枯草芽胞杆菌甘露聚糖酶发酵条件优化

旨在以枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis J为生产菌株,发酵生产β-甘露聚糖酶,通过优化产酶条件,以达到提高β-甘露聚糖酶产量的目的。利用DNS比色法检测β-甘露聚糖酶活力,采用单因素试验,研究碳氮源种类及碳氮源浓度、温度、pH、接种量和装液量对菌株Bacillus subtilis J发酵产β-甘露聚糖酶的影响,结合响应面试验设计确定菌株Bacillus subtilis J发酵产甘露聚糖酶的最优发酵培养条件。单因素试验和响应面试验得到最优的发酵条件为魔芋粉28 g/L,胰蛋白胨21 g/L,K₂HPO₄ 6 g/L,MgSO₄·7H₂O 1 g/L,温度31 ℃,pH值 8.5,接种量1%（体积分数）,装液量50 mL/250 mL,发酵周期24 h。利用优化后的培养基生产β-甘露聚糖酶,其酶活力达到84.38 U/mL,是初始发酵培养基产酶活力的3.36倍。通过对发酵条件的优化,大幅度提高了β-甘露聚糖酶的产量,为其工业生产提供数据参考。     

混合菌株降解褐藻胶的筛选、鉴定及产酶条件优化

为获得仿刺参（Apostichopus japonicus）肠道菌群中可有效降解褐藻胶的混合菌株,以海藻酸钠为唯一碳源配制培养基,以透明圈法进行初筛,DNS法和紫外法复筛,从已驯化仿刺参肠道中筛选得到4株高酶活力褐藻胶降解菌株S1、S2、S10和S11,经16S rDNA序列分析、电镜观察,确定菌株S2与S11分别为微杆菌属（Microbacterium sp.）和微小杆菌属（Exiguobacterium sp.）。对该4株菌株分别进行混合培养,获得菌株S2与S11最佳配比组合,并通过单因素试验及响应面优化试验对影响混合菌株产酶条件的发酵初始pH值、NaCl质量浓度、装液量和发酵温度4个因素进行优化。得到混合菌株最佳产酶条件为pH 8,NaCl质量浓度为40 g/L,装液量80 mL,温度28 ℃。在最佳发酵条件下,混合菌株酶活力可达94.78 U/mL,相比于优化前提高了43.9%,优化后混合菌株的酶活力显著提高。     

响应面分析法优化沙雷氏菌(Serratia sp.) AXJ-M对己烯雌酚的降解

[背景] 环境雌激素已成为目前干扰人类和动物内分泌系统而影响健康和生殖的一类新型环境污染物,利用微生物的降解作用修复被其污染的环境具有重要的现实意义。[目的] 以实验室保藏的一株己烯雌酚（Diethylstilbestrol,DES）降解菌沙雷氏菌（Serratia sp.） AXJ-M为对象,开展其对DES的降解特性及降解条件优化的实验研究。[方法] 利用单因素试验、Plackett-Burman因素筛选、最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken设计相结合的方法优化Serratia sp.AXJ-M对DES的降解条件。[结果] （NH₄）₂SO₄、ZnCl₂、胰蛋白胨被分别选做无机氮源、额外金属离子和外加营养物质时,对DES降解有明显的促进作用。利用Plackett-Burman实验确定（NH₄）₂SO₄浓度、DES浓度、pH值为影响菌株AXJ-M降解DES的主要因素。在此基础上,采用最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken设计,确定菌株AXJ-M在（NH₄）₂SO₄浓度1.48 g/L、ZnCl₂浓度0.02 g/L、温度30℃、pH 7.19、DES浓度119.5 mg/L、接种量3%（体积分数）下培养7 d,菌株AXJ-M对DES的降解率达到76.89%,较未优化前提高了17.38%。[结论] Serratia sp.AXJ-M具有较高的DES降解能力,该菌可为生物修复受DES或其他人工合成雌激素污染的环境提供优良的微生物资源。     

产脂肪酶菌株筛选及柠檬酸杆菌产酶条件优化

脂肪酶可以催化甘油三酯水解成脂肪酸和甘油,已广泛应用在工业领域,而获得产酶微生物是研究的基础。采用油脂平板法筛选出1株脂肪酶产生菌。经16S rRNA序列分析可知,该菌株属于柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter werkman and Gillen)。单因素试验对其进行产酶条件优化,优化后产酶条件（g/L）：淀粉2.0,KH₂PO₄ 1.0,K₂HPO₄·3H₂O 2.2,(NH₄)₂SO₄ 1.0,MgSO₄·7H₂O 0.1,牛肉膏2.0,橄榄油10.0 mL,pH 7.5,接种量1.5%(v/v),37 ℃培养43 h。获得最大酶活为384 U/mL,是优化前的13倍。可以利用该菌制备脂肪酶。     

海洋低温几丁质酶菌株筛选、鉴定及酶谱分析

以胶体几丁质为唯一碳源,从大连渤海湾的底泥样品中分离到1株高产低温几丁质酶的海洋细菌,命名为DL-06。由菌株的形态特征结合16S rDNA系统发育分析,初步确定该菌株属于交替假单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas sp. DL-06)。该菌株经30 h摇瓶发酵后测定粗酶液几丁质酶酶活为9.184 U/mL,最适反应温度为15 ℃,60 ℃孵育1 h仍保持50%以上的酶活性,表明该低温酶具有一定热稳定性。经SDS-PAGE及酶谱分析,该菌株能够产生至少3种以上不同分子质量的几丁质酶组分。Pseudoalteromonas sp. DL-06产几丁质酶在低温下高活性与热稳定特点,使其具有潜在的工业应用价值。     

产氢菌Enterobacter sp.和Clostridium sp.的分离鉴定及产氢特性

在高温水体中分离得到2株具有较高产氢活性的微生物菌株Z-16和C-32。根据两菌株的16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定菌株Z-16为Enterobacter sp.,菌株C-32为Clostridium sp.。研究了起始pH值、反应温度、碳源等对菌株放氢活性的影响。菌株Z-16的最适产氢条件为：反应系统起始pH7.0,反应温度35℃,以蔗糖为产氢底物。在最适条件下,菌株Z-16的氢转化率为2.68mol H₂/mol蔗糖。菌株C-32的最适产氢条件为：反应系统起始pH 8.0,反应温度35℃,以麦芽糖为产氢底物。在最适条件下,菌株C-32的氢转化率为2.71mol H₂/mol 麦芽糖。以葡萄糖为碳源时,菌株Z-16和菌株C-32的氢转化率分别为2.35和2.48mol H₂/mol葡萄糖。     

产氢菌Enterobacter sp.和Clostridium sp.的分离鉴定及产氢特性

在高温水体中分离得到2株具有较高产氢活性的微生物菌株Z-16和C-32。根据两菌株的16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定菌株Z-16为Enterobacter sp.,菌株C-32为Clostridium sp.。研究了起始pH值、反应温度、碳源等对菌株放氢活性的影响。菌株Z-16的最适产氢条件为：反应系统起始pH7.0,反应温度35℃,以蔗糖为产氢底物。在最适条件下,菌株Z-16的氢转化率为2.68mol H₂/mol蔗糖。菌株C-32的最适产氢条件为：反应系统起始pH 8.0,反应温度35℃,以麦芽糖为产氢底物。在最适条件下,菌株C-32的氢转化率为2.71mol H₂/mol 麦芽糖。以葡萄糖为碳源时,菌株Z-16和菌株C-32的氢转化率分别为2.35和2.48mol H₂/mol葡萄糖。     

异化铁还原细菌Clostridium sp.LQ25分离及其产氢与铁还原特性

[背景] 一些异化铁还原细菌兼具铁还原和发酵产氢能力,可作为发酵型异化铁还原细菌还原机制研究的对象。[目的] 筛选出一株发酵型异化铁还原细菌。在异化铁还原细菌培养体系中,设置不同电子供体并分析电子供体。[方法] 通过三层平板法从海洋沉积物中筛选纯菌株,基于16S rRNA基因序列进行菌株鉴定。通过测定细菌培养液Fe （II）浓度及发酵产氢量分析菌株异化铁还原和产氢性质。[结果] 菌株LQ25与Clostridium butyricum的16S rRNA基因序列相似性达到100%,结合电镜形态观察,菌株命名为Clostridium sp.LQ25。在氢氧化铁为电子受体培养条件下,菌株生长较对照组（未添加氢氧化铁）显著提高。菌株LQ25能够利用丙酮酸钠、葡萄糖和乳酸钠进行生长。丙酮酸钠为电子供体时,菌株LQ25细胞生长和异化铁还原效率最高,菌体蛋白质含量是（78.88±3.40） mg/L,累积产生Fe （II）浓度为（8.27±0.23） mg/L。以葡萄糖为电子供体时,菌株LQ25发酵产氢量最高,达（475.2±14.4） mL/L,相比对照组（未添加氢氧化铁）产氢量提高87.7%。[结论] 筛选到一株具有异化铁还原和发酵产氢能力的菌株Clostridium sp.LQ25,为探究发酵型异化铁还原细菌胞外电子传递机制提供了新的实验材料。     

一株高效甘蔗内生固氮细菌GXS16的鉴定及其对甘蔗的促生长作用

[背景] 我国甘蔗生产中氮肥过量施用严重,导致生产成本居高不下,充分发挥甘蔗与内生固氮菌的联合固氮作用,减少氮肥施用量,对促进我国甘蔗产业可持续发展具有重要意义。[目的] 筛选优势甘蔗内生固氮菌,对其基本特性、联合固氮效率及促生长功能进行评价。[方法] 从甘蔗根系分离到一株内生固氮菌GXS16,利用乙炔还原法测定固氮酶活性,通过PCR扩增nifH基因确定菌株为固氮菌;通过形态观察、Biolog检测和16S rRNA基因序列分析等对菌株进行分类;通过接种盆栽甘蔗检测菌株的促生长作用,采用¹⁵N同位素稀释法检测菌株相对固氮效率。[结果] 菌株GXS16固氮酶活性为2.42μmol-C₂H₄/（h·mL）,根据菌株培养性状和菌体形态观察、Biolog检测、16S rRNA、nifH、acdS基因序列分析结果,菌株GXS16属于伯克氏菌属（Burkholderia）;菌株GXS16还具有1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶（1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Deaminase,ACC）活性及合成生长素吲哚乙酸（Indoleacetic Acid,IAA）、降解无机磷的功能;接种GXS16处理甘蔗植株的株高比对照增长15%以上,干重增长20%以上,¹⁵N同位素测定显示甘蔗根、茎、叶从空气中获得氮的百分比分别为7.69%、15.64%和8.72%,效率显著优于模式菌株G.diazotrophicus PAL5。[结论] Burkholderia sp.GXS16是一株高效甘蔗内生固氮菌,具有良好应用前景。     

一株耐高温产纤维素酶芽胞杆菌的筛选鉴定及其液体发酵条件优化

以获得耐高温纤维素酶菌株为目的,以育苗基质中农业生物质废弃物为原料,通过在发酵高温期(≥50 ℃)取样进行菌种筛选,结合菌株形态特征、生理生化指标及16S rDNA进化树分析结果,菌株E鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）。使用优化后的培养基,通过单因子试验方法对产酶条件进行优化,确定菌株E的发酵最优条件为培养温度50 ℃、时间48 h、初始pH值6.0、装液量100 mL、接种量2%～5%（体积分数）,在该条件下发酵液OD值及酶活性达到最高。研究结果为生产生物活性育苗基质及农业废弃物资源化利用等研究提供参考。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.