河鲈锚首吸虫原肾系统的超微结构

尽管各种寄生生活和自由生活的扁形动物的原肾系统一直受到极大的关注1 ,但是对于单殖吸虫这方面的研究却较少2-9 ,在指环虫目单殖吸虫中 ,仅对指环虫科指环虫属的一未定种(Dactylogyrus sp.)和锚首虫科的一未定种(属未定)的原肾系统进行了研究8.       

珠江水系外来鱼类单殖吸虫研究Ⅱ.清道夫鳃上单殖吸虫中国二新纪录属

记述了寄生在珠江水系外来鱼类清道夫 Hypostomus plecostomus 鳃上的指环虫科Dactylogyridae 单殖吸虫中国1新纪录属,1新纪录种,即下口鲶三环虫 Trinigyrus hypostomatis Hanek, Molnar & Fernando,1974和锚首虫科Ancyrocephalidae 单殖吸虫1新纪录属,1新纪录种,即单侧虫 Unilatus unilatus Mizelle & Kritsky,1967,对新纪录属种作了新的形态描述并给出特征图.     

单殖吸虫一新纪录属及二新纪录种

记述了锚首虫科Ancyrocephalidae 单殖吸虫中国一新纪录属,一新纪录种,即寄生在裸顶脂鲤Gymmocorymbus ternetzi 鳃上的异锁虫属Diaphorocleidus领圈异锁虫Diaphorocleidus armillatus Jogunoori,Kritsky & Venkatanarasaiah,2004和寄生在玫瑰鲃Barbus conchonius鳃上的指环虫属一新纪录种,捷克指环虫Dactylogyrus ostraviensis Rehulka,1988,并对新纪录属种作了新的形态描述并给出了特征图.     

单殖吸虫一新属的建立

经系统观察研究淡水类寄生单殖吸虫指环属内各虫体的形态结构发现,作者等在1979和1982年所报道的微山指环虫Dactylogyrus weishanensis和孤岛指环虫Dactylogyrus gudaoensis的后吸器(haptor)上的几丁质结构形态与指环属Dactylogyrus内其他各种模式形态不相同,所以本文拟将这2个种由指环属内独立出来,建立一新属。     

澜沧江奇额墨头鱼寄生指环虫属单殖吸虫一新种记述

记述了澜沧江云南省西双版纳景洪流域段(22°00.288'N,100°47.430'E)奇额墨头鱼Garra mirofrontis寄生指环虫属Dactylogyrus单殖吸虫一新种:澜沧江指环虫Dactylogyrus lancangjiangensis sp.nov.。宿主鱼类的自然感染率为68%(19/28)。吸虫平均大小为317μm×101μm。后吸器由1对中央大钩、7对边缘小钩、联结片和副联结片组成;联结片呈一字形,中部狭窄,两端较宽;副联结片呈月牙形;交接器包括交接管和支持器,交接管基部膨大呈球形,后部缢缩形成细管,并盘曲成3~5圈螺旋;支持器呈复杂棒状,交接管端部从中穿过。本种在后吸器和雄性交接器上与指环虫属已记录种存在明显差异,同时鉴于单殖吸虫具有较强的宿主特异性,认为该种是科学上一未记录种。模式标本保存于云南师范大学生命科学学院。     

我国鲃类及鮈类单殖吸虫六新种

本文记述寄生于鮈亚科Gobioninae和鲃亚科Barbinae鱼类单殖吸虫六新种:寄生于鮈类的二种,寄生于鲃类的四种,隶属于指环虫科Dactylogyridae的二个属。模式标本保存于华南师范学院生物系。文中量度均以毫米为单位。     

几种单殖吸虫附着器的超微结构研究

电镜显示三种淡水鱼单殖吸虫,鳙指环虫,似鲶盘虫,黄颞四锚虫的附着器由三对附着器囊和一个后附着器所组成,前附着的腺细胞,腺导管,附着器表皮上的微纤毛与前附着器附近的具纤毛感觉器组成了头器。这三种单殖吸虫在虫体前端两侧有三对附着器囊开口,鳙指环虫有三种腺细胞,分别产生椭圆形电子致密分泌体（Ｓ１）椭圆形中等电子致密质分泌体（Ｓ２）以及椭圆形电子透明质分泌体（Ｓ３）,似鲶盘虫和黄颞四锚虫只有二种腺细胞,分     

南海扁鮀鲣寄生墨杯虫属单殖吸虫—中国新记录种

2011年11月14日,作者在广东省汕尾进行野生海水鱼类寄生单殖吸虫调查,于扁鮀鲣Auxis thazard thazard(Lacepède,1800)鳃上检获1种分室科单殖吸虫,经研究鉴定属于分室亚科(Capsalinae)墨杯虫属(Caballerocotyla)的群居墨杯虫(C.gregalis)。该种在我国未曾报道,为1中国新记录种,扁鮀鲣为宿主新记录。     

指环虫属的早期辐射及其与宿主鲤科鱼类的协同进化关系

本研究利用28SrDNAC1-D2区序列分析采自鲤科鱼类中6亚科宿主和寄生在花鲈、梅花鲈上的共17种指环虫的系统发育关系。同时,通过比较宿主鲤科鱼类与指环虫的系统发育树,检验指环虫与其宿主是否存在协同进化关系。结果表明:17种指环虫形成5个进化支(Clade),其中寄生在团头鲂(亚科)和鲢、鳙(鲢亚科)上的6种指环虫聚为一支(Clade1),而它们的宿主鱼类在系统发育分析中也表现为近缘关系;寄生在鲮鱼(野鲮亚科)上的D.quanfami(Clade5)位于系统树最基部,鲫鱼和鲤鱼(鲤亚科)的寄生指环虫处在系统树的次基部位置,而鲤亚科与野鲮亚科组成的姐妹群在宿主系统树上同样处在基部位置,寄生虫和宿主在进化上较为原始的地位得到了很好地相互印证。因而,本研究首次利用分子系统学手段分析指环虫属远缘物种间的系统关系,揭示了指环虫属与宿主鱼类之间存在协同进化关系。另外,本研究首次发现,野鲮亚科鱼类也可能是指环虫类的早期宿主,这与先前认为鲤亚科鱼类为指环虫类的祖先宿主的推测有所不同。     

淡水主要养殖鱼类寄生指环虫的鉴别

近年来,据郎所(1958,1960)、陈启鎏(1962)、吴宝华(1963)等氏的报告,均证实在我国淡水鱼类的寄生虫区系组成中,单殖吸虫占着很突出的地位。单殖吸虫中又以指环虫属Dactylogyrus最丰富,并已知其中有不少种类是导致幼鱼大量死亡的病原体。因此,了解我国淡水主要养殖鱼类(青,草,鲢,鳙,鲤,鲫,鳊,鲂等)寄生指环虫的鉴别特征和方法,对鱼类单殖吸虫病的防治,具有一定的意义。故以浅知写成本文,供初学者和鱼病普查工作者参考。     

The distribution of monogenean parasites on aquatic vertebrates inhabiting Chinese inland waters

The general distribution of monogenean parasites of aquatic vertebrates inhabiting Chinese inland waters is summarised. Five hundred and seventy-two out of a total of 581 species of monogeneans were discovered on fish, while only nine species were found on Amphibia and Reptilia. Most dactylogyrids and diplozoids parasitise cyprinids, while ancyrocephalids occur on silurids and cyprinids, and gyrodactylids are found mainly on cyprinids and cobitids. Analyses of host-specificity and host-diversity suggests that the family Ancyrocephalidae should be divided into several families parallel with the Dactylogyridae. Of 12 subfamilies of the Cyprinidae, only the Gobiobotinae was found to be free of infection with monogeneans, and the genus Dactylogyrus has more species than any other monogenean genus associated with every cyprinid subfamily.     

Are all species of Pseudorhabdosynochus strictly host specific? — A molecular study

Species of the diplectanid monogenean genus Pseudorhabdosynochus are strictly host-specific (specialist), with the exception of P. cyanopodus, which was reported in New Caledonia, South Pacific, from two host species, Epinephelus cyanopodus and E. chlorostigma. We sequenced the COI gene of both host fish species and of their monogeneans. Morphological identification and pairwise distances showed that the two fish species were distinct (difference 6.1-6.6%), but that their monogeneans were not (difference 0-1.5%). A morphological study of sclerotised parts showed that specimens of P. cyanopodus are similar in both fish. Most species of groupers and their associated Pseudorhabdosynochus species are from warm surface waters, but the two groupers E. cyanopodus and E. chlorostigma are usually caught in deep-sea on the outer slope of the coral reef. This suggests that acquisition of a less strict host specificity is an adaptation of P. cyanopodus to deep-sea hosts.     

Investigating patterns may reveal processes: evolutionary ecology of ectoparasitic monogeneans.

We reviewed several published and ongoing studies concerning monogenean communities. Patterns of species richness, host specificity, community structure and host--parasite coevolutionary interaction were carefully analysed, and hypotheses of evolutionary processes are proposed. The structuring of monogenean communities seems to be related to both ecological and historical constraints. The database supports an absence of intra- and interspecific competition in monogeneans. Species richness seems to be more due to host characteristics than to parasite interactions. Monogeneans seem to specialise on large hosts, leading to greater species richness on those hosts. The morphometric evolution of attachment and copulatory organs support the hypothesis of a reproductive segregation among conspecifics parasitising the same host(s). It also suggests the existence of concurrent adaptive and non-adaptive processes. The general absence of a coevolutionary pattern between host and parasites also suggests the constraints of history without dismissing the influences of ecological factors in the structuring of the communities. More generally, we strengthen the need to study the structure of communities in a phylogenetic context.     

单殖吸虫的生态学

单殖吸虫是一类宿主专一性较强的寄生虫,外环境和宿主特征对单殖吸虫有明显的影响。本文对目前单殖吸虫生态学方面的研究作了一个概述,主要论述了宿主、环境等对单殖吸虫的影响、单殖吸虫之间的关系以及单殖吸虫种群的空间分布。     

Diversity in the Monogenea and Digenea: does lifestyle matter?

If the cestodes are excluded, then the parasitic platyhelminths of fishes divide neatly into the external and monoxenous Monogenea and the internal and heteroxenous Digenea. Both groups have apparently had long associations of coevolution, host switching and adaptation with fishes and have become highly successful in their respective habitats. Current estimates of species richness for the two groups suggest that they may be remarkably similar. Here we consider the nature of the diversity of the Monogenea and Digenea of fishes in terms of richness of species and higher taxa to determine what processes may be responsible for observed differences. The Monogenea includes at least two super-genera (Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus) each of which has hundreds of species; no comparable genera are found in the Digenea. Possible reasons for this difference include the higher host specificity of monogeneans and their shorter generation time. If allowance is made for the vagaries of taxonomic 'lumping' and 'splitting', then there are probably comparable numbers of families of monogeneans and digeneans in fishes. However, the nature of the families differ profoundly. Richness in higher taxa (families) in the Digenea is explicable in terms of processes that appear to have been unimportant in the Monogenea. Readily identifiable sources of diversity in the Digenea are: recolonisation of fishes by taxa that arose in association with tetrapods; adoption of new sites within hosts; adoption of new diets and feeding mechanisms; adaptations relating to the exploitation of ecologically similar groups of fishes and second intermediate hosts; and adaptations relating to the exploitation of phylogenetic lineages of molluscs. In contrast, most higher- level monogenean diversity (other than that associated with the subclasses) relates principally to morphological specialisation for attachment by the haptor.     

Parasites in marine protected areas: success and specificity of monogeneans

The effect of a marine protected area on the Lamellodiscus spp. monogenean community was tested by comparing the communities of parasites of Diplodus sargus inside and outside of the area. A total of 104 D. sargus were dissected harbouring 1280 monogeneans from the genus Lamellodiscus and belonging to 11 species. No modification in the global parasite community linked with the protection of the host populations was revealed. The most abundant and less specific parasite species, Lamellodiscus elegans , however, increased its abundance in the protected area. A significant relationship was found between parasite host range and the percentage of infected hosts. A significant relationship also occurred between epidemiological and genetic distances for the parasite species found. The results are discussed in term of parasite success and specificity and the importance of taking into account parasitism in the biological conservation of hosts.     

Host-specificity of monogenean (platyhelminth) parasites: a role for anterior adhesive areas?

Monogeneans (flatworms) are among the most host-specific of parasites in general and may be the most host-specific of all fish parasites. Specificity, in terms of a restricted spatial distribution within an environment, is not unique to parasites and is displayed by some fungi, insects, birds, symbionts and pelagic larvae of free-living marine invertebrates. The nature of cues, how "habitats" are recognised and how interactions between partners are mediated and maintained is of interest across these diverse "associations". We review some experiments that demonstrate important factors that contribute to host-specificity at the level of infective stages (larvae of oviparous monogeneans; juveniles of viviparous gyrodactylids) and adult parasites. Recent research on immune responses by fish to monogenean infections is considered. We emphasise the critical importance of host epidermis to the Monogenea. Monogeneans live on host epidermis, they live in its products (e.g. mucus), monopisthocotyleans feed on it, some of its products are "attractants" and it may be an inhospitable surface because of its immunological activity. We focus attention on fish but reference is made to amphibian hosts. We develop the concept for a potential role in host-specificity by the anterior adhesive areas, either the specialised tegument and/or anterior secretions produced by monogeneans for temporary but firm attachment during locomotion on host epithelial surfaces. Initial contact between the anterior adhesive areas of infective stages and host epidermis may serve two important purposes. (1) Appropriate sense organs or receptors on the parasite interact with a specific chemical or chemicals or with surface structures on host epidermis. (2) A specific but instant recognition or reaction occurs between component(s) of host mucus and the adhesive(s) secreted by monogeneans. The chemical composition of fish skin is known to be species-specific and our preliminary analysis of the chemistry of some monogenean adhesives indicates they are novel proteins that display some differences between parasite families and species.     

A Paedomorphic parasite associated with a neotenic amphibian host: phylogenetic evidence suggests a revised systematic position for Sphyranuridae within anuran and turtle Polystomatoineans

The phylogenetic relationships of the families Polystomatidae and Sphyranuridae (subclass Polystomatoinea) within tetrapod monogenean parasites were investigated using partial 18S rDNA sequences. About 600 nucleotides of 11 species were sequenced, including 7 species of the most common subfamilies of Polystomatidae found in anurans and turtles, 1 species of the family Sphyranuridae parasitizing exclusively urodelans, and 3 species of the subclass Oligonchoinea infesting teleostean fishes. The phylogenetic analyses were performed using three reconstruction methods: neighbor-joining, maximum-parsimony, and maximum-likelihood. Polystomatoineans but not polystomatids were shown to be monophyletic. Within the polystomatoineans there are two clades: one includes the amphibian monogeneans (anuran polystomatids and urodelan sphyranurids) and the other includes the turtle polystomatids. Polystomatoineans may have coevolved with amphibian hosts, and an ancestral "polystome" dispersed at least 200 million years ago, either from the basal stem of lissamphibians or from an anuran ancestral stock, to freshwater turtles. Furthermore, the urodelan genus Sphyranura, initially assigned to the family Sphyranuridae on the basis of morphological and ontogenetic evidence, is clearly nested within polystomatids, suggesting that its systematic status must be revised. This supports recent findings which argue that species of the family Sphyranuridae may be paedomorphic parasites exclusively infesting neotenic mudpuppies.     

Phylogenetic study of nine species of freshwater monogeneans using secondary structure and motif prediction from India

The present study was performed to identify and validate monogenean species from different piscine hosts using molecular tools. Nine species of freshwater monogeneans were collected from gills and skin of freshwater fishes at Hastinapur, Meerut, India. After microscopic examination, molecular analysis was performed utilizing 28S gene marker. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the validation and systematic position of these nine different monogeneans belongs to the Dactylogyridae and Gyrodactylidae families. The findings also confirm that the 28S rDNA sequence is highly conserved and may prove to be useful in taxonomic studies of parasitic platyhelminthes. Besides this, the study is also supplemented by molecular morphometrics that is based on 28S secondary structure homologies of nine monogenean species. The data indicate that 28S motifs i.e., ≤ 50bp in size can also be considered a promising tool for monogenean species identification and their validation.