模拟氮沉降和接种外生菌根真菌对马尾松(Pinus massoniana)幼苗营养元素的影响

量化植物地上部和地下部元素含量对于理解和预测植物养分平衡如何响应大气氮沉降的变化至关重要。通过盆栽试验研究了氮沉降增加背景下外生菌根真菌对马尾松幼苗营养元素的影响。对马尾松幼苗进行了接种两种外生菌根真菌：（彩色豆马勃（Pisolithus tinctorius，Pt）与厚环乳牛肝菌（Suillus grevillei，Sg））以及4种氮素浓度添加：0 kg N hm^-2a^-1（N0）、正常氮沉降30 kg N hm^-2a^-1（N30）、中度氮沉降60 kg N hm^-2a^-1（N60）、重度氮沉降90 kg N hm^-2a^-1（N90），共12个处理，测定了马尾松地上部和地下部大量元素和微量元素的含量。结果表明：施氮改变了营养元素在马尾松幼苗地上部和地下部的含量，马尾松幼苗磷（P）、钙（Ca）、铁（Fe）、锰（Mn）等元素均在N60时达到临界值，而当输入的量超过了马尾松对氮的需求时，氮沉降会使马尾松营养元素含量较最适浓度时降低，地上部碳（C）随施氮浓度的升高先升高后降低，N随施氮浓度的升高而升高，根系和叶片钾（K）、Ca、镁（Mg）均随施氮浓度的升高而降低，施氮也降低了根系C及微量元素的含量。但在同一施氮浓度下，接种外生菌根真菌（EMF）后能够提高大多数元素的含量，N90时接种厚环乳牛肝菌（Sg）和彩色豆马勃（Pt）的叶片N含量与对照相比分别提高112.6%和138.6%，根系N含量分别提高73.1%、71.6%；N60时接种Sg和Pt的植株叶片P含量比不施氮未接种对照分别提高了166.3%、132.9%，根系P含量分别提高了40.8%、38.5%。EMF能够维持植物养分平衡，从而降低高施氮量对植物的影响效果。这为未来气候变化情景中氮沉降增加下接种EMF可以调节植物元素含量，从而达到更适应环境的元素平衡来促进生长提供理论依据。     

氮素添加对贝加尔针茅草原土壤团聚体微生物群落的影响

大气氮沉降增加作为全球气候变化的重要因素,其对土壤生态系统影响的研究受到了生态学家的广泛关注。土壤微生物是有机物分解和养分循环的主要参与者,在维持土壤的功能多样性和可持续发展方面发挥着重要的作用。氮沉降的激增会引起土壤微生物群落结构和功能的改变。土壤中营养物质在不同团聚体组分中分布的不均匀,为微生物提供了空间异质微生境。为揭示草原土壤不同粒径团聚体中微生物群落分布及其对氮素添加响应特征。自2010年起,在内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原典型地段设置N₀（0 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₁₅（15 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₃₀（30 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₅₀（50 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₁₀₀（100 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₁₅₀（150 kg hm^-2 a^-1）6个氮素添加处理模拟氮沉降野外控制试验。采用磷脂脂肪酸（phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA）法测定>2 mm、0.25-2 mm和<0.25 mm 3个粒径土壤团聚体中微生物PLFA含量,探讨氮素添加对土壤团聚体微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明：氮素添加提高了土壤碳、氮含量,降低了土壤pH。氮素添加显著提高了0.25-2 mm土壤团聚体微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸总量、真菌磷脂脂肪酸含量和真菌/细菌（Fungi/bacteria,F/B）、革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌（Gram-positive bacteria/gram-negative bacteria,G⁺/G^-）的比值（P<0.05）,降低了土壤团聚体微生物Margalef丰富度指数（P<0.05）。相关性分析表明,土壤团聚体微生物总PLFAs、真菌PLFAs含量、G⁺/G^-、F/B与土壤有机碳、全氮含量呈显著正相关关系,与C/N值负相关。综合研究表明,连续8年氮素添加显著提高了土壤有机碳和全氮含量、降低了土壤pH;提高了0.25-2 mm土壤团聚体真菌群落,土壤有机碳、全氮的固持与真菌群落的增加有关。     

氮添加对马尾松人工林土壤团聚体氮矿化及土壤酶活性的影响

土壤氮库是生态系统氮素重要的源和汇。以三峡库区马尾松（Pinus massoniana）人工林为研究对象,从团聚体视角出发分析土壤养分和酶活性对氮添加的响应规律,以及相应的变化对氮矿化的影响,为预测该地区在大气氮沉降持续增加的背景下土壤氮动态提供参考。设置4种量的氮添加处理（N₀：0 kg N hm^-2 a^-1;N₃₀：30 kg N hm^-2 a^-1;N₆₀：60 kg N hm^-2 a^-1;N₉₀：90 kg N hm^-2 a^-1）,将土壤按粒径分为>2000 μm （大团聚体）、250-2000 μm （小团聚体）和<250 μm （微团聚体）3个组分的团聚体,观察团聚体氮矿化特征。结果表明：（1）与对照相比,N₃₀和N₆₀处理提高了有机质（SOM）含量,但土壤SOM和全氮（TN）含量在N₉₀下开始出现下降;氮添加降低了土壤速效磷（aP）含量,在小团聚体中表现最为显著。除微团聚体中的POD和NAG以外,其余3种酶的活性均在N₃₀和N₆₀处理之下被提高。（2）土壤平均净硝化速率整体高于土壤平均净氨化速率;大团聚体和小团聚体中净氨化速率在氮添加处理后显著降低,大团聚体净硝化速率低于其他两个粒径;土壤净氮转化速率在N₉₀处理下最高。（3）土壤养分和无机氮含量与土壤酸性磷酸酶（AP）、N-乙酰-β-D-葡糖苷酶（NAG）、过氧化物酶（POD）、硝酸还原酶（NR）和脲酶（UE）的活性呈显著相关,酶活性变化是多因子综合作用的结果;RDA分析显示,UE与土壤净氨化速率存在显著正相关,NAG和POD是与净氮转化速率分别存在显著正相关和显著负相关的关键土壤酶。综上所述,硝化作用是土壤净氮转化的主要贡献者,微团聚体在土壤氮矿化中发挥主要作用,NAG和POD是改变土壤净氮转化的主要生物酶。此外,氮添加会引起土壤氮素的流失,引起土壤的磷限制,并对土壤养分循环产生显著影响。     

华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林不同深度土壤氮矿化及酶活性对模拟氮沉降的响应

在森林土壤中，无机氮的垂直移动速率较快，因此大气氮沉降极有可能对下层森林土壤造成较大影响，且表层土壤往往与下层土壤的物理化学特性和所处环境差异较大，因此土壤剖面中不同深度的土壤对大气氮沉降的响应可能存在较大差异。以往研究表明，"华西雨屏"区的年均氮湿沉降量高达95 kg N hm^-2 a^-1，处于中国最高水平，该森林生态系统出现一定氮饱和特征。基于以上背景，研究华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林不同深度土壤氮矿化及相关酶活性对模拟氮沉降的响应，从2014年1月起进行野外定位模拟氮沉降试验，分别设置对照（CK，+0 g N hm^-2 a^-1）、低氮（LN，+5 g N hm^-2 a^-1）和高氮（HN，+15 g N hm^-2 a^-1）3个氮添加水平。在氮沉降进行5年后进行土壤采样，测定不同深度土壤（上层0-15 cm、中层15-30 cm、下层30-45 cm）全氮（TN）、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）含量及氮矿化相关酶活性。结果表明：（1）该常绿阔叶次生林不同深度土壤TN有显著差异；（2）模拟氮沉降对该系统土壤氮矿化总体表现出极显著抑制作用，其中中层土壤抑制作用最为强烈，净氮矿化速率主要受硝化过程的影响；（3）氮矿化相关酶活性均随土壤深度的加深而降低，模拟氮沉降对土壤脲酶活性有极显著促进作用，对土壤硝酸还原酶活性有显著抑制作用。由于无机氮在土壤剖面中的高度可移动性，深层土壤氮循环和特征对氮沉降的响应需要更加密切的关注。     

氮添加对红松人工林草本层植物多样性的影响

氮沉降是驱动生物多样性变化的重要因素之一。为了探索氮添加对红松（Pinus koraiensis）人工林草本层植物多样性的影响及其驱动机制,以黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区红松人工林为研究对象,设置N0（对照处理,0 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N20（低氮处理,20 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N40（中氮处理,40 kg hm^-2 a^-1）和N80（高氮处理,80 kg hm^-2 a^-1）4个施氮水平,进行6年的氮添加实验。结果表明：（1）氮添加显著降低草本层3个功能群的密度和盖度,而对高度无显著影响;（2）6年氮添加使对照与施氮处理间群落相似度随施氮水平的增加而减小;（3）氮添加显著降低草本植物的丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数,而未对蕨类和木本植物的丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数产生显著影响,对草本层3个功能群的Pielou均匀度指数均无显著影响;（4）氮添加对草本植物的C、N、P含量、N：P、C：P产生显著影响,对木本植物的P含量、N：P、C：P产生显著影响,对蕨类植物的C：N：P生态化学计量均无显著影响;（5）草本植物多样性与土壤化学性质无显著的相关关系,草本植物丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与植物盖度、密度呈显著的正相关关系,丰富度与植物N含量呈显著的负相关关系,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与植物N：P呈显著的负相关关系。研究表明6年氮添加改变植物草本层中物种组成和群落结构,3个功能群密度和盖度显著降低,高度未产生显著变化,仅降低草本植物的丰富度和多样性。造成该现象的原因可能是,不同物种对于氮的利用特性和耐受程度存在差异,氮添加引起草本植物养分失衡,改变物种组成和群落结构,从而影响草本植物多样性。研究结果可为我国温带森林生态系统持续性管理提供数据和理论基础。     

水沙条件及氮输入对黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地碱蓬和土壤15N吸收特征的影响

受自然及人为活动的影响,黄河三角洲水沙条件存在较大变化,由此带来的外源营养物质增加对潮滩湿地植被生长及元素吸收利用具有重要的影响。为此采用3因素4水平的正交试验,以黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地先锋物种碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）为研究对象,利用¹⁵N示踪技术,研究了水沙条件及氮输入对碱蓬和土壤¹⁵N吸收特征的影响。结果表明：淹水深度、泥沙沉积及氮输入对土壤全氮含量的影响不显著,但外源氮输入对土壤¹⁵N固持量（N_dff）和比例（N_dff%）的影响达到显著水平,且最大值（10.44 mg/kg和3.83%）均出现在W₄S₂N₃（30 cm淹水+3 cm泥沙沉积+6 g/m²氮输入）处理;碱蓬叶和茎中全氮含量、¹⁵N吸收量（N_dff）及比例（N_dff%）在深淹水和泥沙沉积处理时较大,而根中全氮含量、N_dff及N_dff%在高氮输入较大。且根N_dff和N_dff%最大值（1.10 mg/kg和18.21%）在W₁S₄N₄（2 cm淹水+12 cm泥沙沉积+9 g/m²氮输入）处理时取得,此时碱蓬的生长情况最好,表明适当的淹水和泥沙埋深以及高氮输入（9 g/m²）有利于根系对外源氮的吸收,从而促进植株的生长。由此可见,在黄河三角洲水沙变化大的背景下,淹水、泥沙沉积和外源氮输入的适当把控,可促进碱蓬对外源氮的吸收利用而有助于其生长,从而对维护黄河三角洲潮滩湿地的健康具有重要作用。     

不同氮素添加量对大兴安岭冻土区泥炭地植物细根形态的影响模拟研究

为探讨氮素营养环境变化对冻土区泥炭地植物细根形态的影响,在大兴安岭泥炭地开展了不同浓度氮素添加模拟试验,添加量分别为0 g N m^-2 a^-1（CK）、6 g N m^-2 a^-1（N1）、12 g N m^-2 a^-1（N2）和24 g N m^-2 a^-1（N3）。在2020年8月和9月,利用微根管技术观测泥炭地不同深度（0-20 cm、20-40 cm）土壤中的植物细根形态,应用WinRHIZO图像分析软件分析根系特征。结果表明,在表层土壤（0-20 cm）中植物细根的总根长、总表面积、总体积和根长密度随施氮量增加而增加,其中8月份N3处理下细根总根长、总表面积、总体积和根长密度显著高于其他处理（P< 0.05）,N2处理下细根总表面积、总体积显著高于对照组和N1处理;9月份N3处理下细根总根长和根长密度显著高于对照组,总表面积和总体积显著高于对照组和N1处理。说明高浓度氮素添加在一定程度上缓解了植物氮素限制,能够显著促进表层土壤（0-20 cm）中植物细根的生长,但对亚表层土壤（20-40 cm）中细根的影响幅度小于表层土壤。     

连续氮添加14年对温带典型草原土壤碳氮组分及物理结构的影响

全球氮沉降对生态系统造成了深远的影响,研究长时间氮沉降对草地生态系统土壤理化特征的影响有助于加强生态系统对氮沉降响应的长效机制的理解。通过连续14年长期施加N0（0 g N m^-2 a^-1）、N2（2 g N m^-2 a^-1）、N4（4 g N m^-2 a^-1）、N8（8 g N m^-2 a^-1）、N16（16 g N m^-2 a^-1）、N32（32 g N m^-2 a^-1）六种浓度尿素模拟氮沉降,并将土壤分成0-10、10-20和20-40 cm三个深度土层,研究温带草原生态系统土壤碳氮组分及物理结构对氮添加的响应及其相互关系,结果表明：（1）氮添加显著降低0-10 cm土壤酸碱度及土壤微生物量碳含量,N32相比N0分别下降了27.63%和58.40%（P<0.05）;各土层总有机碳和全氮含量对氮添加处理无显著响应,0-10 cm土层显著高于20-40 cm土层。（2）同一土层深度不同梯度氮添加处理显著增加土壤无机氮离子含量（P<0.05）,0-10 cm土层铵态氮含量N32相比N0增加了88.72%,20-40 cm土层硝态氮含量N32相比N0增加了19.55倍,土壤深度与氮添加对无机氮离子含量影响具有显著的交互效应。（3）同一土壤深度不同梯度氮添加处理土壤粒度分形维数及土壤团聚体差异不显著,相关分析表明土壤碳氮元素含量与土壤结构显著相关。土壤碳氮组分在适宜浓度氮添加的增加趋势说明氮添加在一定程度上可能促进土壤理化性质的改良,氮添加对土壤物理结构的影响还需要进一步的深入研究。     

水位和施氮对若尔盖高寒湿地土壤非共生固氮的影响

高寒湿地中土壤微生物固氮是氮元素进入生态系统的主要途径之一,环境因子变化对土壤固氮功能的影响仍不明晰。在四川若尔盖高寒湿地搭建了由27个生态模拟箱组成的中宇宙实验系统,通过控制水位和模拟氮沉降,研究水位变化和施氮对土壤非共生固氮的影响。实验设计了3水位水平×3施氮水平共9个处理,测定了生态模拟箱中表层土壤的非共生固氮速率,土壤碳、氮含量,以及地上植物生物量和植物氮含量,比较不同水位和施氮处理下非共生固氮速率的变化规律并分析其与土壤和植物碳、氮含量的关系。研究发现：生态模拟箱中土壤非共生固氮速率范围是0.003-7.35 μg N g^-1 d^-1,从不淹水到淹水的处理土壤非共生固氮速率提高约2倍。施氮处理中固氮速率随土壤含水量升高而增强的敏感性高于施氮对照处理,且施氮处理下的生态模拟箱中土壤有机碳含量显著升高,据此推测施氮可能使淹水的生态模拟箱中的浮游植物提高生产力而释放可利用有机碳,从而间接促进土壤非共生固氮。本研究获得以下结论：（1）若尔盖高寒湿地中土壤水位是限制固氮速率的重要因子;（2）施氮背景下土壤含水量对非共生固氮的促进效应更明显。     

全膜双垄沟覆盖条件下不同施氮量对春玉米氮素吸收利用及分配的影响

通过田间试验研究了黄土旱塬旱作全膜双垄沟覆盖栽培条件下,不同施氮量（0、100、200、250、300及400 kg/hm²）对春玉米氮素吸收、利用及分配的影响,为提高春玉米氮素利用效率及合理施氮提供理论依据。结果表明:（1）春玉米植株及籽粒含氮量、氮素累积量随施氮量增加而提高,但当施氮量超过250 kg/hm²后增加效果不显著。（2）春玉米植株含氮量随生育期推进而降低,但氮素累积量则随生育期推进而增加。（3）玉米叶片及茎+叶鞘氮素转移量及对籽粒氮素贡献量高于其他器官。（4）春玉米籽粒产量随施氮量增加先增加后降低,并在施氮量为250 kg/hm²时产量最大（11 932 kg/hm²）,此时氮素收获指数最大（69.12%）并显著高于其余处理,氮肥农学效率也显著高于施氮量为300、400 kg/hm²的处理。因此,从春玉米产量、氮素利用角度考虑,该试验条件下的合理施氮量为250 kg/hm²。     

Effects of biochar and nitrogen addition on nutrient and Cd uptake of Cichorium intybus grown in acidic soil

Biochar is an organic amendment used for soil remediation, there are only a few studies documenting the effects of nitrogen on the role of biochar in contaminated soils. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the impacts of biochar (0%, 1%, and 2.5%, w/w) and nitrogen (0, 100, and 200 mg N kg^?1) on plant growth, nutrient and cadmium (Cd) uptake of Cichorium intybus. N, P, Ca, Mg, and Cd concentrations increased with N level in 0% and 1% biochar treatments. In plants treated with 2.5% biochar, 200 mg N kg^?1 addition caused significant reductions of N, P, Ca, Mg, and Cd concentrations in comparison to 100 mg N kg^?1 treatments. Nitrogen promoted shoot biomass at all biochar treatments, while biochar had no effect on shoot biomass in 0 and 200 mg N kg^?1 addition treatments. Nitrogen also significantly increased N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Cd contents in the 0% and 1.5% biochar addition treatments. Although soil DTPA-extractable Cd concentration showed the lowest values in 1% biochar in combination with 100 and 200 mg N kg^?1 addition treatments, lowest shoot Cd concentration, and relatively high shoot biomass occurred in the 2.5% biochar + 200 mg N kg^?1 treatment. Based on these results, biochar application at its highest rate (2.5%) in combination with high N supply (200 mg N kg^?1) contributed to both crop yield and agricultural product safety. N input alone might increase the risk of human health, and the optimum N dose should be determined during phytostabilization process.     

Aged biochar affects gross nitrogen mineralization and recovery: a 15N study in two contrasting soils

Biochar is a pyrolysed biomass and largely consists of pyrogenic carbon (C), which takes much longer to decompose compared to the biomass it is made from. When applied to soil, it could increase agricultural productivity through nutrient retention and changing soil properties. The biochar‐mediated nutrient retention capacity depends on the biochar properties, which change with time, and on soil properties. Here, we examined the effects of a wood biochar (20 t ha^?1), that has aged (21 months) in a grassland field, on gross nitrogen (N) mineralization (GNM) and ¹⁵N recovery using a ¹⁵N tracer. A field experiment was conducted in two soil types, that is a Tenosol and a Dermosol, and also included a phosphorus (P) addition treatment (1 kg ha^?1). Compared to the control, biochar with P addition significantly increased GNM in the Tenosol. Possibly, biochar and P addition enhanced nutrient availability in this nutrient‐limited soil, thereby stimulating microbial activity. In contrast, biochar addition reduced GNM in the Dermosol, possibly by protecting soil organic matter (SOM) from decomposition through sorption onto biochar surfaces and enhanced formation of organo‐mineral complexes in this soil that had a higher clay content (29% vs. 8% in the Tenosol). Compared to the control, biochar significantly increased total ¹⁵N recovery in the Tenosol (on average by 12%) and reduced leaching to subsurface soil layers (on average by 52%). Overall, ¹⁵N recovery was greater in the Dermosol (83%) than the Tenosol (63%), but was not affected by biochar or P. The increased N recovery with biochar addition in the sandy Tenosol may be due to retention at exchange sites on aged biochar, while such beneficial effects may not be visible in soils with higher clay content. Our results suggest that aged biochar may increase N use efficiency through reduced leaching or gaseous losses in sandy soils.     

Long‐term biochar application promotes rice productivity by regulating root dynamic development and reducing nitrogen leaching

Biochar is beneficial for improving soil quality and crop productivity. However, the long‐term effects of biochar addition on temporal dynamics of plant shoot and root growth, and the changes in soil properties and nitrogen (N) leaching are still obscure. Here, based on a long‐term (7 years) biochar field experiment with rice in northwest China, we investigated the effects of two biochar rates (0 and 9 t ha^?1 year^?1) and two N fertilizer rates (0 and 300 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) on shoot and root growth, root morphology, N leaching, and soil physicochemical properties. The results showed that both biochar and N fertilizer significantly promoted rice growth, with their interaction significant only in some cases. Both fertilizers enhanced rice shoot biomass and N accumulation in various growth stages as well as increased grain yield. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly promoted root growth regardless of biochar application. However, biochar application without N fertilizer increased root biomass and length during the whole growth period, except in the booting stage; biochar with N application promoted root growth at tillering, reduced root biomass but maintained root length with low root diameter and high specific root length during the jointing and booting stages, and then delayed root senescence in the grain filling stage. Long‐term applications of biochar and N fertilizer reduced 10%–12% bulk density of topsoil compared to the control treatment with no N fertilizer and no biochar. Long‐term biochar application also improved soil total organic carbon and concentrations of available N, phosphorus, and potassium. In addition, biochar and N fertilizer applied together significantly reduced nitrate and ammonium concentration in leachate at different soil depths. In conclusion, biochar could regulate root growth, root morphology, soil properties, and N leaching to increase rice N fertilizer‐use efficiency.     

降水量与氮添加对荒漠草原生态系统碳交换的影响

为深入了解降水格局改变和氮沉降增加对荒漠草原生态系统碳交换的影响机制，于2017年在宁夏荒漠草原设立了降水量变化（减少50%、减少30%、自然降水量、增加30%以及增加50%）和氮添加（0和5 g m^-2 a^-1）的野外试验，研究了2019年生长季（5-10月份）净生态系统碳交换（Net ecosystem carbon exchange，NEE）、生态系统呼吸（Ecosystem respiration，ER）和总生态系统生产力（Gross ecosystem productivity，GEP）的时间动态，分析了三者与植被组成以及土壤属性的关系。NEE、ER和GEP日动态和月动态均呈先增加后降低，NEE在整个生长季表现为净生态系统碳吸收。0和5 g m^-2 a^-1氮添加下，减少降水量显著降低了NEE、ER和GEP （P<0.05），增加30%降水量显著提高了三者（P<0.05）。相同降水量条件下，氮添加不同程度地提高了NEE、ER和GEP，且其效应在增加50%降水量时较为明显。净生态系统碳吸收（-NEE）、ER和GEP与群落生物量、牛枝子（Lespedeza potaninii）以及草木樨状黄芪（Astragalus melilotoides）生物量正相关。三者亦随Patrick丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的增加而增加。本文结果意味着，减少降水量降低了土壤水分和养分有效性、抑制了植物生长，从而降低了生态系统碳交换。适量增加降水量则可能通过提高土壤含水量、刺激土壤酶活性、调节土壤C ： N ： P平衡特征等途径，促进了植物生长和物种多样性，从而提高了生态系统碳汇功能；氮添加亦促进了生态系统碳交换，但其与降水的交互作用尚不明显，需通过长期观测进行深入探讨。     

Effect of mineral nitrogen on nitrogen nutrition and biomass partitioning between the shoot and roots of pea (Pisum sativum L.).

The effect of mineral N availability on nitrogen nutrition and biomass partitioning between shoot and roots of pea (Pisum sativum L., cv Baccara) was investigated under adequately watered conditions in the field, using five levels of fertiliser N application at sowing (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 kg N ha^–1). Although the presence of mineral N in the soil stimulated vegetative growth, resulting in a higher biomass accumulation in shoots in the fertilised treatments, neither seed yield nor seed nitrogen concentration was affected by soil mineral N availability. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation was inhibited by mineral N in the soil but it was replaced by root mineral N absorption, which resulted in optimum nitrogen nutrition for all treatments. However, the excessive nitrogen and biomass accumulation in the shoot of the 400 kg N ha^–1 treatment caused crop lodging and slightly depressed seed yield and seed nitrogen content. Thus, the presumed higher carbon costs of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, as compared to root mineral N absorption, affected neither seed yield nor the nitrogen nutrition level. However, biomass partitioning within the nodulated roots was changed. The more symbiotic nitrogen fixation was inhibited, the more root growth was enhanced. Root biomass was greater when soil mineral N availability was increased: root growth was greater and began earlier for plants that received mineral N at sowing. Rooting density was also promoted by increased mineral N availability, leading to more numerous but finer roots for the fertilised treatments. However, the maximum rooting depth and the distribution of roots with depth were unchanged. This suggested an additional direct promoting effect of mineral N on root proliferation.     

The effect of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense on growth and nitrogen utilization by wheat plants

Azospirillium brasilense is a rhizosphere bacteria that has been reported to improve yield when inoculated on wheat plants. However, the mechanisms through which this effect is induced is still unclear. In the present work, we have studied the effects of inoculating a highly efficient A. brasilense strain on wheat plant grown in 5 kg pots with soil in a greenhouse, under three N regimes (0, 3 or 16 mM NO₃ ^–, 50 ml/pot once or twice-a -week), and in disinfected or non-disinfected soil. At the booting stage, the inoculated roots in both soils showed a similar colonization by Azospirillum sp. that was not affected by N addition. The plants grown in the disinfected soil showed a higher biomass, N content and N concentration than those in the non-disinfected soil, and in both soils the inoculation stimulated plant growth, N accumulation, and N and NO₃ ^– concentration in the tissues.At maturity, the inoculated plants showed a higher biomass, grain yield and N content than the uninoculated ones in both soils, and a higher grain protein concentration than the uninoculated. It is concluded that in the present experiments, A. brasilenseincreased plant growth by stimulating nitrogen uptake by the roots.     

Proteomics reveals the adaptability mechanism of Brassica napus to short-term boron deprivation

The application of pyrogenic carbon, biochar, to agricultural soils is currently discussed as a win-win strategy to sequester carbon in soil, thus improving soil fertility and mitigate global warming. Our aim was to investigate if biochar may improve plant eco-physiological responses under sufficient water supply as well as moderate drought stress. A fully randomized greenhouse study was conducted with the pseudo-cereal Chenopodium quinoa Willd, using three levels of biochar addition (0, 100 and 200?t ha^?1) to a sandy soil and two water treatments (60% and 20% of the water holding capacity of the control), investigating growth, water use efficiency, eco-physiological parameters and greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. Biochar application increased growth, drought tolerance and leaf-N- and water-use efficiency of quinoa despite larger plant?Cleaf areas. The plants growing in biochar-amended soil accumulated exactly the same amount of nitrogen in their larger leaf biomass than the control plants, causing significantly decreased leaf N-, proline- and chlorophyll-concentrations. In this regard, plant responses to biochar closely resembled those to elevated CO₂. However, neither soil- nor plant?Csoil-respiration was higher in the larger plants, indicating less respiratory C losses per unit of biomass produced. Soil-N₂O emissions were significantly reduced with biochar. The large application rate of 200?t ha^?1 biochar did not improve plant growth compared to 100?t ha^?1; hence an upper beneficial level exists. For quinoa grown in a sandy soil, biochar application might hence provide a win-win strategy for increased crop production, GHG emission mitigation and soil C sequestration.     

Amending biochar affected enzyme activities and nitrogen turnover in Phaeozem and Luvisol

Soil nitrogen (N) is a vital source of nutrients for maintaining soil fertility and crop production. However, the effect of biochar application rate on the mechanism of organic N transformation and the contribution of enzyme mineralization is still unclear. Therefore, we conducted two 5-year field experiments in contrasting soils (Phaeozem and Luvisol) with biochar application rate at 0 t hm⁻² (CK, 0), 22.5 t hm⁻² (D₁, 1%), 67.5 t hm⁻² (D₂, 3%), and 112.5 t hm⁻² (D₃, 5%) to investigate the potential effects of biochar application rate on soil organic nitrogen (N) turnover and its linkage to enzymatic mineralization in contrasting soil. The results showed that soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) contents, microbial biomass carbon to nitrogen ratio (MBC:MBN) and protease activity are significantly influenced by biochar application rate whereas not by soil type. Ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N) contents, and dehydrogenase activity are significantly changed by soil type whereas not by biochar application rate. Based on the redundancy analysis, we found that organic N fractions are associated with MBN, SOC, and protease in Phaeozem, but related to protease activity in Luvisol. Our findings indicate that organic N turnover is not only related to the bioavailability of N but also requires carbon substrates in Phaeozem, whereas the transformation of organic N in Luvisol is dominated by enzymatic mineralization as the relatively low level of bioavailable N.     

再生水补水河道芦苇碳氮化学计量特征及其对环境的响应

在再生水补水河道内,芦苇（Phragmites australis）受高氮再生水的长期影响,具有独特的碳（C）、氮（N）化学计量特征。为查明芦苇C、N化学计量特征及其对高氮环境的响应,在芦苇生长季节（5、7、9月份）,分析了再生水补水的潮白河顺义段内河水、土壤及芦苇各器官（根、茎和叶）中C、N含量及碳氮比（C/N）。结果表明：河水中C、N含量和C/N比分别在22.20-37.25 mg/L、2.24-11.20 mg/L和3.33-9.92之间。土壤中C、N含量和C/N比的范围为5.69-35.17、0.28-2.63、8.77-25.39。在整个生长季节的所有采样点内,芦苇根、茎和叶中C含量的平均值分别为（170.84±63.56）、（369.02±39.12）、（431.80±96.70） mg/g;N含量的平均值分别为（8.20±3.96）、（14.11±6.22）和（30.73±8.66） mg/g;C/N比的平均值分别为23.89±12.84、32.65±18.48、15.21±5.60。方差分析表明,芦苇各器官中C、N计量特征具有显著的季节性差异（P<0.05）,这主要与芦苇在生长过程中的生理作用有关。环境中C、N计量特征具有显著的空间差异（P<0.05）,受环境变量的影响,芦苇叶中N含量和C/N比从上游到下游显著降低（P<0.05）。逐步回归分析的结果显示,土壤和河水中的C、N含量能够解释芦苇叶中71.0%的变量（P<0.05）;土壤中C、N含量和河水中N含量能够解释芦苇叶C/N比82.6%的变量（P<0.05）。相关分析指出,河水中N含量与土壤中N含量显著正相关（P<0.05）,说明土壤受到高氮再生水的影响而具有较强的供N能力。高氮环境下,芦苇叶中N含量较高;相较于芦苇茎和叶,根中C含量较小。研究证明在再生水补水河道中,芦苇对环境中的N有良好的吸收能力,其C、N计量特征对高氮环境表现出明显的响应。     

生物炭对间作体系中刨花润楠生长及土壤养分年际变化的影响

为探究生物炭对刨花润楠(Machilus pauhoi)的促生及土壤保肥的长期效应,以刨花润楠-梅叶冬青(Ilex latifolia)间作系统为研究对象,开展田间小区试验,研究0 kg(CK)、1.2 kg(T1)、2.4 kg(T2)、和4.8 kg(T3)4个生物炭用量对2015—2017年间刨花润楠生长动态及土壤养分含量年际变化的影响。结果表明:移栽前期,刨花润楠生长较慢,但16月后生长速度加快。生物炭可促进刨花润楠株高、叶长及叶宽的生长,但不同用量间差异不显著;与对照相比,T1、T2和T3处理下刨花润楠地上部干重分别增加35.71%、59.02%和31.81%,地下部干重分别增加28.02%、39.69%和20.52%;3个年份生物炭处理下0—15 cm和15—30 cm土层pH、有机质和速效钾含量均高于对照,且均随着生物炭施用量的增加而增加;生物炭处理下土壤全氮、全磷、全钾含量均略有提高。施用生物炭后,2015年和2016年0—15 cm土层碱解氮含量降低,2017年则有所增加,但影响不显著(P0.05)。15—30 cm土层碱解氮含量变化不明显;生物炭对2015年0—15 cm土层有效磷含量的影响不显著,到2016年和2017年则增加其含量,且T1和T3处理下效应最显著。生物炭可增加15—30 cm土层有效磷含量,但到后期(2017年)效应不显著(P0.05)。总体看来,不同处理下土壤各养分含量均表现为0—15 cm15—30 cm,2015年2016年2017年。刨花润楠生物量与0—15 cm土壤养分含量间存在显著正相关性,各养分含量间也存在正相关关系。适量生物炭(T2)处理促生保肥效应最佳,且具有长效性。