三突花蛛对茶小绿叶蝉的捕食作用及其模拟模型的研究

在室内条件下,测定结果表明三突花株亚成蛛对茶小绿叶蝉若虫及成虫的日捕食量分别为１８．３头／ｄ,１７．３头／ｄ,对成虫的功能反应曲线可用ＨＯｌｌｎｇ圆盘方程模拟：Ｎａ＝１．０５５８６Ｎｔ／（１＋０．０１３６５／Ｎｔ）自身密度反应用Ｈａｓｓｅｌ－Ｖａｒｌｅｙ模型拟合,Ｅ＝０．５１７Ｐ＾－０．６５６７,经Ｘ＾２检验,以上各方程理论值与实际值误差不显著（〈Ｐ０．１０）。温度（Ｔ）对功能反应的影响可用以下方     

池鹭繁殖种群数量、活动规律和生物生产量的研究

本文报道池鹭种群数量变动,种群活动,雏鸟生长和生物生产量。种群活动可划分为适到期,运情期,繁殖期,同鸟活动期,集群活动和迁离期。１９９０,１９９１二年繁殖前种群密度分别为１３００只／ｈｍ＾２和１４０１只／ｈｍ＾２,繁殖后增加密度为２０８７只／ｈｍ＾２和２２４８只／ｈｍ＾２。雏鸟体重增长曲线议程为：Ｗ＝２８６／１＋ｅ＾－０．４０９（ｔ－１２．６）１９９０,１９９１年繁殖种群的生物生产量分别为１９７．     

水分胁迫下钙螯合剂与CPZ抑制剂对棉花根和下胚轴两种ATPase…

水分胁迫下棉花根和下胚轴质膜Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ和Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力,表现Ｋｍ值以及Ｖｍａｘ降低。－０．３ＭＰａ和－１．１ＭＰａ胁迫下质膜ＡＴ－Ｐａｓｅ活力随时间延长分别呈“Ｖ”字形变化和下降趋势。钙螯合剂、ＣａＭ抑制剂对棉花根和下胚轴质膜ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性有明显的抑制效应,抑制程度为－１．１ＭＰａ大于－０．３ＭＰａ大于对照。     

渗透胁迫对高粱根中K^＋累积的刺激作用

本工作中发现,２,４－二硝基酚可有效地洗去高粱根中的Ｋ＾＋,从而提高了测定和比较Ｋ＾＋累积量的显示度和准确性,渗透胁迫下,高粱根中Ｋ＾＋的累积量比对照增加高达６．７倍;同时,组织的Ｈ＾＋分泌明显受到促进,动力学研究表明,经ＰＥＧ胁迫的高粱根对Ｋ＾＋的亲和力显著增强。对照：Ｋｍ＝９．２５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｖｍ＝２３．６μｍｏｌ ｇ＾－１ＤＷ ｍｉｎ＾－１;ＰＥＧ处理者：Ｋｍ＝２７．２５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｖｍ     

一种自适应的种群增长模型及参数估计

通过对种群增长的非线性制约机制的数学形态分析,提出了一种新的种群增长数学模型ｄｘ／ｄｔ＝ｒｘ（１－（ｘ／ｘｍ）＾ｓ）其解析解为：ｘ（ｔ）＝ｘｍ／（１＋（ｘ＾ｓｍ／ｘ＾ｓ０－１）ｅ＾－ｒｓｔ）＾１／ｓ该模型当非线性密度制约指数ｓ〈１,ｓ＝１,ｓ〉１及ｓ→∞时分别对尖于ＳｍｉｔｈＬｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ,崔－Ｌａｗｓｏｎ及指数增长模型,具有自适应性,本文还提出了一种种群增长模型对数估计的搜索寻优方法,只要给出     

渗透胁迫对棉花根和下胚轴PM脂肪酸组分和ATPase的影响

实验结果表明：棉花根和下胚轴ＰＭ脂肪酸主要由棕榈酸（１６：０）,硬脂酸（１８：０）,亚油酸（１８：２）和亚麻酸（１８：３）组成。用－０．３ＭＰａ和－１．１ＭＰａ根际胁迫,棉花根和下胚轴ＰＭ饱和脂肪酸含量增加,不饱和脂肪酸和不饱和指数（ＩＵＦＡ）降低,这几种组分中棕榈酸含量上升较大,亚麻酸含量下降较大。胁迫处理使膜透性增高,脂肪酸组分发生变化,致使ＰＭ Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ,Ｃａ＾＋＋－ＡＴＰ－ａｓ     

格氏栲种群个体年龄与胸径的时间序列模型研究

本文提出格氏栲种群以年轮确定种群个体年龄并与胸径、树高确定种群个体年龄有机结合的时间序列预测个体年龄方法。通过时间序列分析,确定出格氏栲种群个体年龄与胸径关系的ＡＲＩＭＡ（１,２,０）模型,经检验该模型的相似性系数为９３．４８％,即该模型预测胸径生长量是可靠的。同时,通过ＡＲＩ－ＭＡ（１,２,０）模型预测结果与实际调查材料组合起来,建立较为准确反映个体年龄的组合模型：Ａ＝１０．１５４５１＋１．１１３８５１Ｄ＋０．０４２２００４９Ｄ２－０．０００２２７３０３Ｄ３式中Ｄ为格氏栲种群个体胸径,Ａ为格氏栲种群个体年龄,相关指数为０．９９９８。可见,组合模型的格氏栲种群个体胸径与年龄回归关系极显著,效果理想,为相应研究提供一个较为可靠的方法。     

饥饿对大草蛉雄成虫捕食作用的影响

对不同饥饿程度大草蛉雄成虫捕食作用影响的研究表明,饥饿不能改变大草蛉雄成虫捕食作用功能反应类型,饥饿对捕食量影响不显著;大草蛉雄成虫对麦二叉蚜的捕食量（Ｎａ）随着时间（ｔ）的变化,其模型为Ｎａ＝１００／１＋ｅ＾－０．３０８８－０．０９９６ｔ;大草蛉雄成虫在２４ｈ内的捕食速率（Ｖ）与其时间段（ｘ）的关系为Ｖ＝６．７１１７ｘ＾－０．７９２８;大草蛉雄成虫喜好选择捕食麦二叉蚜的低龄若蚜。     

离体小鼠胃切片高亲和性GABA摄取及其特性的研究

本文应用同位素示踪法,研究了在３７℃Ｋｒｅｂｓ－ｈｅｎｓｅｌｅｉｔｂｉｃａｒｂｏｎａｔｅｂｕｆｆｅｒ中培育的小鼠胃切片的＾３Ｈ－ＧＡＢＡ摄取及其特性,表明小鼠胃中存在一种高亲和性的（Ｋｒｎ＝４μＭ）,最大摄取速度Ｖｍａｘ为２．７８Ｐｍｏｌ／ｍｇ组织／ｎ的,可饱和的,Ｎａ＾＋依赖的ＧＡＢＡ摄取系统,摄取的最佳条件为ｐＨ７．４,温度３７℃,Ｋ＾＋,Ｃａ＾２＋浓度５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｍｇ＾２＋浓度２．５ｍｍ     

蔬菜花期蓟马的种群动态与空间分布研究

西花蓟马是近年来在我国局部地区暴发成灾的重要外来入侵害虫,有关西花蓟马入侵对本地蓟马种群动态、空间分布及优势种影响的报道较少。对云南省昆明市近郊蔬菜花期的蓟马种群动态和空间分布研究表明,蔬菜上的蓟马种类主要是西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)、花蓟马F.intonsa(Trybom)、棕榈蓟马T.palmi(Karny)和端大蓟马Megalurothrips distalis(Karny);不同蔬菜上的蓟马优势种存在一定差异,其中辣椒和茼蒿上的蓟马优势种为西花蓟马;韭菜、茄子和四季豆上的蓟马优势种分别为花蓟马、棕榈蓟马和端大蓟马。各蔬菜上的蓟马种群数量以花期为多,盛花期达最大值,其中茄子花上的蓟马成虫平均虫口密度最高,为14.93头/朵。利用聚集度指标进行空间分布检测表明,不同蔬菜上蓟马成虫的空间分布型均为聚集分布,且聚集程度随密度的增加而增大。本研究可为深入探讨西花蓟马对本地蓟马的竞争取代机制积累资料,同时为西花蓟马的综合治理奠定理论基础。     

Spatial distribution and sampling plans for Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) infesting fall potato in Korea

The spatial distribution of adult and immature Thrips palmi Karny on fall potato, Solanum tuberosum L., on Cheju Island, Korea, was studied over a 2-yr period by visually inspecting potato leaves. The majority of thrips collected from the leaves were observed in the top one-third of the plant. The within-field spatial patterns of adults and immature thrips were aggregated. The slopes and intercepts of Taylor's power law did not differ among adults and immature thrips. A fixed-precision-level sampling plan was developed using the parameters from Taylor's power law and was tested with resampling simulations using eight independent data sets. Over a wide range of densities, the simulation demonstrated that actual sampling precision (d = SEM/mean) values at d = 0.25 averaged < 0.24 in all cases. A binomial sampling plan for estimating mean density was developed using an empirical model evaluated at tally thresholds (the minimum number of insects present before a leaf is considered infested) of one, three, five, and eight thrips per leaf. Increasing sampling size had little effect on the precision of the estimated mean regardless of tally threshold (T). However, increasing T had a dramatic effect on precision. The best tally threshold for estimating thrips density based on the applicable density ranges and the precision of the model was T = 5. A binomial sampling plan with a tally threshold of five and a fixed sample size of 30 leaves should be an effective replacement for enumerative counts when thrips average < 10 per leaf.     

Attraction of Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia argentifolii to eggplant, and its potential as a trap crop for whitefly management on greenhouse poinsettia

Trap cropping, though promising, has had little evaluation in greenhouses. This study evaluated eggplant, Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae), as a trap crop for two whitefly species, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) and Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (both Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), on greenhouse poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Koltz (Euphorbiaceae). Because the two whitefly species co‐occur in greenhouses, a common trap crop for both whiteflies is desirable. When adults were provided a choice between eggplant and poinsettia in a cage, 60% of B. argentifolii and 98% of T. vaporariorum were observed on eggplant after 3 days. However, when adults were given eggplant after first settling on poinsettia, only 38% of B. argentifolii were later found on eggplant, whereas 95% of T. vaporariorum moved to eggplant. In a greenhouse experiment, eggplant did not affect either the spatial distribution or density of adult B. argentifolii on poinsettias. In contrast, eggplant changed the spatial distribution of T. vaporariorum within 3 days by attracting and retaining the adults. However, the attractiveness of eggplant did not result in a reduced number of T. vaporariorum on poinsettias compared with poinsettias in monoculture. Adult T. vaporariorum mortality was high on poinsettias and this likely caused adult density on poinsettias in monoculture to decrease as fast as that under trap cropping. A simulation model was developed to examine how adult whitefly mortality on poinsettia influences trap cropping effectiveness. When whitefly mortality was high, simulated densities were similar to the experimental data. This reveals an unexpected factor, pest mortality on the main crop, that can influence the relative effectiveness of trap cropping. Our results indicate that eggplant will not work unilaterally as a trap crop for B. argentifolii. For T. vaporariorum, attraction to eggplant might be useful as a trap crop system when whitefly mortality on the main crop is not high.     

日本刀角瓢虫对不同叶毛密度茄子品种的产卵选择性

【目的】产卵是昆虫发育过程中繁衍后代、维持种群数量的重要环节。在前期研究发现日本刀角瓢虫Serangium japonicum喜欢在茄子Solanum melongena叶片上产卵的前提下,本研究旨在深入探究日本刀角瓢虫对不同叶毛密度茄子品种的产卵选择性,以期进一步明确植物叶毛介导的日本刀角瓢虫产卵选择机制。【方法】观察日本刀角瓢虫雌成虫在4个茄子品种(黑到底、黑妞、日友长直壮、络星)叶碟和植株上的产卵选择性,测定不同茄子品种上日本刀角瓢虫后代的生长发育及成虫的繁殖力、捕食能力和对叶片的附着力,观察4个茄子品种叶片背面超微结构,测定日本刀角瓢虫雌成虫对茄子叶片的气味选择,测量茄子叶片上烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci卵粒的长度和宽度,测定日本刀角瓢虫卵被其雌成虫的同类捕食风险。【结果】日本刀角瓢虫偏好在黑到底上产卵,后代个体在黑到底品种上总发育历期(15.41±0.21 d)最短,亲代单雌产卵量(877.44±15.27粒/头)最高。但是,日本刀角瓢虫的产卵量占比与子代生长表现(发育历期、存活率和成虫体重)和成虫生存表现(繁殖力和捕食能力)均无显著相关性,而与叶片背面叶毛密度和长度存在显著正相关性;日本刀角瓢虫在茄子叶碟上的产卵量占比与日本刀角瓢虫雌成虫附着力存在显著正相关性。日本刀角瓢虫雌成虫附着力与叶毛密度显著正相关,而与亲代生长表现无显著相关关系。茄子叶片气味、猎物质量以及被同类捕食风险均不显著影响日本刀角瓢虫的产卵选择。【结论】茄子叶片背面叶毛密度及叶毛介导的日本刀角瓢虫附着力在日本刀角瓢虫对茄子叶片的产卵选择性中起重要作用。     

光谱和光强度对棕榈蓟马雌成虫行为反应的影响

室内研究了光谱、光强度对棕榈蓟马雌成虫的趋、避光行为的影响。结果显示:在340—605 nm波谱内棕榈蓟马雌成虫对14个单色光刺激的趋光行为反应为多峰型。其中蓝光483 nm处峰最高,趋光反应率达34.96%,其次为绿光498—524 nm、562—582 nm、紫外光340 nm处;其避光行为反应共有3个峰,其中紫外光380 nm处最高,避光率18.08%,另外2个峰分别在橙光605 nm、紫光420 nm处。在趋光率较高的单色光(340、483、524、582 nm)和避光率较高的单色光(380、605 nm)以及白光刺激下,棕榈蓟马雌成虫的趋光率随光强增强的增强而提高,而避光率则随着光强的增强而降低;光强最弱时仍均有一定趋光率,最强时均未出现高端平台。因此:棕榈蓟马雌成虫对不同单色光具有明显的选择性,光谱和光强度对其趋光行为和避光行为有较大影响,光强度的影响作用与波长因素有关。     

Specificity of accumulation and transmission of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in two genera, Frankliniella and Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

The accumulation and transmission of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was examined in second instar larvae and adults of two thrips genera, Frankliniella and Thrips. The species tested were F. occidentalis (Pergande), F. intonsa (Trybom), T. tabaciLindeman, T. setosus Moulton, T. palmi Karny and T. hawaiiensis (Morgan). In a standard petunia leaf disc assay, the efficiencies of TSWV transmission by two species of Frankliniella were higher than those of any Thrips species in the adult stage. A triple antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) showed that large amounts of the TSWV-nucleocapsid (N) protein were present in the ELISA-positive larvae of each species, with the exception of T. palmi. The ELISA titre of and the proportion of virus-infected individuals of the two Frankliniella species increased or did not significantly change from the larval to the adult stages, whereas those of the four Thrips species decreased significantly. These results show that the specificity of virus transmission by adult thrips is probably affected by the amount of viral N protein accumulation in the adults and that the accumulation pattern from the larval to the adult stages is in between the two genera tested in the present study.     

用凹玻片饲养棕榈蓟马

用 2 5.4 mm× 76.2 mm,凹面直径为 18mm的两片凹玻片 ,相对合在一起 ,使凹面相对合而形成一个封闭的空间 ,组成小型的饲养器 ,内放 10 mm× 10 mm新鲜的茄子叶片 ,供虫子取食并保湿。应用凹玻片饲养棕榈蓟马技术 ,具有装置简单、不易逃逸、操作方便以及便于在显微镜下连续观察等特点。在2 0 ,2 5,2 8,30和 32℃下 ,用凹玻片饲养 ,棕榈蓟马从初孵若虫到羽化成虫阶段的成活率分别为 77.78% ,65.96% ,82 .61% ,66.67%和 56.52 %。     

Host plant effects on the functional response of Neoseiulus cucumeris to onion thrips larvae

Abstract:  The performance of herbivores, natural enemies and their interactions may be affected directly or indirectly by host plant traits, e.g. the physical plant characteristics may influence the search pattern and the functional response of predators. We studied the functional response of adult females of the predatory mite Neoseiulus cucumeris to first instar larvae of Thrips tabaci on three host plants (sweet pepper, eggplant and cucumber). The 24-h leaf disc experiments conducted at 25 ± 1°C, 60 ± 10% relative humidity and 16 : 8 h (light : dark) showed that N. cucumeris exhibited a type II functional response on all host plants. The following search rates and handling times were estimated from fitting the data to the disc equation 0.043/h and 1.798 h (cucumber); 0.048/h and 1.030 h (sweet pepper) and 0.0441/h and 2.294 h (eggplant) giving an estimated maximum predation of 13.35, 23.31 and 10.46 larvae per day respectively. The data from sweet pepper could also be described by the random predator equation ( a ': 0.051/h; T _h: 0.472 h). The host plant species interacted significantly with prey density on the functional response of N. cucumeris with the relative differences in the number of thrips eaten on each host plant increasing with density. It is suggested that it is mainly the difference in trichome density between the three host plants that is responsible for the observed differences in the functional response of N. cucumeris . These results emphasize the importance of the host plant characteristics on the performance of natural enemies and for optimizing their use in biological control of pests.     

Evaluation of the role ofMicrovelia douglasi atrolineata (Bergroth) (Heteroptera: Veliidae) as predator of the brown planthopperNilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

The biology of the veliid bug M. d. atrolineata, its predatory behavior, and the effects of plural hunting were studied to evaluate its role as a predator of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens in the Philippines. The probability of planthoppers falling onto the water surface and provision of habitat continuity was measured by a sticky trap placed at the base of rice hills in a greenhouse and in paddy fields. The developmental period of immature stages combined was 21 days. If given prey, females laid 25 eggs on the average during an adult life span of 18 days. Starved adults could survive for only 3–5 days. The functional response to prey density was sigmoid, and the maximum number of prey killed was 7 per day. Prey feeding was completed in 12–36 min. The percentage of successful prey attacks averaged 5–8%, decreasing with higher (and larger) developmental. stages of prey, but adult prey were found the soonest. Plural hunting increased the probability of capturing prey by as much as 2.5 times that by individual hunting. Late-instar nymphs, which may be more active, fell from rice hills in a greenhouse more than early-instar nymphs, and the number falling increased with density. In the field the percentage of planthoppers falling to the water in 1 day varied considerably, from 1% for nymphs in one field to 67% for adults in another field. On the basis of work described above and given the high density of veliid predators in flooded paddy fields of tropical Asia, M. d. atrolineata is considered one of the most important natural enemies of the brown planthopper.     

Use of plant resources by an omnivorous predator and the consequences for effective predation

Plant-provided food may enhance survival and establishment of omnivorous predators on target crops but on the other hand they may adversely affect predation rates and thus their potential for biological control of target pests. However, it is not known how predation is affected by plant food quality and prey density. The omnivorous predator Macrolophus pygmaeus is commonly used in augmentative releases in greenhouse crops. Experiments have shown its ability to utilize plant resources; eggplant and pepper plant leaves are the most and least suitable, respectively. In this study we searched the effects of floral resources (pollen or flower) of eggplant or pepper plant on the predation rate of M. pygmaeus. We used experiments in dishes (leaves) and cages (plants) under a range of densities of its prey, the aphid Myzus persicae. We did not find evidence that the consumption rates and the type of the functional responses of M. pygmaeus were affected by the plant leaf (eggplant vs pepper plant) or the increase in the spatial scale (leaf vs plant). However, the presence of pollen or a flower of eggplant and to a lesser extent of pepper plant reduced the plateau of the functional response to aphid density and increased the handling time per prey. The extent of prey feeding replacement by flower resources was dependent on the interaction between plant species and prey density. It seems that there is a constant rate of prey consumption replacement at intermediate and high prey densities on eggplant but only at intermediate prey densities on pepper plant. These results indicate the interactions between plant and prey resources in diets of omnivores and may be useful for its efficacy in pest control on eggplant and pepper plant.