到了一条LEA蛋白编码基因并进行了克隆.序列比对与系统进化分析显示该基因属于LEA3基因家族成员,命名为CkLEA1(GenBank登录号是KC309408).克隆得到该基因gDNA长469bp,包含两个外显子和一个内含子;cDNA长357bp,包含300bp的开放阅读框,推导编码99个氨基酸的蛋白质.利用荧光定量PCR技术对CkLEA1基因在各种逆境胁迫条件的表达情况进行初步研究表明,CkLEA1受干旱、ABA、冷、热、盐和碱等处理不同程度地诱导,推测其与柠条锦鸡儿响应逆境胁迫的机制有关.     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

New species of Phaeoramularia, Pseudocercospora and Stenella from Western Ghats of India

Four new species of the hyphomycete genera Phaeoramularia viz. Ph. caesalpinae, Pseudocercospora viz., Ps. tiliacearum, Stenella, viz. S. argyreiae and S. grewiae occurring on Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming (Caesalpiniaceae), Grewia sp. (Tiliaceae), Argyrea sp. Lour (Convolvulaceae) and Grewia sp. L. (Tiliaceae), respectively are described and illustrated here. All these fungi were collected from Western Ghats of India.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

甘菊ClHSP70与ClHSP90基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以甘菊(Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium)为实验材料,通过RT-PCR方法从甘菊转录组数据中分离出热激蛋白合成相关基因,命名为ClHSP70和ClHSP90。序列分析表明,ClHSP70基因ORF全长为2 559bp,编码852个氨基酸,蛋白功能区预测表明含有典型的HSP70蛋白NBD和SBD保守结构域;ClHSP90基因ORF全长为2 094bp,编码697个氨基酸,含有HATPase结构域和HSP90保守结构域。生物信息学分析表明,甘菊ClHSP70与大豆(Glycine max)和烟草(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)HSP70蛋白有较高的一致性,ClHSP90基因编码的氨基酸序列与紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)HSP90高度相似;实时荧光定量表达分析表明,在42℃处理不同时间,甘菊叶片中ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因表达均在0.5h时显著增加,1h达到最大值,2h后缓慢下降;不同组织表达分析表明,甘菊在42℃处理1h后,ClHSP70在成熟叶中的表达量显著高于嫩叶和根等其他组织;ClHSP90在成熟茎中的表达量最高。研究说明,ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因具有热激蛋白特征,参与了甘菊热胁迫应答过程,该研究结果为以后深入研究其基因功能奠定了基础。     

Molecular and morphological characterization of Leveillula (Ascomycota: Erysiphales) on monocotyledonous plants

Leveillula on monocotyledonous plants have been recorded as L. taurica by several authors, whereas the fungus on Allium has been described as an independent species, namely L. allii, by some authors. We sequenced ca 600 bp of the rDNA ITS region for two Leveillula specimens from Allium and Polianthes (both from monocotyledons) and compared them with several already published sequences from Leveillula isolates from dicotyledons. Pair-wise percentages of sequence divergences were calculated for all Leveillula isolates. The ITS sequence of the Polianthes isolate was identical to L. taurica on Helianthus and Vicia. The sequence of the Allium isolate was 99.5 % identical to L. taurica on Euphorbia, Haplophylum, Peganum, etc. These results suggest close relationships between monocot and dicot pathogenic Leveillula species. The identity between two monocot isolates was 98.4 %. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two monocot isolates do not group into a clade together. This result suggests that Leveillula acquired parasitism to monocots at least twice independently.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

A polysaccharide from Lichina pygmaea and L. confinis supports the recognition of Lichinomycetes

The lichen-forming order Lichinales, generally characterized by prototunicate asci and the development of thalli with cyanobacteria, has recently been recognized as a separate class of ascomycetes, Lichinomycetes, as a result of molecular phylogenetic studies. As alkali and water-soluble (F1SS) polysaccharides reflect phylogeny in other ascomycetes, a polysaccharide from Lichina pygmaea and L. confinis was purified and characterized to investigate whether these F1SS compounds in the Lichinomycetes were distinctive. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and chemical analyses revealed this as a galactomannan comprising a repeating unit consisting of an α-(1→6)-mannan backbone, mainly substituted by single α-galactofuranose residues at the O-2- or the O-2,4- positions linked to a small mannan core. With the exception of the trisubstituted mannopyranose residues previously described in polysaccharides from other lichens belonging to orders now placed in Lecanoromycetes, the structure of this galactomannan most closely resembles those found in several members of the Onygenales in Eurotiomycetes. Our polysaccharide data support molecular studies showing that Lichina species are remote from Lecanoromycetes as the galactofuranose residues are in the α-configuration. That the Lichinomycetes were part of an ancestral lichenized group can not be established from the present data because the extracted polysaccharide does not have the galactofuranose residue in the β configuration; however, the data does suggest that an ancestor of the Lichinomycetes contained a mannan and was part of an early radiation in the ascomycetes.