基于投影寻踪理论的稻飞虱发生程度预测模型

稻飞虱发生程度与相关气候因子的数据大多具有高维非正态、非线性特征,采用统计预测法会出现预测效果的不稳定,采用人工神经网络预测模型需要较多的训练样本.投影寻踪模型把高维数据投影到低维子空间上,对数据结构进行分析,一定程度上解决了非线性、非正态问题.本文建立了浙江省新昌县单季晚稻稻飞虱主害代发生程度的投影寻踪预测模型,并与BP神经网络模型、线性回归模型的预测结果进行了对比.结果表明:投影寻踪模型优于BP神经网络模型、线性回归模型;投影寻踪模型的历史符合率和预测准确率均为100%;BP神经网络模型历史符合率达到100%,但预测偏差较大;线性回归模型历史符合率和预测偏差均较大.可见,投影寻踪模型在稻飞虱发生程度的预测上具有较好的应用前景.     

北京市北环水系富营养化因子分析

以北京市北环水系水体为例,利用聚类分析将研究区分为河流子系统和湖泊子系统.因子分析表明,河流子系统第一主成分富营养元素为总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)和氨氮(NH₄-N),第二主成分为温度(T)和溶解氧(DO);湖泊子系统第一主成分为总氮和氨氮,第二主成分为总磷、酸碱度(pH)、透明度(SD)和温度,第三主成分为溶解氧和叶绿素a(Chla),表明研究区的水体富营养化主要由富营养盐负荷引起.结合逐步回归分析方法,建立富营养水平预测回归模型,根据模型自变量选择证明河流子系统富营养化特征为磷限制型,湖泊子系统为氮限制型.从水量和水质上对营养盐浓度负荷变化分析表明,研究区年最小生态环境用水为4872×10⁴m³,1990～1998年,除1998年外,现实的生态环境需水均不能满足需求.随着流域人口的不断增长,生活污水、城市径流和固体废弃物淋溶液中营养物质进入水体,研究区营养盐浓度负荷有随时间不断增长的趋势,针对这种趋势提出了应对措施.     

模糊综合评价模型在浔江梧州段渔业水质评价中的应用

依据2004～2008年浔江梧州段的调查监测结果,根据断面污染因子的特点,选择5个指标(溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总氮、总磷)作为评价因子,应用模糊(Fuzzy)综合评价模型对其水质状况进行综合评价,计算出各监测断面水质级别.结果表明:浔江梧州段的5项评价指标中,TN的权重较大,该水体中主要污染物为总氮;2个断面均在不同程度上出现了Ⅴ类水质,水质属中度污染;部分时段的水质不符合《地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)》中渔业水域的要求.     

洱海入湖河流弥苴河下游氮磷季节性变化特征及主要影响因素

入湖河流携带污染物对洱海水环境的影响日益明显,对洱海入湖水量最大的河流——弥苴河下游水体氮磷进行了连续采样分析,以期为河口湿地建设和水质改善提供基础数据.结果表明:1)弥苴河水质介于地表水Ⅲ-Ⅴ类之间,主要污染物为氮和磷,其中总氮平均浓度为1.17 mg/L,最高浓度达到2.00 mg/L;总磷平均浓度为0.06 mg/L;2)弥苴河下游总氮、总磷浓度丰水期高于枯水期,并呈现出季节性变化规律;3)弥苴河下游水体总氮、总磷年均浓度远高于洱海水体总氮、总磷年均浓度,其中总氮高出2.10倍,总磷高出2.90倍;4)弥苴河下游河段非点源污染占据主导地位.     

生态修复工程条件下污染河流水质模拟和应用

生态工程是改善河流水质的重要手段,利用数学模型可以有效模拟水环境治理和预测生态修复工程效益.本文根据实际河流资料,应用WASP水质模型进行建模和验证,模拟和评估了河流的主要化学参数,进而研究了人工湿地和曝气复氧对河流水质的生态改善作用.结果表明: WASP水质模拟结果与实测水质数据拟合良好,可以对不同生态修复情景方案进行预测分析.合理减排、人工湿地、曝气复氧均可以降低河流水体中的污染物浓度、有效改善水质.在人工湿地系统中增加曝气复氧装置,将进一步提升河流水体的生态修复效率.以吉林省伊通河曝气条件下的人工湿地工程为例,分析了其生态修复效率.结果表明: 夏季的污染物去除效果最好,可能的原因为夏季气温较高,水体中的微生物活性较强.本研究对于污染河流环境的生态修复工程设计和运行具有指导意义.     

基于大型底栖无脊椎动物确定河流营养盐浓度阈值——以西苕溪上游流域为例

水体富营养化是一个全球性的问题,中国也面临严重威胁.目前,中国的水体富营养化研究主要集中在湖泊和水库,对河流的研究极少.根据大型底栖无脊椎动物的群落结构对营养盐胁迫的响应,运用非参数转变点分析方法计算西苕溪上游营养盐浓度突变点.结果表明:总氮和总磷的突变点分别为1.409mg·mL-1和0.033～0.035mg·mL-1.参照点的总氮和总磷浓度基本都低于阈值,城市干扰点则全部高于阈值,而当总氮和总磷超过各自阈值时会导致大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构的严重退化.通过建立与水生生物群落结构有关的水体营养盐标准,可充分发挥生物监测在水环境管理中的作用,为计算水体中总氮和总磷的最大日负荷总量提供科学数据.     

贵州草海氮磷分布特征及沉积物释放通量估算

通过对草海丰水期和枯水期水体、表层沉积物及周边河流水体系统的样品采集与测试分析,阐明丰水期和枯水期氮磷在草海水体的空间分布特征,分析表层沉积物中氮磷的释放通量的空间分布特征,识别沉积物的"源"和"汇"特征。结果表明,两个水文期大部分入湖河流的总氮和总磷浓度高于出湖河流,湖水氮磷浓度受外源输入影响较明显;丰、枯两期挺水植物区水中氮磷浓度高于沉水植物区,且沿主要水流方向逐渐降低;丰水期水-沉积物界面水中氮磷浓度高于表层水体,枯水期该特征不明显。枯水期沉积物中总氮的释放通量范围为5.244~362.506 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1),呈现出"源"的特征;沉积物中总磷释放通量范围为-3.081~3.009 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1),在挺水植物区表现为"汇",在沉水植物区表现为"源",内源释放也不可忽视。     

基于底栖动物预测模型构建生物完整性指数评价河流健康

提高生物完整性指数(integrity of biotic index,IBI; 又称多参数指数multi-metric index, MMI)在时间和空间尺度的稳定性是水生态完整性评价和水环境管理实践的重要内容.本研究利用2004—2011年在浙江省多个河流采集的227个点位的底栖动物和水质理化数据,利用地理信息系统(GIS)提取样点及其对应流域的自然预测因子(如地理形态学、气候学)和土地利用数据,通过随机森林模型方法定量时间和空间尺度自然变量对生物群落的影响,构建基于预测模型控制自然因子影响方法和常规方法的MMI,并比较它们的表现力.结果表明: 基于预测模型法和基于常规方法构建的MMI的核心组成参数存在差异,随机森林模型中自然预测因子对预测模型MMI构成生物参数的解释量介于11.4%～61.2%.预测模型方法提高了MMI的精确度和准确度,但其敏感性和响应性低于常规方法的MMI.最近距离方法表明,9个评价点位和1个严重受损点位的自然属性与参照点位的自然属性存在差异性.在计算参照点位自然属性代表性范围的基础上,采用预测模型方法控制自然变量可以提高MMI的精确度和准确度,同时降低评价结果出现Ⅰ型(将健康水体误判为受损水体)或者Ⅱ型(将受损水体误判为健康水体)错误的可能性.研究结果可以为提高完整性指数评价稳定性和表现力提供方法支持.     

三种预测林木生长量方法的比较

本研究选择了三种方法灰色GM(1,1)模型法、回归法、灰色线性回归组合模型法,经过数据的加载,灰色GM(1,1)为Ⅱ级合格模型,发展系数|a|＜0.3可用于中长期预测;在回归法中选用5个模型进行拟合,以Richards方程的复相关系高,残差平方和最小,被选中;灰色线性回组合模型达到Ⅲ级勉强可用模型.用三个模型分别对32、34龄阶的生长量进行预测,其平均相对精度分别为94.64%、80.68%、92.41%.     

太湖上游不同类型过境水氮素污染状况

利用GPS定位,在春、夏、秋、冬4个季节,对地处太湖上游宜兴地区受农田径流、农村生活污水、水产养殖和畜禽养殖污水污染的过境水体氮素污染状况进行了调查,对不同类型水体中不同形态氮浓度的季节性变化特征进行了分析,比较了不同类型水体的15N自然丰度.结果表明:不同类型过境水氮素污染严重,人为影响强烈,不同的农业生产和人类活动具有不同的污染特征;受农田径流影响的河流,水体受铵态氮污染的风险较小,受硝态氮的污染较重;农村居民区河流主要受农村生活污水影响,水体铵态氮负荷较高;畜禽养殖场附近的河流受养殖污水的影响,水体的氮素污染最为严重,尤其是铵态氮负荷最高;相比之下,养殖鱼塘水体总氮最低,主要以有机氮为主;水体氮素污染受河流季节性环境演变的影响,表现为夏季浓度最低,冬季浓度最高;农田施肥是太湖氮污染的主要来源,但在丰水期生活污水和畜禽养殖废水也会成为太湖重要的污染源.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.