细胞周期调控因子的表达与肺癌预后关系的研究

应用细胞周期调控因子P^27kipl,Rb单克隆抗体和CDK4多克隆抗体,对54例肺鳞状细胞癌的纤支镜活镜标本和10例正常肺组织进行免疫组织化学染色研究。结果发现：54例肺鳞癌中,P^27kipl阳性表达率为928/54）51.9%。表达水平与患预后呈正相关。P^27kipl表达是影响肺癌患预后的主要因素。CDK4阳性表达率（26/54）为48.1%,Rb阳性表达率（33/54）为61.1%。表达水平与患预后呈正相关。结果表明：P^27kipl低表达可作为判断肺鳞癌患预后差的一个独立的有效标记指标,CDK4表达对鉴别良恶性病变有一定意义,Rb表达可作为判断肺鳞癌预后的有意义指标。     

食管鳞状细胞癌中MMP-9、CD-147的表达及意义

目的：探讨基质金属蛋白酶9（MMP-9）和CD-147在食管鳞状细胞癌的表达及其与肿瘤浸润转移的关系。方法：应用免疫组化S-P法观察57例食管鳞癌组织中MMP-9、CD-147的表达,并探讨其与食管鳞癌临床病理资料的关系。结果：MMP-9、CD-147在癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为82．46％,64．91％;在癌旁组织中的阳性表达率分别是29．82％,8．77％。在食管鳞癌中,MMP-9及CD-147的表达均与食管鳞癌的浸润深度有关,与分化程度无明显关联;有淋巴结转移的病例阳性表达率明显高于无淋巴结转移组。结论：MMP-9及CD-147的表达均与食管鳞癌的浸润深度及淋巴结转移有关。     

Bcl-2和COX-2在宫颈鳞癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的：观察Bcl-2和COX-2在正常宫颈和宫颈鳞癌中的表达情况,并探讨其与宫颈鳞癌发生发展的关系。方法：应用免疫组织化学s-P法检测40例宫颈鳞癌组织、10例正常宫颈组织中Bcl-2和COX-2的表达情况。结果：（1）Bcl-2在正常宫颈组织和宫颈鳞癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为30．0％、72．5％（P〈0．05）,而COX-2在正常宫颈组织和宫颈鳞癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为0．0％、60．0％（P〈0．05）。（2）在宫颈鳞癌中,Bcl-2的表达与宫颈鳞癌的病理分级、临床分期以及淋巴结转移无关（P〉0．05）,而COX-2的表达与宫颈鳞癌的病理分级及淋巴转移有关（P〈0．05）,与临床分期无关（P〉0．05）。（3）Spearman等级相关性分析显示宫颈鳞癌组织中Bcl-2和COX-2的表达呈正相关（r=0．517,P〈0．01）。结论：Bcl-2和COX-2在宫颈鳞癌中的表达升高并呈显著正相关,且COX-2的表达与宫颈鳞癌的淋巴转移有关,二者在宫颈癌的发生发展中可能起重要作用,有可能作为评估宫颈鳞癌淋巴结转移的参考指标。     

survivin和caspase-3在非小细胞肺癌中的表达及相关性研究

目的：研究survivin和caspase-3蛋白在非小细胞肺癌中的表达情况,分析二者的作用机制及相关性。方法：采用免疫组化KIT染色法,检测survivin和caspase-3在60例NSCLC组织和20例正常肺组织中的表达情况。结果：肺癌组织中的survivin阳性表达率（61．67％）明显高于正常肺组织（5％）;Ⅲ期的survivin阳性表达率（76．92％）明显高于Ⅰ＋Ⅱ期（50％）;均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;而与年龄,病理类型,组织分化程度,淋巴结转移情况无关。肺癌组织中caspase-3阳性表达率（43．33％）明显低于正常组织（85％）;高＋中分化组的caspase-3阳性表达率（58．06％）明显高于低分化的（27．59％）;鳞癌组织中的caspase-3阳性表达率（56．25％）高于腺癌组织（28．57％）;均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;而与年龄,TNM分期,淋巴结转移情况无关。结论：survivin在非小细胞肺癌中表达上调,而caspase-3却下降,且二者的表达呈负相关,提示survivin可能参与肺癌的发生发展,且抑制caspase-3的激活而抑制凋亡;caspase-3的失活可能导致肿瘤细胞的增殖。     

在子宫颈上皮内瘤变和鳞癌组织中CyclinE、Rb基因表达的研究

目的 探讨细胞周期素E（CyclinE）、视网膜母细胞瘤（Rb）基因与上皮内瘤变（CIN）和宫颈鳞癌的关系,及其在癌变过程中的意义。方法 应用免疫组化技术（S-P法）,检测CyclinE和Rb基因产物在各级别CIN77例和宫颈鳞癌40例中的表达状况,并以正常子宫颈鳞状上皮20例做对照。结果 在正常宫颈鳞状上皮、CINⅠ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ及宫颈鳞癌中,CyclinE的阳性表达率呈逐渐增强趋势,分别为：0．0％、30．0％、75．0％、65．0％、60．0％。正常宫颈鳞状上皮与各级别CIN和宫颈鳞癌之间差异均有显著性（P〈0．01或〈0．005）,CINⅠ与CINⅡ、CINⅢ、宫颈鳞癌组间差异均有显著性（P〈0．005或〈0．01）;Rb基因蛋白的表达率逐渐下调,分别为：100．0％、55．0％、20．0%、24．3%、23．5％,在正常宫颈鳞状上皮与各级别CIN和宫颈鳞癌组间差异均有显著性（P〈0．005）;CINI与CINHI、宫颈鳞癌组间差异有显著性（P〈O．005）。结论CyclinE在正常子宫颈鳞状上皮表达阴性,随着发生CIN从轻到重至宫颈鳞癌,表达呈逐渐增强趋势;表明CyclinE在子宫颈癌变过程中起到重要作用,CyclinE参与CIN的进展及子宫颈癌癌变机制。Rb基因蛋白在正常子宫颈鳞状上皮100％阳性,随着发生CIN从轻到重至宫颈鳞癌,表达呈逐渐下调趋势,甚至消失;表明Rb基因可能主要通过功能性失活参与宫颈鳞癌的发生,并且其在癌变过程中起重要作用。发现CyclinE表达增强和RB基因表达下调或消失,有助于宫颈鳞癌发生的判断及CIN程度和级别的确定。     

人肺鳞癌和腺癌组织中c-erbB-2癌基因蛋白表达与细胞增殖及预后的关系

用S－P免疫组织化学方法,用c－erbB－2多克隆抗体及PCNA单克隆抗体对50例肺鳞癌和30例腺癌组织石蜡包埋标本进行检测。结果显示：c－erbB－2染色总阳性率为46．25％,鳞癌阳性率为40％,腺癌阳性率为56．67％,两者之间无显著性差异。伴有淋巴结转移的肺癌组织中c－erbB－2阳性表达率较高（66．67％）,并且与肺癌预后有关。PCNA表达阳性级别与患者的术后生存期呈负相关（P＜0．05）,与c－erbB－2表达阳性级别呈正相关（P＜0．05）。本研究提示,用免疫组织化学方法检查,c－erbB－2蛋白和PCNA共同表达可作为临床判断肺鳞癌和腺癌预后的较好指标之一。     

COX-2与VEGF-C在大肠癌中的表达及与预后的关系

目的探讨COX-2与VEGF-C在大肠癌组织中的表达及与临床病理因素之间的关系。方法运用免疫组化方法检测54例大肠癌组织中COX-2与VEGF-C的表达。结果COX-2和VEGF-C蛋白在大肠癌中的表达阳性率分别为72．22％（39／54）和64．81％（35／54）,COX-2与VEGF-C表达之间存在显著的相关性（P〈0．001）;在伴有淋巴结转移的大肠腺癌中,COX-2与VEGF-C的阳性表达率分别为87．5g（21／24）和91．67％（22／24）,转移组与非转移组相比较均有显著性差异（P＜0．05）;COX-2蛋白表达与肿瘤大小、浸润深度、Duke’s分期呈负相关（P〈0．05）,与组织分化、性别、年龄等临床病理因素无关（P〉0.05）。VEGF-C表达与浸润深度、Duke’s分期呈负相关（P〈0．05）,与组织分化、性别、年龄、肿瘤大小等临床病理因素无关（P〉0．05）。结论COX-2蛋白与VEGF-C共表达可增加大肠癌转移和侵袭能力,其检测有助于大肠癌恶性程度评价及临床预后的判断。     

人口腔鳞癌组织中HIF—1a和NF—κB的表达及意义

目的：探讨缺氧诱导因子（HIF—1a）和核因子-κB（NF—κB）口腔鳞癌中的表达及相互关系,研究它们的表达与肿瘤临床病理指标的联系。方法：应用SP染色法检测HIF—1a和NF—κB在49例口腔鳞癌组织、10例正常口腔黏膜组织中的阳性率。结果在口腔鳞癌中HIF—1a和NF—κB的阳性表达率分别为80．0％和78．4％,其阳性率及表达等级均显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）,在中-低分化组和有淋巴结转移组中的表达显著高于高分化组和无淋巴结转移组（P〈0．05）。HIF—1a表达与NF—κB表达成等级正相关（r=0．45,P〈0．05）。结论：HIF-1a或NF—κB与口腔鳞癌生物学行为有密切关系,二者的联合检测,有助于口腔鳞癌恶性程度和生物学特性的判断。     

survivin在非小细胞肺癌中的表达及其与bcl-2、p63表达的关系

目的：探讨survivin在非小细胞肺癌组织（non small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）中的表达,及其与bcl2、p63蛋白表达的相关性。方法：应用二步法免疫组织化法,检测survivin、bcl-2、p63蛋白在60例NSCLC组织和20例正常肺组织中的表达。结果：肺癌组织中的survivin蛋白阳性率（56．67％）明显高于正常肺组织15％）,有显著性差异;（p〈0．05）Ⅲ期surviving蛋白阳性表达率72．73％（16／22）明显高于Ⅰ＋Ⅲ期survivin47．37％（18／38）。有显著差异;（p〈0．05）survivin蛋白表达与患者年龄、病理类型、组织分化程度,淋巴结转移情况无关（P〉0．05）NSCLC组织bc 1-2蛋白表达阳性、阴性组中,survivin蛋白阳性表达率分别为66．67％（18／27）和48．48％（16／33）,两者比较,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）;p63蛋白表达阳性、阴性组中,survivin蛋白阳性表达率分别为53-33％（16／30）和60％（18／30）,两者比较,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）survivin,蛋白与bc1．2蛋白的表达呈正相关。survivin蛋白与p63蛋白的表达呈正相关。结论：survivin在NSCLC组织中表达上调,通过抑制细胞凋亡,在NSCLC的发生和发展中起到重要作用。survivin,bcl-2与p63它们分别在肺癌发生发展过程中不同途径上抑制肺癌细胞的凋亡,对肺癌早期诊断有一定的意义。对3种蛋白进行联合检测,更有利于肺癌的早期诊断和判断肺癌的分化程度、临床分期、淋巴结是否转移及病人的预后。survivin与bcl-2及survivin与p63可能起协同作用、并可能会成为NSCLC基因治疗的新靶点。     

TGF-β1和Smad4在膀胱癌中的表达及其与淋巴结转移的关系

目的：观察转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）和Smad4在膀胱癌组织内的表达情况,并分析其与膀胱癌淋巴管生成及淋巴结转移之间的关系。方法：选择在本院确诊的膀胱癌患者50例,根据淋巴结转移与否分为淋巴结转移组（30例）和无淋巴结转移组（20例1。应用免疫组化法检测膀胱癌组织内TGF-β1和Smad4的表达。以D2—40作为淋巴管内皮特异性标记物,检测膀胱癌组织内淋巴管生成情况并分析其与TGF-β1和Smad4的表达的关系。结果：TGF．B1主要表达于膀胱癌细胞胞浆内,在淋巴结转移组的表达率明显高于无淋巴结转移组（P=0．017）。Smad4表达于膀胱癌细胞胞浆和胞核内,在无淋巴结转移组的表达率明显高于有淋巴结转移组（P=0．005）。Smad4表达阳性组的淋巴管数密度（LVD）明显低于Smad4表达阴性组（P=0．037）。TGF-p1的表达与Smad4的表达呈显著的负相关性（P=0．001）。结论：TGF-β1的表达与膀胱癌淋巴管生成及淋巴结转移呈显著正相关,Smad4的表达与膀胱癌淋巴管生成及淋巴结转移呈显著负相关,TGF-β1／Smad4信号通路可能在膀胱癌淋巴管生成和淋巴结转移过程中起重要作用。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.