淀山湖浮游植物群落特征及其演替规律

为探明淀山湖浮游植物群落结构演变与富营养化之间的关系,于2004-2006年对上海市最大天然淡水湖泊淀山湖的浮游植物进行逐月采样调查,分析其群落结构特征.共采集到淀山湖浮游植物84属205种,主要由绿藻(种类数占50%)、硅藻(20%)、蓝藻(13%)、裸藻(13%)等组成.相邻两月之间种类相似性系数呈现冬春季高、夏秋季低的趋势:优势种为银灰平裂藻(Merismopedia glauca)、小席藻(Phormidium tenus)、铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、具缘微囊藻(M.marginata)、湖泊鞘丝藻(Lyngbya limnetica)、微小色球藻(Chroococcus minutus),颗粒直链藻最窄变种(Melosira granulata var.angustissima )、啮蚀隐藻(Cryptomonas erosa)、小球藻(Chlorella vulgate)和四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)等.浮游植物群落细胞数量主要由蓝藻(42.73%)、绿藻(37.75%)、硅藻(12.67%)和隐藻(6.06%)组成;生物量主要由硅藻(36.75%)、蓝藻(16.78%)、绿藻(16.36%)和隐藻03.53%)等组成.淀山湖浮游植物群落结构季节演替模式不同于PEG(Plankton Ecology Group)模型,其中蓝藻从春末开始大量出现,夏季大量繁殖,一直延续到秋初.综合文献资料看出,淀山湖浮游植物群落已从1959年的硅藻一金藻型、1987-1988年的隐藻-硅藻型演变为2004-2006年的蓝藻-绿藻型;数量由1959年的103 ind./L上升至2004-2006年的1.11×107 cells/L.演替的总体趋势表现为:贫中营养型的金藻、甲藻比例下降,富营养型的蓝藻、隐藻和微型绿藻增加.浮游植物数量和群落结构的演变指示了淀山湖水体的富营养化进程.     

水生花卉对铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻和小球藻生长的影响

选择黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus)、溪荪(I.sanguinea)、梭鱼草(Pontederia cordata)、白花水龙(Jussiaea repens)、水罂粟(Hydrocleys nymphoides)和大藻(Pistia stratiotes)6种具有较高观赏价值的水生花卉,通过将植物种植水与藻类共同培养的方式研究了不同种植时间的种植水对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliqnus)和小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生长的影响.结果表明:6种水生花卉种植水对3种藻类的化感作用具有选择性.通过6d的处理,种植水对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制率为31.22％ ～ 96.53％,除白花水龙外,其余5种花卉的种植水对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制率均超过70％,表现出很好的抑藻效果;种植水对斜生栅藻生长的抑制率为23.15％～77.25％;而种植水对小球藻有抑制也有促进,抑制率为-26.07％ ～75.70％,大藻、梭鱼草和溪荪抑制小球藻的生长,黄菖蒲、白花水龙表现为低促高抑,水罂粟表现为促进作用.随着种植时间的延长,种植水对3种藻类的抑制作用增强.6种水生花卉种植水对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用由大到小依次为水罂粟＞黄菖蒲＞梭鱼草＞大藻＞溪荪＞白花水龙;对斜生栅藻生长的抑制作用由大到小依次为梭鱼草＞溪荪＞黄菖蒲＞水罂粟＞白花水龙＞大藻;对小球藻生长的抑制作用由大到小依次为大藻＞梭鱼草＞溪荪＞黄菖蒲、白花水龙＞水罂粟.试验表明,6种水生花卉在控制城市景观水体中的藻类水华有一定的推广价值.     

稻虾共作水体浮游植物群落结构特征分析

为认识稻虾共作水体浮游植物群落结构特征, 于2016年4月至12月对江汉平原4处稻虾共作水体浮游植物和理化因子开展了逐月调查与分析。共鉴定出浮游植物7门124种, 其中绿藻78种、蓝藻16种、硅藻15种、裸藻3种、隐藻2种、甲藻7种、金藻3种。6—9月浮游植物的种类数、细胞密度、叶绿素a含量达到最大值, 最小值出现在12月份; 浮游植物细胞密度波动范围在1.37×105—2.93×108 cells/L, 叶绿素a含量的变化范围为0.15—208.60 μg/L。调查期间浮游植物的优势种共28种, 主要优势种有颤藻、蓝纤维藻、微囊藻、小球藻、隐藻等。浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数周年变化范围为0.64—6.3, 多样性指数最高出现在10月份, 最低出现在8月份。结果显示, 稻虾共作水体浮游植物群落结构较复杂, 细胞密度变化显示时空的一致性, 优势种组成以及优势度存在明显的空间差异(P<0.05), 稻田的浅水环境以及小龙虾的养殖行为显著影响浮游植物群落的结构。鉴于藻类作为初级生产者对于水生态环境和小龙虾健康具有重要作用, 关注种养结合水体中藻类群落的演变规律对于保障稻田种养的综合效益具有积极意义。     

洪湖水体藻类藻相特征及其对生境的响应

藻类是水生态系统的重要成分,它的群落结构、细胞密度变化与水环境相适应,随水环境的变化而改变,因此藻相变化是评价水体质量的一项重要指标。2009—2010年在洪湖水面不同方位布点采样,对水体的浮游藻类藻相(群落结构、密度)和水质状况(水位(water level,H)、水温(water temperature,tw)、透明度(transparency,SD)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、总磷(totalphosphorus,TP)、高锰酸盐指数(permanganate index,CODMn)和叶绿素含量(chlorophyll a,Chl-a)等)进行了逐月的调查、监测,采用湖库营养状态指数法对湖泊富营养化评价,并运用多元逐步回归方法建立水体藻类与生境因子的回归方程。结果表明:洪湖水体总体上已达到轻度富营养化状态;藻类以蓝藻门、硅藻门和绿藻门为主,共鉴定出7门65属,藻细胞密度为1.14×106—3.24×107个/L,藻相季节变化特征明显。藻类组成以蓝藻门密度最高(52.93%),硅藻门(25.96%)和绿藻门(16.83%)次之,隐藻门(1.98%)、金藻门(1.64%)、裸藻门(0.42%)和甲藻门(0.25%)相对较低。藻类藻相及优势种在不同季节有所差异,冬春季节(12—5月)以硅藻门的直链藻、小环藻和针杆藻为优势种,夏秋季节(7—11月)以蓝藻门的鱼腥藻和微囊藻为优势种;湖泊藻类细胞密度与tw、CODMn呈正显著相关关系,与H、TN、TP、SD相关关系不显著;藻细胞生长逐步回归方程为y=3.7815+0.0794tw+0.5670CODMn-1.3467SD,藻细胞生长主要受水温和有机污染物等的影响,氮磷不是藻类生长的控制因子;在湖泊不同区域,环境条件存在差异,导致藻类生长过程中起主导作用的环境因子存在一定的差异,蓝藻生长主要受tw、CODMn和SD控制,绿藻生长主要受H、tw和CODMn影响,而硅藻生长决定于水体CODMn。     

铜锈环棱螺对水华中常见藻类的抑制效应

藻类水华频发已成为全球性的水环境问题,近年来,生物控藻法因具有环境友好的特点而备受关注。本研究以我国富营养化湖泊中常见大型底栖动物铜锈环棱螺为操纵生物,通过室内培养试验,研究了其对水华水体中常见蓝藻铜绿微囊藻、绿藻普通小球藻和斜生栅藻生长及光合活性的影响,以期阐明螺-藻间相互作用关系,探究铜锈环棱螺作为生物操纵物种的可行性。结果表明: 铜锈环棱螺能在短时间内大量摄食藻细胞,其对铜绿微囊藻产毒株和不产毒株以及斜生栅藻的去除率均在12 h内达到最大值,分别为73.7%、73.2%和51.1%;其对普通小球藻的摄食强于其他藻类,至试验结束时去除率达到99.2%。产毒铜绿微囊藻产生的微囊藻毒素会在铜锈环棱螺体内累积并促发其肝脏病理学变化,进而阻碍铜锈环棱螺的摄食。试验后期各处理组藻细胞光合活性均显著低于对照组,表明铜锈环棱螺的摄食作用对藻细胞造成了损伤,抑制了其大量增殖。此外,当不产毒铜绿微囊藻与斜生栅藻混合时,铜锈环棱螺的选择摄食性导致微囊藻的优势地位被斜生栅藻所取代。因此,铜锈环棱螺可以通过摄食作用抑制藻类的光合活性并降低其生物量,从而在一定程度上抑制或减缓水华的形成。     

岩兰草油对淡水藻类的抑制作用

利用植物分泌的化感物质进行藻类控制已成为国内外生态环境领域研究的热点之一。首次探讨了岩兰草油的抑藻效应,建立了岩兰草油对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻两种藻共培养时抑制作用的数学模型,采用GC-MS分析方法对岩兰草油中主要成分进行了鉴定。结果表明:岩兰草油对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻在单独和共培养状态下均有良好的抑制作用,对单独培养的铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻抑制作用的EC50分别为0.20和0.30 m L/L,说明岩兰草油对蓝藻(铜绿微囊藻)的抑制效果明显好于对绿藻(斜生栅藻)。岩兰草油的主要成分为具有良好抑藻作用的倍半萜类物质,而所建立的岩兰草油对两藻共培养状态下抑制作用的数学模型可以求出在任何时间节点上铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻的种群密度以及要达到抑藻最佳状态的岩兰草油浓度。该研究对水华藻类的控制有较重要的理论与应用价值。     

陶粒浮床对草鱼养殖池塘水质和浮游植物的影响

为了探讨陶粒浮床对草鱼养殖池塘浮游植物群落结构的影响, 将6个池塘随机分为两组, 分别为浮床组和对照组, 2013年510月对养殖池塘的藻类群落结构和水质因子进行定期采样分析。结果表明: 浮床组池塘水体透明度显著高于对照组(P0.05), 养殖后期, 浮床组主要营养盐指标显著低于对照组(P0.05), 微生物总数显著高于对照组(P0.05)。水质理化指标波动范围小, 系统稳定性较强。试验期间共检出浮游藻类8门111属179种, 其中绿藻93种, 蓝藻25种, 硅藻23种, 裸藻17种, 黄藻6种, 甲藻5种, 金藻5种, 隐藻5种。在养殖中后期, 陶粒浮床对藻类的种类组成有显著影响, 藻类种数明显高于对照组, 浮床组和对照组浮游植物数量范围分别为101. 95106614.95 106 ind./L和151.43106612.60 106 ind./L, 生物量范围分别为90.79402.85 mg/L和116.33831.55 mg/L, 到养殖中后期(8月份以后), 对照组浮游植物的生物量显著高于浮床组(P0.05)。绿藻门和蓝藻门的贡献率一直占总密度的90%以上。浮游植物群落呈明显的季节变化, 绿藻门呈先降低后升高的趋势, 蓝藻门相反。试验初期浮游植物的优势种为栅藻; 在试验开始30d后, 浮床组栅藻继续保持优势藻的地位, 对照组的优势种则变为平裂藻和微囊藻; 78月份, 浮床组和对照组的优势种均为蓝藻门的平裂藻, 9月份后优势藻逐渐由栅藻和绿球藻取代。浮床组和对照组藻类多样性指数无显著差异, 物种丰富度均呈逐渐下降的趋势, 范围为3.165.59, Shannon指数和Simpson指数均呈先降低后升高的趋势, 范围分别为1.502.46和0.540.87。陶粒浮床对改善池塘水质、丰富藻类种类组成、降低过高生物量和微囊藻爆发的风险有一定作用。       

兰州五泉山的藻类及其分布

以兰州五泉山为该地藻种资源库,对其中水生、陆生生境中藻类的种类多样性、群落结构、分布特点进行了研究。结果发现该地藻类植物65种(含4变种),包括蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻和红藻,其中硅藻种类最多(29种),其它依次为蓝藻(24种)、绿藻(11种)和红藻(1种)。水体中共42种,硅藻最多,有26种,其次蓝藻8种,绿藻7种,红藻1种,不同水体中优势种和亚优势种不同。土壤生境中发现20种,蓝藻13种,绿藻4种,硅藻3种,且非洲席藻和小球藻分为优势种和亚优势种。7个种类在水、陆两大生境都有分布,而且它们主要是丝状蓝藻。     

低盐度围隔调控系统中浮游植物群落的组成

通过池塘陆基围隔实验,对凡纳滨对虾低盐度(2‰～6‰)调控养殖系统中的浮游植物群落与动态进行了研究。结果表明：低盐度调控实验围隔中共发现浮游植物7门58属86种,其中绿藻50种(丰富度为58.1%)、蓝藻18种(20.9%)、硅藻9种(10.5%)、裸藻4种(4.7%)及隐藻3种(3.5%);主要优势种有美丽胶网藻、狭形纤维藻、栅藻,铜绿微囊藻、拟柱胞藻、梅尼小环藻及尖尾蓝隐藻等;早期优势种多更替快,以绿藻为主,中后期蓝藻占优势,60%围隔以铜绿微囊藻为主要优势种;优势种的平均优势度达到59.6%。浮游植物密度平均2.97×10⁷ cells·L^-1,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数2.18;施有机肥的围隔浮游植物种类丰富,多样性和密度高,群落稳定,有利于对虾健康养殖;大量施用无机肥,易诱发有害微囊藻爆发。     

鲢对藻类摄食效应的室内模拟研究

为研究鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)对藻类的摄食作用, 采用小环藻(Cyclotella)、小球藻(Chlorella)、微囊藻(Microcystis)和东湖原水开展了小规格鱼种的养殖试验, 对鲢摄食和排泄物进行了研究。结果显示: 在3 种纯培养藻种投喂下鲢存活率从高到低依次是小环藻组 小球藻组 微囊藻组;相应地, 鲢对藻的平均摄食率排序也是小环藻组 小球藻组 微囊藻组。在显微镜下观察粪便发现大部分小环藻为空壳, 一部分小球藻外部形态结构不完整, 外部形态完整的小球藻则色泽暗淡、内部结构紊乱, 微囊藻没有明显变化;3 种藻类细胞的受损率分别为20.04%、7.13%和1.97%。叶绿素荧光活性显示, 粪便中小环藻基本失去光合活性, 小球藻活性极显著降低(P0.01), 微囊藻活性明显降低(P0.05), 东湖原水处理组光合活性较对照极显著降低(P0.01)。对东湖水饲喂试验组排泄物的检测发现, 浮鞘丝藻Planktolyngya、鱼腥藻Anabeana(有破损)、假鱼腥藻Pseudoanabaena 和颤藻Oscillatoria 细胞受损严重;空星藻Coelastrum 和盘星藻Pediastrum 细胞部分破损;针杆藻Synedra、小环藻、桥弯藻Cymbella 和舟形藻Navicula 多为空壳。鱼粪中平裂藻Merismopedia、微囊藻、浮鞘丝藻、鱼腥藻、颤藻、卵囊藻Oocystis、栅藻Scenedesmus 和衣藻Chlamydomonas 在重新培养后恢复了生长。本研究显示硅藻尤其是小环藻、针杆藻和舟形藻对鲢摄食最敏感;栅藻、卵囊藻和平裂藻对摄食压力不敏感。研究表明鲢捕食对藻类群落结构有明显的改变效应, 利用鲢的滤食进行藻类群落调节和水华防控具有可行性。       

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.