类受体蛋白激酶在植物中的研究进展

植物体在接收外界信号分子时,这些细胞外信号被细胞膜上受体特异性相结合,通过体内一系列信号转导途径将生物信号进行放大或传递,引起相应的生物效应,从而完成植物体需要进行的生命活动。类受体蛋白激酶(receptor-like protein kinases,RLKs)定位在细胞质膜上,由胞内区、跨膜区和胞外区3部分构成。RLKs的工作机理主要是通过胞外信号分子与其胞外区结构域特异结合,结合后激活胞内激酶域而完成跨膜信号的转导。在植物体内能够参与信号转导、抗逆反应和病原反应等途径,对植物体具有重要意义。本综述将对植物RLKs的结构、分类及生理功能方面进行分析,为深入研究RLKs提供理论基础。     

植物凝集素类受体蛋白激酶研究进展

自然界中植物的生长发育受到各种环境变化的影响。为了响应外界各种环境条件,植物演化出一系列识别和传递环境信号的蛋白分子,其中比较典型的是植物细胞质膜上的类受体蛋白激酶(RLKs)。凝集素类受体蛋白激酶(LecRLKs)是类受体蛋白激酶家族中的一个亚族,它主要包含3个结构域:细胞外凝集素结构域、跨膜结构域和细胞内激酶结构域。根据细胞外凝集素结构域的不同, LecRLKs可分为3种不同类型:L、G和C型。近年来,研究表明LecRLKs在植物生物/非生物胁迫和发育调控中发挥非常重要的作用。该文综述了植物凝集素类受体蛋白激酶的研究历史、结构特点、分类以及生物学功能,并重点阐述凝集素类受体蛋白激酶在植物生物/非生物胁迫响应和调控发育方面的功能。对不同类型和不同功能的植物凝集素类受体蛋白激酶进行阐述将有利于对该类蛋白开展功能研究,并为作物改良提供有益借鉴。     

植物凝集素类受体蛋白激酶研究进展

自然界中植物的生长发育受到各种环境变化的影响。为了响应外界各种环境条件,植物演化出一系列识别和传递环境信号的蛋白分子,其中比较典型的是植物细胞质膜上的类受体蛋白激酶(RLKs)。凝集素类受体蛋白激酶(LecRLKs)是类受体蛋白激酶家族中的一个亚族,它主要包含3个结构域:细胞外凝集素结构域、跨膜结构域和细胞内激酶结构域。根据细胞外凝集素结构域的不同,LecRLKs可分为3种不同类型:L、G和C型。近年来,研究表明LecRLKs在植物生物/非生物胁迫和发育调控中发挥非常重要的作用。该文综述了植物凝集素类受体蛋白激酶的研究历史、结构特点、分类以及生物学功能,并重点阐述凝集素类受体蛋白激酶在植物生物/非生物胁迫响应和调控发育方面的功能。对不同类型和不同功能的植物凝集素类受体蛋白激酶进行阐述将有利于对该类蛋白开展功能研究,并为作物改良提供有益借鉴。     

植物类受体蛋白激酶的研究进展

植物类受体蛋白激酶(receptor-like protein kinase,RLKs)通过胞外结构域识别病原信号分子,发生磷酸化、去磷酸化反应而开启或关闭下游靶蛋白,调节植物固有免疫反应,诱导抗病防御反应.目前对植物类受体蛋白激酶的功能、信号传导和配体识别等方面的研究已成为该领域的重点.本文对近年来国内外有关植物类受体蛋白激酶的结构、功能及其在植物抗病防御反应中的作用研究进行综述,为今后进一步深入研究植物类受体蛋白激酶的生理生化功能及应用提供参考.     

植物体细胞胚胎发生受体类蛋白激酶的生物学功能

体细胞胚胎发生受体类蛋白激酶(Somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinases, SERKs)属于膜富亮氨酸重复序列受体类蛋白激酶(Leucine-rich repeat sequence receptor-like kinase, LRR-RLK)家族的第二亚类。SERK具有典型的胞外信号受体结构域、跨膜结构域和胞内激酶活性结构域, 研究发现SERKs在植物生命活动中承担着多个角色。文章简述了SERKs的典型结构域特征, 重点介绍该类蛋白在体细胞胚发生、生殖发育、激素感应和病理反应方面发挥的功能, 同时对该蛋白激酶的研究价值和应用前景进行了探讨。     

盐胁迫对甜菊细胞内游离Ca2+浓度的影响

钙离子不仅是植物生长发育所需的一种大量元素,而且起了偶联细胞外刺激与胞内反应第二信使的作用,是多种受体激动后信息传递过程的中心环节。近年的研究表明:高温、干旱、触摸、低渗、低温、风、机械刺激、病原菌感染等多种环境胁迫均能引起胞质Ca~(2+)水平的改变。这种变化被认为是植物细胞感受环境胁迫的原初反应之一,它通过启动基因表达和胞内一系列生理生化过程调节细胞对环境改变的适应反应。胞质Ca~(2+)水平的改变有两种来源:胞外Ca~(2+)跨膜内流和胞内钙库如内质网中的Ca~(2+)释放。其中由肌醇磷     

植物体细胞胚胎发生受体类蛋白激酶的生物学功能

体细胞胚胎发生受体类蛋白激酶(Somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinases,SERKs)属于膜富亮氨酸重复序列受体类蛋白激酶(Leucine-rich repeat sequence receptor-like kinase,LRR-RLK)家族的第二亚类。SERK具有典型的胞外信号受体结构域、跨膜结构域和胞内激酶活性结构域,研究发现SERKs在植物生命活动中承担着多个角色。文章简述了SERKs的典型结构域特征,重点介绍该类蛋白在体细胞胚发生、生殖发育、激素感应和病理反应方面发挥的功能,同时对该蛋白激酶的研究价值和应用前景进行了探讨。     

类受体激酶——植物环境适应性的调节枢纽

“莫听穿林打叶声,何妨吟啸且徐行。”大雨滂沱,苏轼拄着竹杖穿着蓑衣寻找避雨之所……树林竹叶虽不能避雨,却也不怕大雨的击打,这全都依赖于植物进化出了一套高度精密的信号响应机制来“趋利避害”,实现对环境变化的适应。植物感受环境信号需要类受体激酶(Receptor-like kinases,RLKs)。类受体激酶是一类定位在细胞膜上的单次跨膜蛋白,包括一个感受外界信号的胞外受体结构域,一个跨膜结构域和一个胞内激酶结构域。常见的类受体激酶信号通路中,首先由胞外受体结构域感受和识别细胞外界信号,将信号传递到细胞质一侧,胞质激酶结构域与下游蛋白相互作用,并启动其生化反应(如磷酸化),最终通过细胞核-细胞质穿梭信使将信号传递到细胞核内,调控下游基因表达进行信号输出,从而实现对环境快速变化的适应。     

类受体激酶FER调节植物与病原菌相互作用的分子机制

植物细胞依赖细胞质膜上的受体感知并传递环境信号, 而受体通过与配体特异结合启动一系列下游信号转导途径, 维持植物正常的生命活动及其对外界环境变化的适应。类受体激酶是其中一类重要受体, 通常由胞外结合结构域、跨膜结构域和胞内激酶结构域3部分组成, 是植物适应外界环境变化的重要调节枢纽。FER属于CrRLK1L类受体蛋白激酶家族, 最早被发现在高等植物雌雄配子体识别过程中发挥作用。随后, 众多研究表明, FER在植物生长发育、激素间交互作用、植物与病原菌互作和逆境响应等多种生物学过程中扮演重要角色, 是近年来植物信号通路研究领域的“明星蛋白”。随着植物病理学研究的不断深入, FER在植物与病原菌互作过程中的功能备受关注。该文主要综述FER调节植物与病原菌互作的研究进展, 旨在为进一步解析类受体蛋白激酶在植物细胞响应病原菌侵染过程中的信号转导机制提供参考。     

蛋白质可逆磷酸化调节植物细胞离子跨膜运动研究进展

蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酶催化的可逆磷酸化是植物细胞中多种信号转导途径中重要的组成因子.本文对蛋白质可逆磷酸化通过调节多种离子跨膜运动而参与植物细胞激发子信号途径、毒性物质诱导的钙离子内流、盐胁迫适应、气孔运动以及蛋白质可逆磷酸化参与胞外与胞内之间Ca2 状况信息传递,调节花粉管顶端Ca2 离子通道活性进行综述,以揭示蛋白质可逆磷酸化在植物细胞离子跨膜运动中的调控作用,为蛋白质可逆磷酸化调节植物生长发育、响应逆境胁迫等机理的研究提供参考.     

The multifunctional leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase BAK1 is implicated in Arabidopsis development and immunity

Plant receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are transmembrane proteins with putative N-terminal extracellular ligand-binding domains and C-terminal intracellular protein kinase domains. RLKs have been implicated in multiple physiological programs including plant development and immunity to microbial infection. Arabidopsis thaliana gene expression patterns support an important role of this class of proteins in biotic stress adaptation. Here, we provide a comprehensive survey of plant immunity-related RLK gene expression. We further document the role of the Arabidopsis Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1 (BRI1)-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) in seemingly unrelated biological processes, such as plant development and immunity, and propose a role of this protein as an adaptor molecule that is required for proper functionality of numerous RLKs. This view is supported by the identification of an additional RLK, PEPR1, and its closest homolog, PEPR2 as BAK1-interacting RLKs.     

Multi-tasking of somatic embryogenesis receptor-like protein kinases

Receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) are transmembrane proteins crucial for cell-to-cell and cell-to-environment communications. The extracellular domain of a RLK is responsible for perception of a specific extracellular ligand to trigger a unique intercellular signaling cascade, often via phosphorylation of cellular proteins. The signal is then transduced to the nucleus of a cell where it alters gene expression. There are more than 610 RLKs in Arabidopsis thaliana, only a handful of them have been functionally characterized. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of a small group of RLKs named somatic embryogenesis receptor-like protein kinases (SERKs). SERKs act as coreceptors in multiple signaling pathways via their physical interactions with distinct ligand-binding RLKs.     

Analysis of Phosphorylation of the Receptor-Like Protein Kinase HAESA during Arabidopsis Floral Abscission

Receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) are the largest family of plant transmembrane signaling proteins. Here we present functional analysis of HAESA, an RLK that regulates floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis. Through in vitro and in vivo analysis of HAE phosphorylation, we provide evidence that a conserved phosphorylation site on a region of the HAE protein kinase domain known as the activation segment positively regulates HAE activity. Additional analysis has identified another putative activation segment phosphorylation site common to multiple RLKs that potentially modulates HAE activity. Comparative analysis suggests that phosphorylation of this second activation segment residue is an RLK specific adaptation that may regulate protein kinase activity and substrate specificity. A growing number of RLKs have been shown to exhibit biologically relevant dual specificity toward serine/threonine and tyrosine residues, but the mechanisms underlying dual specificity of RLKs are not well understood. We show that a phospho-mimetic mutant of both HAE activation segment residues exhibits enhanced tyrosine auto-phosphorylation in vitro, indicating phosphorylation of this residue may contribute to dual specificity of HAE. These results add to an emerging framework for understanding the mechanisms and evolution of regulation of RLK activity and substrate specificity.     

Structure and function of the receptor-like protein kinases of higher plants

Cell surface receptors located in the plasma membrane have a prominent role in the initiation of cellular signalling. Recent evidence strongly suggests that plant cells carry cell surface receptors with intrinsic protein kinase activity. The plant receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) are structurally related to the polypeptide growth factor receptors of animals which consist of a large extracytoplasmic domain, a single membrane spanning segment and a cytoplasmic domain of the protein kinase gene family. Most of the animal growth factor receptor protein kinases are tyrosine kinases; however, the plant RLKs all appear to be serine/threonine protein kinases. Based on structural similarities in their extracellular domains the RLKs fall into three categories: the S-domain class, related to the self-incompatibility locus glycoproteins of Brassica; the leucine-rich repeat class, containing a tandemly repeated motif that has been found in numerous proteins from a variety of eukaryotes; and a third class that has epidermal growth factor-like repeats. Distinct members of these putative receptors have been found in both monocytyledonous plants such as maize and in members of the dicotyledonous Brassicaceae. The diversity among plant RLKs, reflected in their structural and functional properties, has opened up a broad new area of investigation into cellular signalling in plants with far-reaching implications for the mechanisms by which plant cells perceive and respond to extracellular signals.     

Probing the roles of LRR RLK genes in Arabidopsis thaliana roots using a custom T-DNA insertion set

Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases (LRR RLKs) represent the largest group of Arabidopsis RLKs with approximately 235 members. A minority of these LRR RLKs have been assigned to diverse roles in development, pathogen resistance and hormone perception. Using a reverse genetics approach, a collection of homozygous T-DNA insertion lines for 69 root expressed LRR RLK genes was screened for root developmental defects and altered response after exposure to environmental, hormonal/chemical and abiotic stress. The obtained data demonstrate that LRR RLKs play a role in a wide variety of signal transduction pathways related to hormone and abiotic stress responses. The described collection of T-DNA insertion mutants provides a valuable tool for future research into the function of LRR RLK genes.     

Plasmodesmal receptor-like kinases identified through analysis of rice cell wall extracted proteins

In plants, plasmodesmata (PD) are intercellular channels that function in both metabolite exchange and the transport of proteins and RNAs. Currently, many of the PD structural and regulatory components remain to be elucidated. Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) belonging to a notably expanded protein family in plants compared to the animal kingdom have been shown to play important roles in plant growth, development, pathogen resistance, and cell death. In this study, cell biological approaches were used to identify potential PD-associated RLK proteins among proteins contained within cell walls isolated from rice callus cultured cells. A total of 15 rice RLKs were investigated to determine their subcellular localization, using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system. Of these six PD-associated RLKs were identified based on their co-localization with a viral movement protein that served as a PD marker, plasmolysis experiments, and subcellular localization at points of wall contact between spongy mesophyll cells. These findings suggest potential PD functions in apoplasmic signaling in response to environmental stimuli and developmental inputs.     

Unusual Membrane-Associated Protein Kinases in Higher Plants

Plant genomes encode a variety of protein kinases, and while some are functional homologues of animal and fungal kinases, others have a novel structure. This review focuses on three groups of unusual membrane-associated plant protein kinases: receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs), calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), and histidine protein kinases. Animal RLKs have a putative extracellular domain, a single transmembrane domain, and a protein kinase domain. In plants, all of the RLKs identified thus far have serine/threonine signature sequences, rather than the tyrosine-specific signature sequences common to animals. Recent genetic experiments reveal that some of these plant kinases function in development and pathogen resistance. The CDPKs of plants and protozoans are composed of a single polypeptide with a protein kinase domain fused to a C-terminal calmodulin-like domain containing four calcium-binding EF hands. No functional plant homologues of protein kinase C or Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase have been identified, and no animal or fungal CDPK homologues have been identified. Recently, histidine kinases have been shown to participate in signaling pathways in plants and fungi. ETR1, an Arabidopsis histidine kinase homologue with three transmembrane domains, functions as a receptor for the plant hormone ethylene. G-protein-coupled receptors, which often serve as hormone receptors in animal systems, have not yet been identified in plants. Received: 18 August 1997/Revised: 23 December 1997     

Arabidopsis U‐box E3 ubiquitin ligase PUB11 negatively regulates drought tolerance by degrading the receptor‐like protein kinases LRR1 and KIN7

Both plant receptor‐like protein kinases (RLKs) and ubiquitin‐mediated proteolysis play crucial roles in plant responses to drought stress. However, the mechanism by which E3 ubiquitin ligases modulate RLKs is poorly understood. In this study, we showed that Arabidopsis PLANT U‐BOX PROTEIN 11 (PUB11), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, negatively regulates abscisic acid (ABA)‐mediated drought responses. PUB11 interacts with and ubiquitinates two receptor‐like protein kinases, LEUCINE RICH REPEAT PROTEIN 1 (LRR1) and KINASE 7 (KIN7), and mediates their degradation during plant responses to drought stress in vitro and in vivo. pub11 mutants were more tolerant, whereas lrr1 and kin7 mutants were more sensitive, to drought stress than the wild type. Genetic analyses show that the pub11 lrr1 kin7 triple mutant exhibited similar drought sensitivity as the lrr1 kin7 double mutant, placing PUB11 upstream of the two RLKs. Abscisic acid and drought treatment promoted the accumulation of PUB11, which likely accelerates LRR1 and KIN7 degradation. Together, our results reveal that PUB11 negatively regulates plant responses to drought stress by destabilizing the LRR1 and KIN7 RLKs.     

Functional analysis of receptor-like kinases in monocots and dicots

Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are signaling proteins that feature an extracellular domain connected via a transmembrane domain to a cytoplasmic kinase. This architecture indicates that RLKs perceive external signals, transducing them into the cell. In plants, RLKs were first implicated in the regulation of development, in pathogen responses, and in recognition events. RLKs comprise a major gene family in plants, with more than 600 encoded in the Arabidopsis genome and more than 1100 found in rice genomes. The greater number of RLKs in rice is mostly attributable to expansions in the clades that are involved in pathogen responses. Recent functional studies in both monocots and dicots continue to identify individual RLKs that have similar developmental and abiotic stress roles. Analysis of closely related RLKs reveals that family members might have overlapping roles but can also possess distinct functions.     

蔷薇科果树类受体激酶的研究进展

类受体激酶(receptor like kinase,RLK)参与调控植物几乎所有的生命活动,是植物生长发育和环境适应的“中央处理器”。该文对近年来国内外有关蔷薇科果树RLK基因鉴定、进化特征及其在各器官生长发育、非生物和生物逆境中的作用及调控机制等方面的研究进展进行了综述。蔷薇科果树基因组中存在数目庞大的RLKs,不同树种间的RLK数目和各亚家族成员数目都存在较大差异,而且蔷薇科果树RLK存在极为普遍的部分重复和串联重复现象,是导致家族成员迅速变化的重要原因。有研究发现,一些RLKs调控蔷薇科果树器官发育和对环境的适应性。在器官发育方面,LRR RLK亚家族成员调控根系发育,CrRLK1L、LysM RLK和LRR RLK亚家族部分成员参与调控果实发育,CrRLK1L亚家族成员参与调控花粉管发育,LRR RLK、LysM RLK、L LEC RLK和B Lectin RLK亚家族部分成员调控蔷薇科果树对生物逆境的适应。今后RLK功能研究可侧重于蔷薇科果树特色性状,通过提高目标基因的筛选和验证的效率,加速主效RLKs的筛选进程,并通过筛选主效RLKs诱导方式和加速分子育种进程等途径,将研究成果应用于实际生产。