新合成复合絮凝剂HECES絮凝性能研究

以元机铝盐和天然高分子玉米淀粉为原料,合成一种生态安全型复合高效絮凝剂HECES．结果表明,在一定范围里适当提高淀粉／铝盐比例,有利于HECES絮凝性能的提高;处理模拟废水时,3．0mg·L^-1的HECES相当于4．5mg·L^-2PAC和1．0mg·L^-1PAM复合投加效果;对生活污水、市政污水的最佳投加量分别为8．0mg·L^-1和4．0mg·L^-1,相当于PAC用量的50％和40％,浊度去除率高达95％和99％．研究还证实絮凝效果与模拟浊度废水的浓度、供试污水的组成成分有关,HECES对高浓度废水处理效果更佳．HECES在PH＝4．0-9.5范围内絮凝效果最佳。其生态安全特点体现在投加量少,具有较大生态毒性的游离态铝离子残留量低。     

环保型复合絮凝剂的制备与应用

以天然生物制品壳聚糖(CTS)、硫酸铁(Fe_2(SO_4)_3)以及聚合氯化铝(PAC)为主要原料制备了4种环保型絮凝剂,并对武汉生物工程学院生活污水进行絮凝处理。以污水COD、浊度为主要指标,研究了复合絮凝剂配方、絮凝剂用量、水体pH变化等对絮凝效果的影响。结果表明:CTS/PAC复合,体积配比1:5.0,用量8 mL/L,水体pH 7.2时,水体COD去除率78.5%,浊度去除率98.4%,絮凝效果最佳,且药剂的投加量最少。     

肥荚红豆种子无菌诱导植株再生及快速繁殖

以肥荚红豆种子为外植体,研究了种子预处理、诱导萌发、不定芽增殖、壮苗、生根的方法,摸索培养基中激素的最佳配比,建立了肥荚红豆组织培养快速繁殖技术。结果表明：5％～10％NaOH溶液浸泡种子1h的预处理有利于促进肥荚红豆种皮的剥离和种子萌发;适宜于种子萌发的培养基为MS（Read）＋6-BA0．5mg·L^-1＋NAA0．1mg·L^-1,萌发率可达100％;最佳增殖培养基为Read＋6．BA1．0～1．5mg·L^-1＋KT0．1mg·L^-1＋NAA0．1mg·L^-1,增殖数可达每瓶23个以上;最佳壮苗培养基为Read＋6．BA0-0．5mg·L^-1＋NAA0．1mg·L^-1：最佳生根培养基为Read＋IAA1．0mg·L^-1,其生根率可达90．54％。研究结果提高了肥荚红豆的繁殖效率,有效促进肥荚红豆组培规模化育苗技术的成熟与推广应用,对推动其产业开发应用具有重要意义。     

龙凤竹的组织培养

以龙风竹[Pedilanthus tithymaloides（L.）Poit．var．nartus Dressler]茎段为外植体,研究了龙凤竹愈伤组织诱导、植株再生以及试管苗继代保存培养的培养条件。结果表明,龙风竹茎段灭菌的最佳方法是用1．0g·L^-1HgCl2处理4～10min;愈伤组织诱导与分化的最佳培养基为添加1．5mg·L^-1 6-BA和0．10～0．15mg·L^-1 NAA的MS培养基（含有30g·L^-1蔗糖和6g·L^-1琼脂粉,pH5．78～pH5．80）;试管苗生根的最佳培养基为含有0．2mg·L^-1 NAA的生根培养基（1／2MS,含有15g·L^-1蔗糖和6g·L^-1琼脂粉,pH5．78-pH5．80）,试管苗生根率可以达到93．3％;经过炼苗并移栽后,龙风竹试管苗的成活率可达95．0％以上;龙凤竹试管苗的最佳继代保存培养条件为：在含有0．1mg·L^-1 NAA的生根培养基中,于温度15℃、光照强度20μmol·m^-2·s^-1的条件下继代保存。此外,龙凤竹愈伤组织可以直接分化产生大量丛生芽,达到龙凤竹试管苗增殖的目的。     

无籽罗汉果的组织培养和快速繁殖

以无籽罗汉果优良株系的幼嫩茎段为试验材料,经消毒处理后,剪成带一个腋芽的茎段,在MS＋6-BA0．5mg·L^-1＋NAA0．05mg.L^-1培养基上进行培养,获得无菌芽苗,再以无菌芽苗的单芽茎段为外植体,建立无籽罗汉果的组培快繁体系。结果表明,最佳继代增殖培养基为MS＋6-BA0．5mg·L^-1＋IBA0．2mg·^-1＋GA30．03mg·L^-1,30d的增殖系数为16．4;芽苗伸长的最适培养基为MS＋6-BA0．05mg.L^-1＋IBA0．1mg·L^-1＋GA30．1mg·L^-1;芽苗生根的最适培养基为1／2MS＋IBA0．5mg·L^-1：炼苗后,移入蛭石：珍珠岩：熟土=1：1：2（v／v／v）的基质中,成活率达98．1％。该体系的建立为无籽罗汉果规模化生产提供了技术平台。     

亚麻胚性细胞悬浮培养体系的建立和影响因素

亚麻品种‘双亚五号’的胚性愈伤组织诱导最佳培养基为MB（MS无机盐加B5维生素）＋1.0mg·L^-12,4-D;细胞初始悬浮培养的最佳培养基为MB＋0.2mg·L-16-BA;细胞继代悬浮培养的最佳培养基为改良的MB（NH4NO3减半,KNO3加倍）＋0.02mg·L^-12,4-D＋0.2mg·L^-16-BA;适宜的蔗糖量为50g·L^-1;适宜的继代接种量为1.0～1.5g·（25mL）^-1;继代间隔为5～7d。     

球形红细菌污泥颗粒化及降解氯苯

投加絮凝剂是促使微生物快速形成污泥颗粒的一种有效手段,通过研究在不同絮凝剂下生成的生物絮体的形态和沉降性能,推荐选用聚合氯化铝(PAC)作为促进光合细菌球形红细菌形成污泥颗粒的絮凝剂。PAC的最佳投加量范围为140-160mg/L,其中,PAC投加量150mg/L时,促进污泥颗粒化的效果最好。考察球形红细菌污泥颗粒降解氯苯的环境条件,结果表明球形红细菌污泥颗粒降解氯苯的最佳条件为好氧、pH7.0、30°C。     

火龙果愈伤组织诱导与植株再生

为了建立火龙果愈伤组织诱导与植株再生体系,以火龙果茎段、幼苗和子叶为外植体进行离体培养试验。结果表明：茎段诱导愈伤组织的最优培养基为1／2MS＋2,4-D2．0mg·L^-1＋6-BAO．5mg·L^-1,诱导子叶愈伤组织的最适培养基是1／2MS＋2,4-D2．0mg·L^-1＋6-BA1．0mg·L^-1,诱导愈伤组织分化的最优培养基为1／2MS＋6-BA4．0mg·L^-1＋NAA0．5mg·L^-1,最佳生根培养基为1／2MS＋6．BA1mg·L^-1＋NAA0-3mg·L^-1。     

基于均匀设计法优化三种槭树属植物高效快繁体系

以花楷械、青楷械和小楷械的嫩茎段为外植体,应用均匀设计法筛选最适合于嫩茎腋芽生长伸长同时生根的培养基．结果表明,最适合花楷械的培养基为：改良MS＋IAA0．10mg·L^-1＋GAa1．10mg·L^-1,再生率为98％;最适合青楷械的培养基为：改良MS＋IAA0．40mg·L^-1＋IBA0．10mg·L^-1＋NAA0．07mg·L^-1＋GA31．10mg·L^-1,再生率为96％;最适合小楷械的培养基为：改良MS＋IBA0．10mg·L^-1＋GA31．10mg·L^-1,再生率为94％．以再生植株的茎节为材料进行快繁的结果表明,在30-35d的一个培养周期内,增殖倍数达65以上．     

香果树茎段和叶片的组织培养

以香果树（Emmenopterys henryi Oliv．）实生苗带芽茎段和叶片为外植体进行组织培养。结果表明,香果树带芽茎段愈伤组织的最适诱导培养基为含有1．0mg·L^-1～6-BA和0．01mg·L^-1 NAA的MS培养基,愈伤组织诱导率达100％;愈伤组织分化的最适培养基为添加2．0mg·L^-1KT和0．01mg·L^-1 NAA的MS培养基;在含有1．0mg．L^-1～6-BA和0．1mg·L^-1 NAA的MS培养基上,叶片诱导不定芽的效果较好,诱导率可达80％;在含有2．0mg．L^-1 KT和0．1mg·L^-1 NAA的MS培养基上,不定芽的增殖系数可达3—4;以含有1．5mg·L^-1 IBA的1／2MS培养基为生根培养基,香果树试管苗生根率达72．73％。移栽至大田后,香果树试管苗的成活率达到30％。     

Effectiveness of Biosorption-Assisted Microfiltration Process for Treatment of Domestic Wastewater

The efficiency of a biosorbent prepared from Eichhornia crassipes roots (ECR) was explored for the treatment of domestic sewage water in combination with low-cost ceramic microfiltration membrane. Batch sorption studies were conducted as a function of biosorbent dose, initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading, and temperature. Sorption equilibrium data of varying initial COD values (116–800 mg/L) indicated high potential of ECR for COD removal. Using 0.25 g/L of biosorbent dose, the equilibrium adsorption capacity was obtained as 2480 mg/g at 20°C for an initial COD loading of 800 mg/L. Microfiltration study was performed using ceramic membrane made from composition of α-alumina and clay. The effect of operating parameters on filtration characteristics was observed in terms of permeate flux. Permeate samples were characterized in terms of various parameters both for the direct filtration, as well as biosorbent-assisted filtration. The filtration behavior of wastewater at varying transmembrane pressure was explained using various membrane fouling models. The results suggested that microfiltration of domestic wastewater with incorporation of biosorbent (0.25 g/L) was highly effective for removal of organic load (>90%), turbidity (>99%), and total suspended solids (TSS) (93–95%) and the treated water quality was suitable for reuse in various purposes, such as gardening, floor and car washing, etc.     

Study of microbial community structures in UASB sludge treating municipal wastewater by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA

The structures of microbial communities in lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors for treating municipal wastewater with different ratios of COD soluble/COD total were studied using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA genes.The microbial structure of the inoculum sludge obtained from a full-scale UASB reactor of treating potato processing wastewater was compared with the structures of sludges collected from three lab-scale UASB reactors after eight months feeding with raw municipal wastewater, with CEPS (chemically enhanced primary sedimentation) pretreated municipal wastewater, and with a synthetic municipal sewage, respectively. Computer-aided numerical analysis of the DGGE fingerprints showed that the bacterial community underwent major changes. The sludges for treating raw and CEPS pretreated wastewater had very similar bacterial and archaeal communities (82%and 96% similarity) but were different from that for treating the synthetic sewage. Hence, despite similar % COD in the particulate form in the synthetic and the real wastewater, the two wastewaters were selected for different microbial communities. Prominent DGGE bands of Bacteria and Archaea were purified and sequenced. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the dominant archaeal bands found in the inoculum, and UASB sludge fed with raw sewage, CEPS pretreated wastewater, and synthetic sewage were closely associated with Methanosaeta concilii. In the UASB sludge fed with synthetic sewage, another dominant band associated with an uncultured archaeon 39-2 was found together with M. concilii.     

Improved treatment of tannery wastewater using Zoogloea ramigera and its extracellular polymer in an activated sludge process

Summary When Zoogloea ramigera and its extracellular polymer were daily added to the laboratory scale activated sludge reactor treating tannery wastewater, more than 15% of the COD concentration (COD; 151 mg/l) and 32% of the turbidity (NTU; 9.2) were removed compared with a controlled reactor (COD; 336 mg/l, NTU; 43.5) operated without any additions.     

Study of microbial community structures in UASB sludge treating municipal wastewater by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA

The structures of microbial communities in lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors for treating municipal wastewater with different ratios of COD soluble/ COD total were studied using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA genes. The microbial structure of the inoculum sludge obtained from a full-scale UASB reactor of treating potato processing wastewater was compared with the structures of sludges collected from three lab-scale UASB reactors after eight months feeding with raw municipal wastewater, with CEPS (chemically enhanced primary sedimentation) pretreated municipal wastewater, and with a synthetic municipal sewage, respectively. Computer-aided numerical analysis of the DGGE fingerprints showed that the bacterial community underwent major changes. The sludges for treating raw and CEPS pretreated wastewater had very similar bacterial and archaeal communities (82% and 96% similarity) but were different from that for treating the synthetic sewage. Hence, despite     

Polishing domestic wastewater on a subsurface flow constructed wetland: organic matter removal and microbial monitoring

Microbial monitoring of constructed wetlands (CWs) treating domestic wastewater is generally scarce, despite the need of more knowledge about its biocenosis. The sanitation quality of a wastewater treated in a CW is a crucial aspect, mainly when the receiving water body is used as a swimming and/or recreation area. The present study was carried out in a horizontal subsurface flow CWplanted with Phragmites australis receiving pre-treated domestic wastewater (mean flow 50 m3 day(-1)), from a population of about 300 inhabitants. The monitoring programme undertaken during the first year operation, revealed removal efficiencies of 61% BOD5, 44% COD, and 65% TSS for inlet water with ca. 90 mg L(-1) BOD5, 157 mg L(-1) COD, and 17 mg L(-1) TSS. Total Coliform (TC) and Faecal Coliform (FC) bacteria were removed from wastewater (mean inlet values of 5 x 10(6) CFU 100 mL(-1) TC and of 9 x 10(5) CFU 100 mL(-1) FC), with efficiencies of 92 and 97%, respectively. The dynamics of microbial communities established in the system assessed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), had revealed a high bacterial diversity within the system, with no relevant differences in composition at the CW inlet and outlet but exhibiting temporal differences in bacterial communities.     

利用市政污水培养Chlorella vulgaris生产生物柴油

为了考察利用南昌市政污水规模化培养富油微藻生产生物柴油,同时达到净化污水的目的,取南昌市青山湖污水处理厂未经任何处理的市政污水作为普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生长的培养液。监测了C.vulgaris在市政污水中连续培养10 d的特定生长率、生物质产量以及与之相关的市政污水中氨氮(NH4+-N)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)、总悬浮固体(TSS)和挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)的清除情况。实验表明:营养物质的水平显著地影响了C.vulgaris的生长。C.vulgaris的生长率在培养8 d后达到最大,OD680为2.856,总的生物质产量日均最大积累速率为0.01 g/L,油脂含量为干质量的18%,油脂的平均日产量为0.001 g/L。培养10 d内NH4+-N、TP和COD的去除率分别为50.0%、32.1%和26.0%,TSS和VSS的日平均去除速率分别为0.01 g/L和0.006 1 g/L。     

Methanogenic toxicity in anaerobic digesters treating municipal wastewater

In upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) digesters treating raw sewage at low temperatures, the sludge progressively lost methanogenic activity, indicating the possibility of methanogenic activity inhibition caused by wastewater constituents. To check this fact, batch and semi-continuous methanogenic toxicity assays were carried out with raw and centrifuged sewage. Permanent methanogenic toxicity on anaerobic sludge of approximately 50% was found when the sludge exposure to wastewater was renewed in a semi-continuous way. A stronger methanogenic inhibition of about 70-100% was observed when an active anaerobic sludge was exposed to mixed liquor from the UASB digester treating municipal wastewater. Suspended solids removal from sewage slightly reduced methanogenic toxicity. Effective concentration of municipal wastewater that caused a 50% reduction in methanogenic activity was estimated to be in the range of 150-200 mg CODl(-1). As methanogenic inhibition appeared to be related to remaining COD, higher methanogenic toxicity in digesters operating with low conversion efficiency will be expected.     

UASB/Flash aeration enable complete treatment of municipal wastewater for reuse

A simple, efficient and cost-effective method for municipal wastewater treatment is examined in this paper. The municipal wastewater is treated using an upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor followed by flash aeration (FA) as the post-treatment, without implementing aerobic biological processes. The UASB reactor was operated without recycle, at hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 8 h and achieved consistent removal of BOD, COD and TSS of 60-70% for more than 12 months. The effect of FA on UASB effluent post-treatment was studied at different HRT (15, 30 and 60 min) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations (low DO = 1-2 mg/L and high DO = 5-6 mg/L). The optimum conditions for BOD, COD and sulfide removal were 30-60 min HRT and high DO concentration inside the FA tank. The final effluent after clarification was characterized by BOD and COD values of 28-35 and 50-58 mg/L, respectively. Sulfides were removed by more than 80%, but the fecal coliform only by ~2 log. The UASB followed by FA is a simple and efficient process for municipal wastewater treatment, except for fecal coliform, enabling water and nutrients recycling to agriculture.     

Nitrification inhibition in landfill leachate treatment and impact of activated carbon addition

Leachate from a municipal landfill was combined with domestic wastewater and treated in batch, semi-continuously fed-batch (SCFB) and continuous-flow (CF) activated sludge systems with and without powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition. In the absence of PAC, nitrification was severely inhibited and nitrite accumulated to about 85–100% of the total NO_x-N. Addition of PAC to activated sludge reactors enhanced nitrification. In continuous-flow operation, nitrite accumulation could be completely prevented by PAC addition.