奶牛ZFY、ZFX基因片段的克隆及测序

奶牛的早期胚胎性别鉴定是奶牛胚胎分割及移植技术产生较大经济效益的前提,用PCR技术进行早期胚胎性别鉴定具有准确、快速、灵敏度高的特点.利用人和鼠的性别分化相关的DNA序列ZFY、ZFX基因序列设计的引物对公牛和母牛的染色体DNA、PCR扩增,将扩增产物定向克隆到pUC118上,获得ZFY、ZFX转化子,并测定了ZFY、ZFX基因的序列,发现两者同源性达88.2%,以此为基础可设计引物和探针,以PCR方法进行高灵敏度的奶牛性别鉴定.     

从水稻Ac/Ds插入突变体扩增Ds侧翼序列的最适TAIL-PCR引物

温度非对称交互PCR(TAIL PCR)技术已广泛应用于从多种生物体系克隆侧翼于已知序列的DNA片段的分子操作中 ,并极大地促进了反向遗传学研究。但是 ,可能由于不同物种间基因组大小和序列存在显著差异 ,在采用该技术进行转座元件Ds水稻插入突变体鉴定过程中 ,常因TAIL PCR反应的稳定性差而影响突变体筛选效率。有鉴于此 ,根据Ds核苷酸序列设计了分别对应或互补于Ds插入元件两端长度不同的 12个特异引物组成 32个组合 ,在大量预试验基础上与 6个不同简并性 (32～256 )的随机简并引物分别组合进行TAIL PCR反应 ,较系统地研究了引物特性对以水稻基因组DNA为模板的TAIL PCR反应效率的影响。结果发现 ,第一反应采用长序列特异引物(36～ 4 0mer)可显著提高扩增特异性 ,随机简并引物的简并度对反应的影响显著。还选择出两个适于从水稻Ds插入突变体基因组高效扩增出Ds插入侧翼片段的最优特异引物组合和最适简并引物。应用本研究结果可显著地提高TAIL PCR技术筛选水稻插入突变体的效率     

西瓜枯萎病菌的快速检测与鉴定

通过西瓜枯萎病菌与其他专化型枯萎病菌及瓜类几种重要病原菌的比较基因组分析,获得了西瓜枯萎病菌的基因组特异序列。在此基础上,设计出特异引物,筛选可扩增出西瓜枯萎病菌特异性DNA条带的引物。将特异性引物和尖孢镰刀菌专化型的通用引物W106R/W106S结合,建立双重PCR检测体系。该双重PCR检测体系可以在一次PCR反应中快速、准确的检测出西瓜枯萎病菌,为通过分子方法快速鉴定西瓜枯萎病菌提供技术支持。     

杉木种子随体染色体SCAR标记的建立

回收、纯化由引物OPB07(5’-GGTGACGCAG-3’) OPB18(5’-CCACAGCAGT-3’)扩增而得的杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook)种子随体染色体特异性RAPD(随机扩增的DNA多态性分析)片段OPB07-18907,将该片段克隆至pUCm-T载体,转化受体菌后筛选出阳性克隆,并对插入片段进行测序,根据序列特点设计两对SCAR(序列特异性扩增区)引物,PCR结果显示,这两对引物的4种组合都可以扩增出属于随体染色体的特征带,适宜退火温度为57℃。成功将特异RAPD标记OPB07-18907转化为稳定的SCAR标记。开发随体染色体SCAR标记目的是:一方面能在分子水平上鉴定微分离的杉木随体染色体,另一方面,也可以将杉木已构建的遗传图谱中连锁群与染色体进行对应。探讨了该SCAR标记对杉木核型分析的作用。     

从水稻Ac/Ds插入突变体扩增Ds侧翼序列的最适TAIL-PCR引物

温度非对称交互PCR(TAIL-PCR)技术已广泛应用于从多种生物体系克隆侧翼于已知序列的DNA片段的分子操作中,并极大地促进了反向遗传学研究。但是,可能由于不同物种间基因组大小和序列存在显差异,在采用该技术进行转座元件Ds水稻插入突变体鉴定过程中,常因TAIL-PCR反应的稳定性差而影响突变体筛选效率。有鉴于此,根据Ds核苷酸序列设计了分别对应或互补于Ds插入元件两端长度不同的12个特异引物组成32个组合,在大量预试验基础上与6个不同简并性(32～256)的随机简并引物分别组合进行TAIL-PCR反应,较系统地研究了引物特性对以水稻基因组DNA为模板的TAIL-PCR反应效率的影响。结果发现,第一反应采用长序列特异引物(36～40mer)可显提高扩增特异性,随机简并引物的简并度对反应的影响显。还选择出两个适于从水稻Ds插入突变体基因组高效扩增出Ds插入侧翼片段的最优特异引物组合和最适简并引物。应用本研究结果可显地提高TAIL-PCR技术筛选水稻插入突变体的效率。     

添加有扩增内标的沙门氏菌荧光定量PCR 检测体系的建立与评价

【目的】建立添加有扩增内标(IAC,Internal amplification control)的沙门氏菌EvaGreen荧光定量PCR检测体系,提高PCR检测可靠性。【方法】通过比较已有沙门氏菌属细菌的基因组序列,筛选沙门氏菌属特异检测靶点,设计特异引物;再用复合引物法构建扩增内标,优化参数,建立沙门氏菌内标PCR检测体系,利用特异性和灵敏度实验评价体系的检测性能。【结果】筛选得到的新特异靶点基因编码III型分泌系统蛋白(ssaQ)。针对该基因设计特异引物(SsaQ6),建立了添加有扩增内标的常规PCR和EvaGreen荧光定量PCR检测体系;二者对151株沙门氏菌和34株非沙门氏菌的检测符合率均达100%,对基因组DNA的检测下限达14.9拷贝/PCR和2.76拷贝/PCR;人工污染牛奶样品(初始染菌量:4-6 cfu/10 mL),増菌10 h和8 h后分别可检出沙门氏菌。【结论】本研究发掘的新靶点基因ssaQ特异性强,基于这一新靶点建立的添加有扩增内标的EvaGreen荧光定量PCR比常规内标PCR的检测限更低,重复性更好,快速方便,在12 h内即可得出检测结果,并且定量准确,有利于推进沙门氏菌PCR检测方法的标准化应用。     

鸵鸟性别鉴定的分子标记方法

鸵鸟(Struthiocamelus)属于平胸总目鸟类,雌雄鸵鸟在性成熟前外部形态相同,很难通过外观和形态来鉴定性别,给早期分群饲养造成了很大的困难。实验利用鸵鸟羽毛提取基因组DNA,之后利用EE0.6和CHD基因中2个引物组合对3对已知性别和9只未知性别鸵鸟的性别基因片段进行特异性扩增。结果显示,这对引物组合在雄性鸵鸟的DNA中未扩增出片段,在雌性鸵鸟DNA中扩增出1条片段,可以对鸵鸟的性别作出准确鉴定,从而解决幼雏期鸵鸟难以从外貌上区分其性别的问题。     

猪FGL2基因cDNA末端序列检测及结构分析

检测猪FGL2基因cDNA末端序列并对该基因结构初步分析。α-32P dCTP放射性同位素标记cDNA探针筛选猪基因组DNA文库;cDNA末端快速扩增(rapid amplification of cDNA end,RACE)。以猪正常小肠及心脏组织提取新鲜总RNA,反转录后作为模板,设计基因特异性引物,采用Advantage 2 聚合酶混合物进行PCR扩增;依据猪与人FGL2基因3′端已知同源序列设计PCR上游引物,以人FGL2基因3′末端序列设计下游引物,以猪基因组DNA为模板采用Advantage 2 聚合酶混合物进行PCR反应;PCR载体重组质粒DNA亚克隆扩增。同位素探针未能筛选到特异阳性克隆,RACE反应检测到特异性转录起始位置及第一个转录终止位置,但仍未检测到第二个转录终止位置。猪基因组DNA行PCR扩增成功检测到猪FGL2基因3′末端未知序列及第二个转录终止位置。     

PCR快速鉴定鼠疫耶尔森氏菌

建立一种简便、快速、特异的PCR检测方法,用于鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的快速鉴定。针对鼠疫耶尔森氏菌特异的一段染色体序列3a设计引物,扩增-276bp片段的鼠疫标识序列。应用该PCR反应体系,对我国17个生态型及1个待定的生态型共计275株鼠疫耶尔森氏菌及48株相关菌株的PCR扩增结果表明,实验菌株均扩增出预期的276bp片段产物带,48株相关菌株均阴性,其检测灵敏度为100pg DNA。说明该方法用于鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的检测鉴定简便、快捷,具有很高的特异性和敏感性。     

小麦矮腥黑穗菌差异片段筛选与分子检测体系的建立

采取随机扩增DNA多态性(Random amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD)引物介导的半特异PCR技术(RAPD primer mediated hemi-specific PCR,RM-PCR),在从不同地域征集的18个小麦矮腥黑穗菌(Tilletia controversa Kühn,TCK)菌株和29个小麦网腥黑穗病菌(Tilletia caries(DC)Tul,TCT)菌株的总基因组DNA中筛选鉴定出TCK独有的大小为1322bp差异基因组片段。根据该片段序列设计筛选出2对特异性引物CQUTCK2/CQUTCK3和CQUTCK4/CQUTCK5,均可以从18个TCK菌株的菌丝体和冬孢子DNA中稳定地扩增出747bp和200bp的单一靶带DNA,而在29个TCT菌株的菌丝体或冬孢子DNA均无任何扩增产物。以腥黑穗菌属通用引物对CQUK6/CQUK7为内置对照,可以确定被检样品是否含PCR抑制物质进而判断检测体系是否正确,同时有效地排除样品检测结果的假阳性和假阴性。采用建立的TCK特异PCR检测技术体系,实现简单而快速地鉴定小麦矮腥黑穗菌冬孢子或罹病小麦组织中侵染菌丝体的目的。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Determination of stoichiometry of radioiodination of proteins

A sensitive method for the detection of small quantities of hydrophobic antioxidant free radical scavengers such as butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA) in aqueous samples is described. The procedure involves extraction of the hydrophobic free radical scavenger into an organic solvent phase, followed by the subsequent reaction of an aliquot of this extract with the stable cation radical tris(p-bromophenyl)amminium hexachloroantimonate (TBACA). In experiments with BHT and BHA, the loss of TBACA absorbance at 730 nm was found to be linearly proportional to the amount of antioxidant added, with quantities of BHT as small as 200 pmol being easily detectable. In aqueous suspensions of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles, assays of the aqueous BHT concentration showed that BHT partitioned strongly into the membrane phase, achieving very high BHT/phospholipid ratios. For a given concentration of BHT, partitioning into the membrane phase was greater in large, multilamellar liposomes than in either small, single-walled vesicles or in purified rat brain synaptic vesicle membranes. Direct assay of BHT and BHA in phospholipid membranes, however, was complicated by a nonspecific interaction between TBACA and the phospholipid.