人工湿地处理造纸废水后细菌群落结构变化

人工湿地通过模拟自然湿地的生态系统,能够实现污染物的去除,是一种高效经济的污水处理手段,但是对人工湿地处理后污水中细菌群落的研究较少。采集了造纸厂排污口和人工湿地出水口的水样,检测了溶解氧、pH值和盐度等水质指标,对主要污染物的含量进行了测定和分析,并利用DGGE技术对细菌群落的变化进行了研究。结果表明:(1)造纸污水经人工湿地处理后水质有明显提高;(2)人工湿地处理后细菌群落结构发生变化,优势菌由γ变形菌和衣原体变为α变形菌,而且微生物多样性指数Shannon-Wiener's降低;(3)人工湿地处理前污水中存在着大量致病微生物和降解微生物,处理后以环境友好的固氮菌和少量致病菌为主。研究结果揭示了人工湿地不仅可以去除造纸废水中的污染物,改善水质而且可以大大减少向环境中排放的致病微生物,防止由致病微生物引起的生态灾难的发生,为将来人工湿地应用于工业污水处理和微生物生态安全评估提供有效可靠的依据。     

城市河道底泥污染生物修复技术研究

城市河道受污染底泥对水体产生大的二次污染,为有效的控制底泥污染物的释放和开发有效的水体治理技术方法,本研究利用人工模拟河道在连续流条件下,对河道污染底泥的生物修复及其对水体生物修复的影响进行了试验研究。研究结果表明:采用曝气增氧和投加底泥生物修复制剂联合处理的方式能达到好的底泥生物修复效果,能有效的提高底泥的生物降解活性(G值),削减底泥氮磷污染物的释放量,底泥G值与底泥氮、磷污染物释放量呈显著负相关性:单独采用曝气增氧和投加土著微生物制剂联合实施的生物修复方法对河道污染水体均具有良好的修复效果,但底泥的生物修复将对河道水体生物修复的效果产生大的影响。底泥生物修复后,对水体进行生物修复的处理效果更加显著,在相同实验条件下,对水体COD、氨氮的最大去除率由65.0%和16.30%提高到72.0%和41.0%,水体生物修复的周期由13 d缩短为6 d。     

南京滨江湿地生态健康评价及生态旅游资源提升对策

选取南京江北新区绿水湾、龙袍和八卦洲三块长江河流湿地作为研究区, 结合湿地生态特点构建湿地生态健康和生态旅游资源评价指标体系, 并分别展开评价。评价结果表明: (1)南京江北新区三湿地生态健康总体处于一般水平, 其中龙袍湿地相对优于绿水湾和八卦洲湿地, 自然湿地相对优于人工湿地; (2)江北新区湿地生态旅游资源总体处于一般水平, 优势和特色总体均不突出。为此作者在空间上将评价区湿地划分为生态保育区、生态修复区和修复保育区, 分别实施不同的生态管控要求。并建议通过水体活化净化、湿地生态保育、种植业功能转换等16项生态工程来提升现有湿地的生态健康与生态旅游资源水平。同时开展生态工程实施效果预评价, 评价结果显示工程实施后可使研究区湿地生态旅游资源水平由原来的一般水平提高到良好水平, 其中人工湿地提升效果总体优于自然湿地。     

基于协同发展的北方湿地公园生态修复技术研究——以琉璃河湿地公园为例

以北京房山区琉璃河湿地公园为例, 针对该区水质污染严重、水生态退化及景观单一等问题, 统筹考虑区域生态环境特征及历史文化底蕴, 以水质改善、水生态健康稳定、水景观协调为目标, 基于水环境水生态、水景观“三位一体+”的生态综合治理理念, 采用水系廊道连通、人工湿地及构建水生态系统等一系列适合区域环境特点的关键技术, 逐步实现河流湿地水系连通、河湖水质提升、恢复水生态、打造水景观, 建设成集水文调蓄、生物多样性保护、水质净化及休闲娱乐为一体的城市湿地公园, 协同湿地保护与城市发展战略需求。湿地公园生态修复方案可为北方湿地公园的生态修复提供相应的借鉴。     

湿地芦苇根结合好气细菌群落时空分布及其与水质因子的关系

再生水作为河湖补充水已经成为再生水应用及城市水生态环境改善的重要方面,但是再生水富含营养元素极易导致水体富营养化.湿地微生物作为再生水净化的主要参与者在再生水净化及再生水补水湿地水生态恢复方面发挥重要作用.以北京奥林匹克公园再生水人工湿地净化系统为例,利用ARDRA技术分析湿地净化系统中芦苇根结合好气细菌群落结构的时空分布特征,并借助CCA排序的方法揭示根结合好气芦苇细菌群落结构与水环境因子的关系.结果表明:人工湿地净化系统芦苇根结合好气细菌群落结构季节差异明显,夏季较秋季细菌群落密度增加,群落多样性增高,均匀度增大;与秋季相比,夏季净化系统各处理区细菌群落结构差异较大即各处理区好气细菌优势类群变异较大,偶见类群频度较高,而秋季净化系统中各处理区优势类群趋同,偶见类群频度较低.无论夏季还是秋季空间变异规律均表现为潜流湿地较氧化塘更有利于微生物群落密度增高及细菌群落多样性增加,其季节变异较氧化塘更为显著;与循环水处理湿地相比,再生水处理湿地受进水水质的特有属性影响,具有最高群落密度与群落多样性.环境解释结果表明:芦苇根结合好气细菌类群OTU1、OTU28在净化系统中具较稳定的丰度,是一些生态幅度比较广泛的种属,受水质变量影响较小,在细菌群落的物质和能量代谢中起重要作用,对人工湿地净化系统稳定性具重要贡献.水质变量NH4+、TN、ORP、TP是芦苇根结合好气细菌群落结构季节差异的驱动因子,水质变量NO3-、TDS、pH、Sal则是导致夏季细菌群落结构空间差异的关键因子.     

苏州河水质和底栖动物群落1996~2006年的时空变化

分析评价了1996～2006年苏州河水质和底栖动物群落结构的时空变化.结果表明:苏州河环境综合整治工程并没有明显改变下游河段溶解氧低下的状况,底栖生态系统没有改善;苏州河中上游水生生态系统的退化,可能会抵消下游水质改善的效果.苏州河污染整治和水生生态修复的重点应当转移到上游地区.长期数据统计和分析不仅能解释苏州河多年离散的生物学数据,揭示大型底栖动物的长期时空变化规律及其与水质变化的对偶关系,还能指示苏州河修复的关键河段,可以成为河流水质和生态系统评价的有效方法.     

大型人工湿地生态可持续性评价

大型人工湿地现已广泛应用于湖滨带、河滨带水质净化及湿地生态修复,这些人工湿地的生态可持续性评价对于其科学管理调控及长期可持续运行具有重要意义。运用综合指标评价及层次分析法,根据人工湿地生态系统的特点,提出并建立了适合评价人工湿地可持续性运行的指标体系,建立的评价指标包括生态特征与功能、水质净化功能及经济社会功能三项一级指标,及对应的14个二级指标。运用建立的评价指标体系对南四湖湖滨带新薛河大型人工湿地示范工程的生态可持续性运行了评价,评价结果显示:植物多样性、氨氮去除能力、生物入侵抵抗力、野生动物栖息地、COD去除能力是影响大型人工湿地运行效果的主要制约因素;新薛河人工湿地生态可持续性综合指数为0.6862,处于"良"级,其中生态特征功能可持续性指数最高,为0.7732;水质净化功能和社会经济功能指数分别为0.6190,0.6492。由结果可知,南四湖新薛河大型人工湿地具有重要的生态修复功能,水质净化功能方面应加强植物定期收割及植被管理,同时经济社会功能还有待加强,植物经济效益及旅游娱乐效益还有待深入开发。建立的人工湿地可持续性运行的评价指标体系具有较强的针对性,可用于其他大型人工湿地的生态可持续性评价。     

洱海入湖河流弥苴河下游氮磷季节性变化特征及主要影响因素

入湖河流携带污染物对洱海水环境的影响日益明显,对洱海入湖水量最大的河流——弥苴河下游水体氮磷进行了连续采样分析,以期为河口湿地建设和水质改善提供基础数据.结果表明:1)弥苴河水质介于地表水Ⅲ-Ⅴ类之间,主要污染物为氮和磷,其中总氮平均浓度为1.17 mg/L,最高浓度达到2.00 mg/L;总磷平均浓度为0.06 mg/L;2)弥苴河下游总氮、总磷浓度丰水期高于枯水期,并呈现出季节性变化规律;3)弥苴河下游水体总氮、总磷年均浓度远高于洱海水体总氮、总磷年均浓度,其中总氮高出2.10倍,总磷高出2.90倍;4)弥苴河下游河段非点源污染占据主导地位.     

青藏高原天然湿地水环境特征和水质净化能力分析

研究以拉萨市拉鲁湿地及其相连干渠和茶巴朗湿地水体为研究对象, 分别于2020年8月(夏季)和2021年4月(春季)各采集22个水样, 测定水体氮磷营养盐和高锰酸盐指数, 分析了夏季和春季湿地的水环境特征和水质净化能力。结果表明, 拉鲁湿地和茶巴朗湿地由于流域人为污染水平不同进水水质存在差异, 拉鲁湿地进水水质主要受氮磷营养盐影响, 茶巴朗湿地水质主要受耗氧有机物影响。两湿地对水质都具有净化作用, 不同季节湿地对不同污染物的去除效果也有所差异。夏季, 拉鲁湿地对TN、NH₃-N、NO₃-N、TP和SRP的最大去除率分别为75.0%、65.2%、89.5%、82.2%和35.3%。茶巴朗湿地对TN、NH₃-N、NO₃-N、TP和SRP的去除率分别为60.7%、73.5%、12.7%、35.9%和5.0%。夏季两湿地对COD_Mn均未表现出去除作用。春季, 拉鲁湿地对TN、NH₃-N、NO₃-N、TP、SRP和COD_Mn的最大去除率分别为35.2%、65.9%、56.8%、59.5%、62.3%和17.9%。茶巴朗湿地的水质净化效果较差, 对TN、NH₃-N、NO₃-N、TP、SRP和COD_Mn的去除率分别为2.2%、10.2%、11.3%、11.3%、9.0%和26.0%。湿地水生植物、湿地结构、特殊的水动力特征及水污染负荷都可能影响高原湿地的水质净化能力, 春季高原湿地较低的水温、植物丰度和水文条件可能会降低湿地对污染物的去除效果。     

滇西北高原入湖河口退化湿地生态修复效益分析

选取滇西北高原典型退化湿地剑湖,对入湖河流永丰河入湖河口退化湿地进行的生态修复措施及其效益进行研究,评估其恢复效果,为高原退化湿地的修复和污染湖泊的治理提供依据。研究地修复2a后,入湖河口湿地景观格局得到较大改善,空间结构得到优化配置;水质状况明显改善,水体透明度提高101%,水体中总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH+4-N)、硝氮(NO-3-N)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)的含量较恢复前明显下降,去除率分别达到62.5%、89.3%、62.5%、91.7%、68.0%,这一水质降解结果表明:基底修复促进了入湖河口水文状况的改善,而依据植物对不同浓度污水的适应状况进行多生活型、多种类的植物配置,并适当增加沉水植物比例,有效发挥了植物的净化作用,但不同湿地植物群落之间净化效果存在差异,显示了植物对氮磷的喜好程度和植物间的互作关系,而相同植物群落在不同浓度污水条件下的表现同样存在差异。因此,污染水体的治理必须选择性利用适合不同污水浓度的水生植物进行合理的群落配置,同时,根据水质变化及时对植物进行适应性调整,有利于植物的生长和湿地生态系统的稳定,以及湿地生态系统结构和功能的恢复。该退化湿地修复后,每年可产生以净化功能效益为主的生态系统服务功能价值185万元,以水源涵养和生物多样性保育、生态旅游等的生态系统服务功能价值32.7万元,以及以生态农业系统为主的市场价值270万元,呈现了较好的经济、社会效益和生态效益价值。     

Prairie Wolf Slough Wetlands Demonstration Project: A Case Study Illustrating the Need for Incorporating Soil and Water Quality Assessment in Wetland Restoration Planning,Design and Monitoring

In northeastern Illinois, restored wetlands are used to improve water quality in streams degraded by agriculture and urban development. Using freshwater wetlands to reduce nitrogen loading to lakes and rivers is well documented; however, there are fewer studies addressing their use to remove phosphorous. In 1998, a systematic water quality monitoring project was begun at Prairie Wolf Slough Wetland Demonstration Project, a restored palustrine emergent marsh wetland located on an abandoned farm field north of Chicago. The wetland drains 98 ha of mixed land uses into the Chicago River. Our objectives were to assess spatial and temporal variations in total suspended solids, soluble reactive and total phosphorous concentrations, and mass loadings and compute a mass balance and retention efficiency for these constituents. Water sampling was conducted from 1998 to 2003. In 2004, soil samples were collected from the marsh and an adjacent abandoned farm site and analyzed for soil test (Bray) phosphorus. The marsh effectively traps suspended solids but acts as a source of soluble reactive and total phosphorous to the river both during the growing and nongrowing seasons. Net export of phosphorous from the wetland was likely due to mobilization of orthophosphate as a result of anoxic conditions produced during inundation events. Often little consideration is given to the link between soil and water quality when locating restoration sites. Our study adds to a growing body of literature that clearly demonstrates the need for both soil and water quality assessments in wetland restoration planning, design, and monitoring.     

Collection strategies for quantifying protist assemblages in temperate headwater streams

We aimed at indicating some regularities of a constructed wetland treating agricultural runoff in China. The regularities, including the nitrogen removal capacity all year round, the nitrogen distribution pathways, and the nitrogen species removal kinetics, of a free water surface constructed wetland (2,800 m²) in the Dianchi Valley, which has been in operation for 27 months, were studied. The planted Phragmites australis and Zizania caduciflora were harvested biannually. The average inflow rate was recorded by an ultrasonic flow instrument, and then the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) were calculated. The average inflow and outflow concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), ammonia, and nitrate were measured, while the corresponding removal rates were calculated, showing better results than other constructed wetlands. Then the distribution pathways of nitrogen were analyzed, which indicated that plant harvesting was more important in wetland-treated agricultural runoff than in domestic wastewater. The reason for a good nitrogen removal capability and the obvious function of plants in the present wetland is the sound climate and intermittent inflow in the wetland. Results showed that inflow load had significant correction with both TN and ammonia removal efficiency. HLR, inflow rate, inflow nitrogen concentration, and temperature had significant and positive correction with both TN and ammonia removal. However, HRT had negative correction with both TN and ammonia removal, and the nitrate removal efficiency and parameters mentioned earlier were not significantly correlated. The rate constant values for nitrate and ammonia in summer were obviously larger than in winter. It is possible that bacterial and microbial activities were more active in summer than winter, and more conducive to bacterial and vegetative growth in summer than winter. Since this study was a pioneer for the implementation of constructed wetlands in China treating agricultural runoff, it has proved that this eco-technology could be used effectively for water quality enhancement in China and other areas with a similar climate.     

Biogeochemical Constraints on the Ecological Rehabilitation of Wetland Vegetation in River Floodplains

The European policy for river management during peak discharge periods is currently changing from exclusion strategies (reinforcement of dykes) to allowing a more natural situation by creating more floodplain space to reduce water levels during peak discharges. In addition, water retention and water storage areas have been created. The new measures are generally being combined with nature development strategies. Up till now, however, ecological targets of broadscale floodplain wetland restoration including sedge marshes, species-rich floodplain forests and carrs, riparian mesotrophic grasslands and other biodiverse riverine ecosystems, have hardly developed in these areas. Most studies on the conditions needed for sustainable ecological development of floodplains have focused on hydrological and geomorphological rather than biogeochemical issues (including nutrient availability and limitation). There are, however, large differences in the composition of river water and groundwater and in sediment quality between rivers in densely populated areas and those in more pristine areas, which serve as a reference. It is very likely that these factors, in combination with heavily altered hydrological regimes and the narrow areas confined between the dykes on both sides of the rivers, impose major constraints on sustainable ecological development of riverine areas. Another issue is that existing wetlands are generally considered to be very appropriate for water retention and conservation, although recent research has shown that this may pose a serious threat to their biodiversity. The present paper reviews the biogeochemical constraints on the combination of floodplain rehabilitation, water conservation and the conservation and development of wetlands. It is concluded that biogeochemical problems (mainly related to eutrophication) predominantly arise in less dynamic parts of the river system, to which the flood-pulse concept applies less. Sound knowledge of the biogeochemical processes involved will contribute to greater efficiency and a better prediction of the opportunities for restoration and development of riverine wetlands. This information can be directly applied in nature management, water management, policy-making and consultancy.     

基于空间分析的东北地区湿地优先恢复

以GIS/RS为技术手段,从景观结构因子、河流及道路密度、湿度指数、地貌条件、耕地生产力5方面对东北地区湿地恢复潜力进行空间分析,确定了东北地区湿地恢复的优先、次优先区域,并利用农作物生产与湿地协调发展指数、景观指数验证恢复效果.结果表明： 东北地区湿地优先恢复面积为1.78×10⁶ hm²,其中,耕地和草地为主要的恢复类型,占优先恢复面积的96.7%,主要位于东北部的三江平原和中部的松嫩平原;次优先湿地恢复面积为1.03×10⁶ hm².经过优先、次优先湿地恢复,东北地区湿地面积将在现有湿地面积的基础上提高37.4%.湿地恢复后,研究区农作物生产与湿地协调发展水平值从恢复前的0.539增加到恢复后的0.733,湿地景观格局更有利于沼泽湿地生态功能的发挥.说明基于空间分析制定的东北地区湿地恢复方案是可行的,可为东北地区湿地恢复的实施和生态环境的改善提供数据支持.     

洱海低污染水处理湿地中应用海菜花的可行性

人工湿地因其成本低、效率高、地区适宜性强等特点,成为洱海低污染水处理的优先考虑手段之一。人工湿地的建设及运行不仅仅是技术问题,而是要充分考虑当地的实际,挖掘其资源（植物产品）价值。从技术、环境、生态以及经济角度论证了将乡土经济植物海菜花应用于湿地系统中的可行性,结果表明：1）海菜花人工种植技术较为成熟,能为洱海低污染水处理湿地中海菜花的存活和丰产提供保障;2）洱海气候适宜应用湿地系统,低污染水营养足以保证海菜花生长。而海菜花四季生长旺盛,具有一定的净水能力。就环境可行性来讲,海菜花完全可以应用到洱海低污染水湿地净水系统中去;3）将海菜花应用到洱海低污染水湿地净水系统中,有助于增加洱海的生态景观效益,不仅可以规避外来物种入侵风险,而且有利于濒危物种的恢复,生态可行性较好;4）将海菜花应用到湿地净水系统中,可以充分利用来水中营养盐,变废为宝,同时持续稳定地产生较好地经济效益,为因湿地建设而失地的农民提供生活保障。     

Using ecotechnology to address water quality and wetland habitat loss problems in the Mississippi basin: a hierarchical approach

Human activities are affecting the environment at continental and global scales. An example of this is the Mississippi basin where there has been a large scale loss of wetlands and water quality deterioration over the past century. Wetland and riparian ecosystems have been isolated from rivers and streams. Wetland loss is due both to drainage and reclamation, mainly for agriculture, and to isolation from the river by levees, as in the Mississippi delta. There has been a decline in water quality due to increasing use of fertilizers, enhanced drainage and the loss of wetlands for cleaning water. Water quality has deteriorated throughout the basin and high nitrogen in the Mississippi river is causing a large area of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico adjacent to the Mississippi delta. Since the causes of these problems are distributed over the basin, the solution also needs to be distributed over the basin. Ecotechnology and ecological engineering offer the only ecologically sound and cost-effective method of solving these problems. Wetlands to promote nitrogen removal, mainly through denitrification but also through burial and plant uptake, offer a sound ecotechnological solution. At the level of the Mississippi basin, changes in farming practices and use of wetlands for nitrogen assimilation can reduce nitrogen levels in the River. There are additional benefits of restoration of wetland and riverine ecosystems, flood control, reduction in public health threats, and enhanced wildlife and fisheries. At the local drainage basin level, the use of river diversions in the Mississippi delta can address both problems of coastal land loss and water quality deterioration. Nitrate levels in diverted river water are rapidly reduced as water flows through coastal watersheds. At the local level, wetlands are being used to treat municipal wastewater. This is a cost-effective method, which results in improved water quality, enhanced wetland productivity and increased accretion. The problems in the Mississippi basin serves as an example for other watersheds in the Gulf of Mexico. This is especially important in Mexico, where there is a strong need for economical solutions to ecological problems. The Usumacinta delta-Laguna de Terminos regional ecosystem is an example where ecotechnological approaches offer realistic solutions to environmental problems.     

一种新型的人工湿地生态工程设计--以山东省南四湖为例

本文采用了一种新的人工湿地设计理念 ,将两种类型的人工湿地有机地 ,动态地结合起来 ,设计出一套具有生态恢复和生态净化功能的工程体系。依据对湖区现状调查结果 ,按照生态学和生态经济学的基本原理 ,以保证湿地生态系统结构与功能的完整性为主要目标 ,在对湖区进行重点规划的基础上 ,提出了重点地段生态工程建设的设计方案 ,并对方案的预期目标进行了讨论     

雄安新区白洋淀生态属性辨析及生态修复保护研究

湿地是自然界生物多样性最丰富的生态系统之一,与社会发展和人类福祉息息相关。近年来,由于全球气候变化和人类活动的过度干扰,湿地正面临着面积萎缩、功能减弱、多样性降低等诸多问题,湿地退化已经成为制约区域可持续性发展的重大阻碍。伴随着生态文明建设逐渐成为中国特色社会主义建设的重要支柱,湿地生态修复工作得到前所未有的制度保障。深入剖析湿地属性,结合政策保障,有针对性的提出湿地保护与修复的治理措施,对区域的生态环境建设和可持续性发展具有重要意义。选择国家级新区-雄安新区的水命脉-白洋淀湿地为研究对象,在深入剖析其生态属性和已存在的生态问题的基础上,结合生态修复的原则、方法和步骤,提出生态修复与保护的可行性策略。研究结果表明,白洋淀本质是典型的湖泊湿地,同时兼具沼泽湿地特征,由于人类活动的剧烈干扰,白洋淀有向沼泽湿地逆向演替的变化趋势。湿地内存在面积萎缩、水资源量短缺、水环境污染问题突出及生物多样性减少等生态问题。本研究建议:为顺利建设雄安新区,首先,白洋淀湿地在算清"水账"、"污账"和"生态账"的前提下,进一步加强流域水资源调配,科学确定白洋淀湿地最佳水位,恢复淀区水量;其次,通过使用清洁生产技术和限制高排污企业建设等措施,加强污染防治,恢复湿地水质;最后,依据生态承载力理论,划分白洋淀流域的生态功能红线、环境质量红线和资源利用红线等国家生态保护红线体系,为尽快恢复湿地结构与功能提供制度保障。