光、温限制后铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻的超补偿生长与竞争效应

研究了铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)低温和低光照限制后的超补偿效应,以及共培养条件下的竞争效应。结果表明,低温和低光照均显著抑制微藻的生长发育,但低温对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效应更强,而斜生栅藻则对低光胁迫更敏感。经过低光和低温培养后,铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻在恢复正常培养时藻细胞密度短期内都表现出超补偿增长效应,但不同藻类超补偿模式不同,斜生栅藻补偿生长时间不超过1周,而铜绿微囊藻的补偿效应可以持续10天;此外,统计结果表明铜绿微囊藻细胞密度对低温限制解除表现出更显著的补偿生长,斜生栅藻则在低光解除后表现出更强的超补偿效应。微藻叶绿素a指标在光恢复条件下都表现出显著的补偿效应,但温度恢复过程中叶绿素a含量与藻密度增长不同步,低温胁迫对恢复正常培养后微藻叶绿素a的形成产生了一定的负效应;铜绿微囊藻产毒株(912)在两种恢复模式下脱氢酶活性显著高于对照,产毒株(912)脱氢酶活性的补偿响应明显高于其它两种材料。共培养实验结果表明斜生栅藻同铜绿微囊藻产毒株(912)相比处于竞争劣势,而在同无毒株(469)的共培实验中,尽管连续正常培养情况下两者竞争能力差异不显著,但在恢复培养条件下斜生栅藻竞争能力显著高于后者。因此产毒型铜绿微囊藻低温和低光后的补偿生长效应以及对斜生栅藻的竞争优势可能是蓝藻爆发的内源性机制之一。     

鲢对藻类摄食效应的室内模拟研究

为研究鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)对藻类的摄食作用, 采用小环藻(Cyclotella)、小球藻(Chlorella)、微囊藻(Microcystis)和东湖原水开展了小规格鱼种的养殖试验, 对鲢摄食和排泄物进行了研究。结果显示: 在3 种纯培养藻种投喂下鲢存活率从高到低依次是小环藻组 小球藻组 微囊藻组;相应地, 鲢对藻的平均摄食率排序也是小环藻组 小球藻组 微囊藻组。在显微镜下观察粪便发现大部分小环藻为空壳, 一部分小球藻外部形态结构不完整, 外部形态完整的小球藻则色泽暗淡、内部结构紊乱, 微囊藻没有明显变化;3 种藻类细胞的受损率分别为20.04%、7.13%和1.97%。叶绿素荧光活性显示, 粪便中小环藻基本失去光合活性, 小球藻活性极显著降低(P0.01), 微囊藻活性明显降低(P0.05), 东湖原水处理组光合活性较对照极显著降低(P0.01)。对东湖水饲喂试验组排泄物的检测发现, 浮鞘丝藻Planktolyngya、鱼腥藻Anabeana(有破损)、假鱼腥藻Pseudoanabaena 和颤藻Oscillatoria 细胞受损严重;空星藻Coelastrum 和盘星藻Pediastrum 细胞部分破损;针杆藻Synedra、小环藻、桥弯藻Cymbella 和舟形藻Navicula 多为空壳。鱼粪中平裂藻Merismopedia、微囊藻、浮鞘丝藻、鱼腥藻、颤藻、卵囊藻Oocystis、栅藻Scenedesmus 和衣藻Chlamydomonas 在重新培养后恢复了生长。本研究显示硅藻尤其是小环藻、针杆藻和舟形藻对鲢摄食最敏感;栅藻、卵囊藻和平裂藻对摄食压力不敏感。研究表明鲢捕食对藻类群落结构有明显的改变效应, 利用鲢的滤食进行藻类群落调节和水华防控具有可行性。       

萼花臂尾轮虫培养滤液对铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻和小球藻群体形成及生长的影响

为探索浮游动物和藻类之间可能存在的信息传递,研究了萼花臂尾轮虫培养滤液对铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻和小球藻的生长及群体形成的影响.把萼花臂尾轮虫按1000个·L^-1的初始密度置于小球藻中培养24h后,用孔径0.15μm的微孔滤膜抽滤,得到轮虫培养滤液,此滤液中含有轮虫在生活过程中释放的一些信息化学物质.将轮虫培养滤液以20%的比例分别加入纯培养的铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻和小球藻中,进行为期7d的试验.结果表明,萼花臂尾轮虫培养滤液能显著地促进斜生栅藻的群体形成,而对铜绿微囊藻和小球藻在群体形成方面没有显著作用.另外,该滤液能显著提高小球藻种群的增长,对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻的生长无明显影响.3种藻类对萼花臂尾轮虫的潜在牧食采取了不同的生态策略:斜生栅藻形成群体,增大摄食阻力,从而降低被摄食的风险;小球藻通过提高增长率来抵消被取食的损失;铜绿微囊藻是通过其它方式来降低被牧食(例如毒素).这些方式分别是这些藻类维持种群规模的反牧食防御策略之一.     

普生轮藻浸提液对两种淡水藻类的化感抑制作用及其数学模型

利用大型水生植物的化感作用抑制水华藻类是水域生态学研究的热点课题之一。探讨了不同浓度普生轮藻浸提液对产毒铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻(单纯以及混合藻类)的抑制作用,并根据实验过程中得到的数据和数据特征,在传统的Logistic模型和Lotka-Volterra模型基础上,通过微元法建立了普生轮藻浸提液对单纯产毒铜绿微囊藻、单纯斜生栅藻抑制的数学模型以及两藻混合时抑制的数学模型。结果表明,(1)普生轮藻浸提液无论对单独的毒性铜绿微囊藻或斜生栅藻还是共生状态的毒性铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻均有很强抑制作用,且对毒性铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用要显著高于对斜生栅藻;(2)所建立的抑藻模型可有效表征和预测在一定范围内的产毒铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻及其混合藻在普生轮藻浸提液胁迫下藻密度随时间变化的规律;通过这些模型可方便地计算出实验期间任何时间节点上普生轮藻浸提液的半抑制浓度(EC50)、最小有效浓度(MIC)等指标的预测值、混合藻在小生境中相对稳定时的预测值等等。该研究可为实际抑藻的方案制定和实施提供有价值的数据支撑和参考,具有一定的理论与应用意义。     

超声波对铜绿微囊藻与蛋白核小球藻生理特征及竞争生长的影响

铜绿微囊藻是常见的水华蓝藻,常常在湖泊中与蛋白核小球藻共存或竞争生长。超声波可用于藻华即时治理,能够降低藻类生理活性,影响藻类生长,还可能改变藻类种间竞争关系。为了探究超声胁迫(35 kHz,0.035 W·cm^-3)对铜绿微囊藻与蛋白核小球藻的生理特征及种间竞争的影响,本研究设置纯藻组和1:1混合组(细胞浓度比)进行试验。结果表明: 铜绿微囊藻对超声胁迫更加敏感。超声处理600 s后,铜绿微囊藻的光合活性(F_v/F_m)和酯酶活性存在显著变化,纯藻组和混合组的F_v/F_m分别降低了51.8%和64.7%。而各组中蛋白核小球藻的光合活性变化较小。同时,铜绿微囊藻释放的荧光溶解性有机物(类色氨酸、类酪氨酸、类富里酸物质)含量多于蛋白核小球藻。两种藻的细胞浓度对超声波的响应也不同,蛋白核小球藻变化较小,而铜绿微囊藻的细胞浓度出现不同程度的下降。尤其是600 s超声处理大幅降低了混合组中铜绿微囊藻的细胞浓度(-42.6%),在超声胁迫解除后的8 d内蛋白核小球藻占优势,种间关系由铜绿微囊藻单边抑制蛋白核小球藻转变为两者互相抑制。在超声处理后,铜绿微囊藻的活性能够逐渐恢复,为了提高控藻效果的持久性,建议在一周后再次进行超声处理。     

重金属铅与两种淡水藻的相互作用

为了研究重金属铅与淡水藻类之间的相互作用,采用不同Pb2+浓度处理铜绿微囊藻(Microcysis aeruginosa Kutz.)和斜生栅藻[Scenedesmus obliquus(Turp.)Kutz.],分别对两种藻的生物量、藻液电导率、O-·2含量、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及藻对Pb2+的吸收作用等进行了测定,并通过扫描电镜观察了不同Pb2+浓度处理下两种藻细胞的表面结构。结果显示:(1)Pb2+浓度低于3 mg/L促进铜绿微囊藻生长,高于9 mg/L抑制其生长;但在3—12 mg/L范围内,Pb2+均明显抑制了斜生栅藻的生长,说明斜生栅藻对Pb2+毒性的敏感程度要高于铜绿微囊藻。(2)受到铅离子的胁迫,两种藻细胞膜通透性均有一定改变,扫描电子显微镜的照片观察,两种藻细胞表面的絮状物随着Pb2+的升高而增多,尤其是斜生栅藻细胞结构改变明显,多数细胞变形破裂;同时,O-·2含量升高,POD、CAT活性早期均可随Pb2+的增加而上升,表明氧自由基的产生增多以及由其引起的细胞生理生化改变可能是铅离子作用于藻细胞的主要机制。(3)两种淡水藻对Pb2+均有吸收作用,单位量藻细胞内,斜生栅藻对Pb2+的吸收能力好于铜绿微囊藻。所有结果提示:斜生栅藻不仅可以作为对重金属敏感的指示生物来监测水体Pb2+污染程度;同时由于斜生栅藻比铜绿微囊藻具有更好的Pb2+吸收能力,因此还可以利用斜生栅藻作为处理水体Pb2+的生物材料。     

岩兰草油对淡水藻类的抑制作用

利用植物分泌的化感物质进行藻类控制已成为国内外生态环境领域研究的热点之一。首次探讨了岩兰草油的抑藻效应,建立了岩兰草油对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻两种藻共培养时抑制作用的数学模型,采用GC-MS分析方法对岩兰草油中主要成分进行了鉴定。结果表明:岩兰草油对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻在单独和共培养状态下均有良好的抑制作用,对单独培养的铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻抑制作用的EC50分别为0.20和0.30 m L/L,说明岩兰草油对蓝藻(铜绿微囊藻)的抑制效果明显好于对绿藻(斜生栅藻)。岩兰草油的主要成分为具有良好抑藻作用的倍半萜类物质,而所建立的岩兰草油对两藻共培养状态下抑制作用的数学模型可以求出在任何时间节点上铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻的种群密度以及要达到抑藻最佳状态的岩兰草油浓度。该研究对水华藻类的控制有较重要的理论与应用价值。     

基于感光色素吸收信号的太湖藻类识别

铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻是太湖"水华"的主要藻种,基于室内纯铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻组成色素的吸收系数,通过四阶微分、标准化系数等方法对太湖水体浮游植物中铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻进行识别,并确定其组成比例。结果表明,纯藻组成色素的吸收系数应用于其在太湖水体浮游植物中比例的确定和识别中,能够全面考虑辅助色素的识别作用,较好地避免非色素物质吸收信号的干扰,具有较好的识别效果。太湖水体浮游色素中铜绿微囊藻比例最高,斜生栅藻次之,由夏季向冬季过度中,铜绿微囊藻比例不断减小,斜生栅藻的比例逐渐升高,但铜绿微囊藻比例仍略高于斜生栅藻;铜绿微囊藻的区域分布差异性较小,但时间差异性相对较大,而斜生栅藻恰恰相反,空间分布差异性较大而时间分布差异性较小。       

流速对不同浮游藻类的生长影响研究

为了研究流速对不同浮游藻类生长的影响, 于 2015 年 3 月采集东江流域广东惠州河段原水, 在环形有机玻璃水槽中分别培养铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻和小环藻, 通过调整水体流速, 研究不同流速对不同藻类的细胞密度、叶绿素 a 浓度、最大比增长率和叶绿素荧光参数 Fv/Fm 的影响。结果表明, 在不同流速条件下, 不同浮游藻类的生理生化特征有所差异; 铜绿微囊藻表现为在不同流速条件下生长状况都较弱; 斜生栅藻和小环藻在低流速(<0.075 m·s–1)条件下繁殖速度较快, 且随着水体流速的增加, 对藻类生长有促进作用, 而在较高流速(>0.075 m·s–1)条件下随着流速的增加, 藻类的生长受到抑制。可见, 不同持续的流动条件是影响浮游藻类数量和生理指标变化的重要原因。该研究为东江水源的流速流量调节控制富营养化和水华防治提供技术支撑。     

水生花卉对铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻和小球藻生长的影响

选择黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus)、溪荪(I.sanguinea)、梭鱼草(Pontederia cordata)、白花水龙(Jussiaea repens)、水罂粟(Hydrocleys nymphoides)和大藻(Pistia stratiotes)6种具有较高观赏价值的水生花卉,通过将植物种植水与藻类共同培养的方式研究了不同种植时间的种植水对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliqnus)和小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生长的影响.结果表明:6种水生花卉种植水对3种藻类的化感作用具有选择性.通过6d的处理,种植水对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制率为31.22％ ～ 96.53％,除白花水龙外,其余5种花卉的种植水对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制率均超过70％,表现出很好的抑藻效果;种植水对斜生栅藻生长的抑制率为23.15％～77.25％;而种植水对小球藻有抑制也有促进,抑制率为-26.07％ ～75.70％,大藻、梭鱼草和溪荪抑制小球藻的生长,黄菖蒲、白花水龙表现为低促高抑,水罂粟表现为促进作用.随着种植时间的延长,种植水对3种藻类的抑制作用增强.6种水生花卉种植水对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用由大到小依次为水罂粟＞黄菖蒲＞梭鱼草＞大藻＞溪荪＞白花水龙;对斜生栅藻生长的抑制作用由大到小依次为梭鱼草＞溪荪＞黄菖蒲＞水罂粟＞白花水龙＞大藻;对小球藻生长的抑制作用由大到小依次为大藻＞梭鱼草＞溪荪＞黄菖蒲、白花水龙＞水罂粟.试验表明,6种水生花卉在控制城市景观水体中的藻类水华有一定的推广价值.     

共生菌促进斜生栅藻生长和油脂合成

从斜生栅藻藻际分离共生菌群并进行16S rDNA序列鉴定,构建藻菌共培养体系,并检测斜生栅藻生长、生理生化及产油特性。共分离出7个菌群/株,包括微球菌(菌株1-1、1-2和1-3)、假单胞菌(菌株2-1和2-2)、微小杆菌(菌株-3)和葡萄球菌(菌株-4)。微球菌(菌株1-2)和假单胞菌(菌株2-1)为优势促生菌株,能显著促进微藻生长及色素和油脂积累。斜生栅藻与微球菌(菌株1-2)1∶10共培养体系培养8 d后,栅藻生物量高达4.27 g·L^-1,比对照增加了46.0%;叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素分别比对照提高12.1%、16.7%和25.0%;含油量为25.7%,比对照增加了14.0%,单不饱和油酸含量(16.4%)也显著高于对照。另一个优异共培养体系是斜生栅藻与假单胞菌(菌株2-1)1∶5共培养体系,在培养8 d后,微藻生物量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素分别比对照提高47.9%、16.0%、17.5%和19.9%;总油脂(27.1%)和单不饱和油酸含量(18.2%)分别比对照增加了20.4%和64.0%。表明藻际共生菌假单胞菌和微球菌可分别与斜生栅藻互作,能够显著促进斜生栅藻生物量和优质油脂的富集,可应用于栅藻商业生产。     

A comparative study on heavy metal biosorption characteristics of some algae

The biosorption of copper(II), nickel(II) and chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions on dried (Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus and Synechocystis sp.) algae were tested under laboratory conditions as a function of pH, initial metal ion and biomass concentrations. Optimum adsorption pH values of copper(II), nickel(II) and chromium(VI) were determined as 5.0, 4.5 and 2.0. respectively, for all three algae. At the optimal conditions, metal ion uptake increased with initial metal ion concentration up to 250 mg l⁻¹. Experimental results also showed the influence of the alga concentration on the metal uptake for all the species. Both the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models were suitable for describing the short-term biosorption of copper(II), nickel(II) and chromium(VI) by all the algal species.     

巨大芽孢杆菌对伴矿景天修复镉污染农田土壤的强化作用

伴矿景天(Sedum plumbizincicola)是一种Cd/Zn超积累植物,常用于Cd污染土壤的植物修复。巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)是一种溶磷型细菌,既可以促进植物生长,也可以提高土壤重金属生物有效性,对重金属污染土壤植物修复具有强化作用。本研究采用盆栽试验方法,分析了巨大芽孢杆菌不同接种量(10～60 mL)对伴矿景天修复Cd污染农田土壤效率的影响。结果表明: 在Cd污染农田土壤中接种巨大芽孢杆菌可以提高土壤中Cd的活性,土壤有效态Cd含量较对照(CK)增加15.0%～45.0%。与CK相比,巨大芽孢杆菌提高了伴矿景天地上和地下部的生物量,增幅分别为8.7%～66.7%和13.6%～81.8%,并显著增加了伴矿景天地上部的Cd含量,增幅在29.2%～60.4%。在种植伴矿景天并接种巨大芽孢杆菌条件下,土壤Cd去除率在26.7%～42.9%。这说明接种巨大芽孢杆菌可以促进伴矿景天的生长,增加其Cd含量,从而提高Cd污染农田土壤的修复效率。     

Effects of habitat-conditioning by the damselfish Stegastes nigricans (Lacepède) on the community structure of benthic algae

We compared the community structure of benthic algae inside and outside pomacentrid damselfish (Stegastes nigricans) territories in a moat at Sesoko Island, Okinawa, Japan. S. nigricans maintained “algae farms” that were dominated by the filamentous rhodophyte, Womersleyella setacea. Species richness and biomass were higher inside damselfish territories than outside, while species diversity and evenness were higher outside. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) based on species composition showed that the dominance of W. setacea was maintained throughout the year in all samples collected from inside damselfish territories. The observed strong dominance of filamentous rhodophytes was consistent with the findings of most studies on damselfish territories worldwide. However, the dominance of a single species of alga and low species diversity inside the territories was in contrast to the findings of previous studies, in which the reduction of grazing pressure caused intermediate disturbance and enhanced algal species diversity. This discrepancy in algal species diversity inside the damselfish territories seems to have been caused by unique characteristics of the alga and the fish. W. setacea traps sediment, which reduces the availability of firm substrata for attachment and inhibits the recruitment of some algae. Moreover, S. nigricans “weeds” indigestible calcareous and thicker algae. The algal assemblage outside damselfish territories varied among samples, and included mat-forming cyanophytes (Calothrix aeruginosa and Calothrix codicola), a prostrate laminar phaeophyte (Padina sp.), thin and small-scaled algae (Cladophora sp. and Feldmannia indica), finely branched filamentous rhodophytes (Taenioma perpusillum and Herposiphonia obscura), and a coarsely branched rhodophyte (Gelidiopsis variabilis).

We placed artificial slate plates inside and outside damselfish territories, and showed that the W. setacea inside territories gradually increased in biomass, reaching the same levels of biomass and dominance as W. setacea on natural substrata. Outside the territories, the algal assemblage underwent succession from early colonizers, i.e., thin and small-scaled algae, to grazing-resistant algae such as mat-forming cyanophytes and prostrate laminar Padina sp. Under heavy grazing, the flora outside the territories was composed of early colonizers, grazing-resistant algae, and scattered erect algae that had probably escaped grazing by chance.

Our findings suggest that sediment trapped by the turf of W. setacea inhibited recruitment of some algae, and that moderate cropping and selective weeding by S. nigricans excluded grazing-resistant algae and prevented early colonizers and competitively superior algae from out-competing W. setacea. Consequently, low species diversity and a high-biomass “farm” suitable for harvesting was maintained.     

Differential effects of sugar-mimic alkaloids in mulberry latex on sugar metabolism and disaccharidases of Eri and domesticated silkworms: enzymatic adaptation of Bombyx mori to mulberry defense

Mulberry leaves (Morus spp.) exude latex rich in sugar-mimic alkaloids, 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol (d-AB1) and 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), as a defense against herbivorous insects. Sugar-mimic alkaloids are inhibitors of sugar-metabolizing enzymes, and are toxic to the Eri silkworm, Samia ricini, a generalist herbivore, but not at all to the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, a mulberry specialist. To address the phenomena, we fed both larvae diets containing different sugar sources (sucrose, glucose or none) with or without sugar-mimic alkaloids from mulberry latex. In S. ricini, addition of sugar-mimic alkaloids to the sucrose (the major sugar in mulberry leaves) diet reduced both growth and the absorption ratio of sugar, but it reduced neither in B. mori. The midgut soluble sucrase activity of S. ricini was low and inhibited by very low concentrations of sugar-mimic alkaloids (IC₅₀=0.9–8.2 μM), but that of B. mori was high and not inhibited even by very high concentrations (IC₅₀>1000 μM) of sugar-mimic alkaloids. In S. ricini, the addition of sugar-mimic alkaloids to the glucose diet still had considerable negative effects on growth, although it did not reduce the absorption ratio of glucose. The hemolymph of S. ricini fed sugar-mimic alkaloids contained sugar-mimic alkaloids. The trehalose concentration in the hemolymph increased significantly in S. ricini fed sugar-mimic alkaloids, but not in B. mori. The trehalase activities of S. ricini were lower and inhibited by lower concentrations of sugar-mimic alkaloids than those of B. mori. These results suggest that sugar-mimic alkaloids in mulberry latex exert toxicity to S. ricini larvae first by inhibiting midgut sucrase and digestion of sucrose, and secondly, after being absorbed into hemolymph, by inhibiting trehalase and utilization of trehalose, the major blood sugar. Further, our results reveal that B. mori larvae evolved enzymatic adaptation to mulberry defense by developing sucrase and trehalase that are insensitive to sugar-mimic alkaloids.     

Drought stress induced changes in some organic substances in nodules and other plant parts of two potential legumes differing in salt tolerance

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess the effect of water stress on growth and metabolic changes in nodules and other plant parts of two leguminous species, Phaseolus vulgaris and Sesbania aculeata, with the major objective that nodules play a vital role in drought tolerance. Imposition of water deficit conditions for 45 days to 15-day-old plants of P. vulgaris and S. aculeata reduced shoot mass and nodule mass of both species, but the reduction was more pronounced in P. vulgaris than in S. aculeata. Nitrate reductase (NR) activity was reduced more in the leaves and nodules of P. vulgaris than in S. aculeata. Soluble proteins in the nodules of S. aculeata were more decreased as compared to that in P. vulgaris. Free amino acids increased in all parts of both species due to water deficit, but a higher increase was observed in leaf and nodules of P. vulgaris than in S. aculeata. Osmoprotectants such as proline and glycine betaine increased more in the nodules and other parts of S. aculeata under drought stress. In conclusion, S. aculeata (salt tolerant) showed a higher degree of drought tolerance than P. vulgaris (salt sensitive). Drought tolerance of S. aculeata was found to be associated with a smaller reduction in number and mass of root nodules, a high activity of nitrate reductase in leaves and nodules, high accumulation of free proline in roots and nodules, and high glycine betaine content in nodules.     

家蚕幼虫BmToll9基因对肽聚糖和金黄色葡萄球菌的响应表达

【目的】Toll信号通路是昆虫中重要的免疫信号通路,其中Toll受体在保持Toll通路的正常免疫应答、抵抗外源病原体中起到关键的作用。本研究旨在探究肽聚糖和金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus对家蚕Bombyx mori Toll受体基因BmToll9-1和BmToll9-2表达的影响。【方法】将革兰氏阳性菌细胞壁主要成分肽聚糖和革兰氏阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌分别注射感染家蚕5龄第1天幼虫,诱导其发生免疫反应;采用实时荧光定量PCR分析注射后不同感染时间点BmToll9-2和BmToll9-1基因在家蚕幼虫中肠、表皮、脂肪体和丝腺中的相对表达水平。【结果】往家蚕5龄幼虫中注射肽聚糖或金黄色葡萄球菌后,BmToll9-2基因出现了时间和组织的差异性表达。注射肽聚糖和金黄色葡萄球菌均能诱导5龄幼虫中肠BmToll9-2基因的表达上调,注射肽聚糖和金黄色葡萄球菌分别在3和6 h时对基因表达的诱导效果最好,且注射金黄色葡萄球菌比注射肽聚糖对基因表达的诱导效果更好。注射金黄色葡萄球菌能引起5龄幼虫表皮、脂肪体和丝腺中BmToll9-2基因的表达上调,分别于注射后24, 6和24 h时诱导效果最好。注射金黄色葡萄球菌亦能诱导同源的BmToll9-1基因的上调表达。【结论】家蚕幼虫BmToll9基因在肽聚糖或金黄色葡萄球菌注射处理后均能在不同组织中发生上调表达,推测BmToll9基因参与了家蚕对肽聚糖和金黄色葡萄球菌的免疫反应。     

Intertidal distribution of infauna in a central California lagoon: the role of seasonal blooms of macroalgae

This study examined the roles of seasonal blooms of green algae, Ulva expansa (Setchell) Setchell et Gardner, and biotic disturbance by burrowing ghost shrimp, Callianassa gigas Dana, and foraging rays, on the intertidal distributions of a phoronid, Phoronopsis viridis Hilton, and a tellinid bivalve, Macoma nasuta (Conrad). Algal removal experiments in 1984 and 1986 demonstrated that heavy seasonal algal cover in the lower zone significantly reduced the abundances of both Phoronopsis and Macoma. Growth of Macoma transplanted into the algal zone was significantly lower in plots with algal cover than in plots regularly cleared of algae. Algal cover did not significantly affect early recruitment of either Phoronopsis or Macoma. Neither ghost shrimp nor rays appeared to reduce the abundances of phoronids or clams, although ray disturbance did result in a significant increase in the proportion of phoronids regenerating dorsal body parts. These results indicate that seasonal algal blooms are capable of producing discrete patterns of infaunal distribution in intertidal sedimentary habitats.     

Strongylus asini (Nematoda, Strongyloidea): Genetic relationships with other strongylus species determined by ribosomal DNA

Genomic DNA was isolated from adult Strongylus asini collected from zebra. The second ribosomal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) was amplified and sequenced using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based techniques. The DNA sequence was compared with previously published data for 3 related Strongylus species. A PCR-linked restriction fragment length polymorphism method allowed the 4 species to be differentiated unequivocally. The ITS-2 sequence of S. asini was found to be more similar to those of S. edentatus (87.1%) and S. equinus (95.3%) than to that of S. vulgaris (73.9%). This result confirms that S. asini and S. vulgaris represent separate species and supports the retention of the 4 species within 1 genus.