芍药属牡丹组的系统学研究——基于RAPD分析

芍药属牡丹组(Paeonia sect．Moutan DC)是落叶亚灌木,其野生类群为我国特有。长期以来不同 学者根据形态性状对这个组中种的分类处理不断修正,不断有新种描述。我们采用RAPD标记分析了 牡丹组种内与种间遗传关系。从10个RAPD引物获得121个多态位点。用UPGMA方法构建的树系 图表明每个种的所有个体都各自聚为一支,种内的相似性系数为0.60～0.90,因此现有的7个种能很好 地区分开来。P．delavayi与P．ludlowii相似性系数为0.60,聚为一支;P．jishanensis与P．rockii、P. ostii、P．qiui以及P．decomposita之间的相似性系数为0.48,聚为一大支。这两支与肉质花盘亚组和革 质花盘亚组相对应。这些结果与洪德元根据形态性状对该组所做的分类处理基本相符。我们认为RAPD技术用于牡丹基因组分析是灵敏而行之有效的工具。     

基于多基因序列和形态性状的牡丹组种间关系

牡丹被认为是中国的国花,具有很高的医学、观赏和经济价值.野生牡丹被认为是栽培牡丹的野生祖先,因此弄清牡丹组的种间亲缘关系具有重要的理论和实践意义.由于受到信息量的限制,根据单基凼数据或形态数据往往无法对牡丹组的种间关系得到明确的结果.本研究用12份样品代表野生牡丹组(Paeonia section Moutan DC.,Paeoniaceae)8个种,利用包括核基因(Adh1A、Adh2和GPAT)和叶绿体基因(trnS-trnG和rps16-trnQ)的DNA序列以及形态性状的多套数据来探讨野牛牡丹的种间关系.合并分析得到具高支持率的牡丹组物种间的系统发育关系.结果表明,芍药属牡丹组8个野生种分为两个亚组,即肉质花盘亚组subseet.Delavayanae和革质花盘亚组subsect.Vaginatae.肉质花盘亚组包括滇牡丹P delavayi和大花黄牡丹P.ludlowii;革质花盘亚组包括其余6个种.革质花盘亚组中,四川牡丹P.decomposita ssp.decomposita和紫斑牡丹P. rockii ssp. rockii关系密切;卵叶牡丹P.qiui和矮牡丹P. jishanenMs关系密切;银屏牡丹P. suffruticosa ssp.yinpingmudan与风丹P. ostii关系 密切,并且后两个分支为姊妹群.     

Phylogenetic analysis of Paeonia sect. Moutan (Paeoniaceae) based on multiple DNA fragments and morphological data

Tree peony, being crowned the title “King of Flowers” in China, is of great medicinal, ornamental, and economic values. In the present study, the phylogeny of the wild tree peony species (section Moutan, Paeonia, Paeoniaceae), represented by twelve accessions collected from all eight species in the section, was investigated based on the DNA sequence in five DNA fragments from both nuclear (Adh1A, Adh2 and GPAT) and chloroplast (trnS-trnG and rps16-trnQ) genomes, as well as morphological characters. Both maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference of phylogeny (BI) trees were reconstructed based on the combined data of the DNA sequences and morphological data, respectively. The MP and BI trees have the similar topology, and the sect. Moutan clearly branched into two clades. One clade consists of two species, P. delavayi and P. ludlowii, corresponding to the subsect. Delavayanae, and another clade is composed of other six species. Within the second clade, the six species can be divided into three subclades consisting of P. rockii and P. decomposita, P. jishanensis and P. qiui, P. suffruticosa and P. ostii, respectively. Among the three subclades, P. jishanensis/P. qiui is most closely related to P. suffruticosa/P. ostii. These results provide up to date the clearest picture of the phylogeny of wild tree peony species in the sect. Moutan.     

基于ITS和matK基因对牡丹组序列分析及其亲缘关系的研究

以芍药属牡丹组全部9个野生种、5个紫斑牡丹栽培品种及3个中原牡丹品种为试材,进行核糖体内转录间隔区（ITS）和叶绿体成熟酶K （matK）基因片段测序分析,探讨ITS和matK序列为牡丹组所有野生种种间关系提供分子证据。从GeneBank中选取了1个牡丹及3个外类群芍药、川赤芍和草芍药的ITS及matK序列。对试验样品进行DNA提取、PCR扩增并双向测序得到44条序列,人工校正后将所得44条序列进行比对;计算碱基组成频率、变异位点、简约信息位点数、转换/颠换比率、种内及种间遗传距离,以邻接法进行系统发育分析。结果表明,牡丹组所有个体ITS序列长度在750~800 bp,含有86个多态位点,74个简约信息位点,转换/颠换比率（R）为1.2;而matK序列含有20个简约信息位点,转换/颠换比率（R）为1.7。ITS序列分析将牡丹组野生种分为两大枝,稷山牡丹、紫斑牡丹、卵叶牡丹和杨山牡丹聚为一枝,狭叶牡丹、滇牡丹、黄牡丹和大花黄牡丹聚为另一枝,这两枝分别与革质花盘亚组和肉质花盘亚组相对应,而四川牡丹位于革质花盘亚组最底端,支持前人研究将四川牡丹归为革质花盘亚组。matK序列分析的牡丹组野生种间遗传距离结果不理想,未能清晰的表明野生种之间的亲缘关系。由此说明,ITS序列更适合牡丹组野生种间亲缘关系的研究分析。     

芍药属牡丹组基于形态学证据的系统发育关系分析

对芍药属牡丹组Paeonia L.sect.Moutan DC.（全部野生种）40个居群进行了基于形态学证据的系统学分析,试图建立组内种间的系统发育关系。利用PAUP （4.0）计算机程序分别构建了建立在25个形态学性状基础上的所有研究类群的距离树（UPGMA、NJ）和最大简约树（MP）。所得树的拓扑结构基本一致,差异只发生在距离树和简约树之间,在由形态和细胞学关系都很近的5个种（牡丹P.suffruticosa、矮牡丹P.jishanensis、卵叶牡丹P.qiui、紫斑牡丹P.rockii和凤丹P.o     

A revision of the Paeonia suffruticosa complex (Paeoniaceae)

The taxonomical concept of the Paeonia suffruticosa complex i.e. Sect. Moutan Subsect. Vaginatae, has changed greatly since 1990. Six species and four subspecies have been described as new and two subspecies raised to specific level. Five species and two subspecies are recognized in the present revision, viz. P. suffruticosa subsp. suffruticosa and subsp. yinpingmudan, P. jishanensis, P. qiui, P. ostii, P. rockii subsp. rockii and subsp. taibaishanica. P. yananensis, P. ridleyi, P. spontanea, P. moutan subsp. atava, P. suffruticosa subsp. atava, P. rockii subsp. linyanshanii and P. ostii var. lishizhenii are treated as synonyms. P. papaveracea and P. baokangensis are proposed to be interspecific hybrids. A key to the recognized species and subspecies is provided. Biological features of the species are described and their distributions are mapped. The relationships between species are inferred and the origins of commonly cultivated tree peonies ( P. suffruticosa and P. ostii ) are discussed.     

无藻萍的RAPD分析及其在三膘组满江红种间关系研究中的应用

从满江红Azolla Lam.萍-藻共生体中提取DNA进行的RAPD系统分析通常忽视了满江红样品的异质性。本研究通过获得无藻的满江红,比较有藻萍、无藻萍和离体藻之间的RAPD指纹图谱。发现从有藻萍中提取DNA的扩增反应来源于萍藻双方DNA的共同影响。依引物和植物样本的不同,共生双方对扩增产物的贡献结果不同,说明了用无藻萍进行RAPD检测的重要性。对满江红三膘组5个种的11个无藻萍样本进行了RAPD分析,由9个引物产生的127个DNA多态片段用于计算样本间的Jaccard相似系数和UPGMA树状聚类图。结果     

Circumscription and phylogeny of Saxifraga sect. Ciliatae: Evidence from nrDNA ITS sequences

The largest section of the genus Saxifraga (Saxifragaceae), sect. Ciliatae, consists of 175 morphologically diverse species. This section is mainly distributed in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions of southwest China and more than 80% of the total number of species are endemic to this region. It remains unknown whether this section is monophyletic and up to now no study has been conducted on the infra-sectional phylogeny. In this study, ITS sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA were firstly determined for 33 species mainly from this section and related sections. We further downloaded the corresponding sequences of the same DNA region for the other 22 species of Saxifraga and Mitella from GenBank. All sequences were together used to construct the phy-logenetic trees. The main implications of the phylogenetic analyses include: (1) sect. Ciliatae, as traditionally defined, constitutes as a monophyletic clade and its sister group is a well supported clade that includes species from 8 sections such as sect. Porphyrion, sect. Saxifraga and sect. Mesogyne; (2) three morphological subsections, i.e., subsect. Gemmiparae, subsect. Hirculoideae and subsect. Rosulares were tentatively recovered despite the relatively low statistic bootstrap support for the last one; however, subsect. Flagellares and subsect. Hemi-sphaericae were not recognized as separate entities, and nested within subsect. Gemmiparae; (3) subsect. Hircu-loideae and subsect. Rosulares clustered together as sister subclades while subsect. Gemmiparae diverged early. In addition, our results suggest that the paired variation of ITS sequences in sect. Ciliatae is relatively low between the sampled species in spite of their diverse morphology. It is suggested that such a scenario may mirror rapid speciation in this section that probably trigged by the uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the extensive selection pressure under the alpine environments.     

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Mycogone perniciosa Causing Wet Bubble Disease of Agaricus bisporus in China Using SRAP

In this study, 38 Mycogone perniciosa isolates of Agaricus bisporus from the main production areas in China were analysed for investigating the genetic diversity using sequence‐related amplification polymorphism (SRAP). A total of 132 polymorphic bands were obtained, ranging in size from 100 to 1700 base pairs. According to the dendrogram produced by the unweighted pair‐group method with arithmetic average of similarity coefficients from SRAP data, all the tested strains were divided into four clusters at a 71.6% similarity level. Strains 1–3 and 13–17 from, respectively, Xichong County of Sichuan Province and Yongchang County of Gansu Province were clustered in the same clade; strains 4–8 and 9–12 from, respectively, Long Hai City of Fujian Province and Luoyang City of Henan Province clustered in sa second clade; strains 18–21 from Wuhan City of Hubei Province grouped together in a third cluster distinct from the other strains.     

中国厚结猛蚁属(膜翅目:蚁科)十三种蚂蚁的形态测量学研究

【目的】为了探索形态测量学方法在蚁科昆虫分类中的应用价值和我国厚结猛蚁属Pachycondyla种间的系统发育关系,对国内保存有标本的厚结猛蚁属13种进行了形态测量学研究。【方法】选取厚结猛蚁属13种各9个个体进行测量,以体长(TL)、头长(HL)、头宽(HW)、触角柄节长(SL)、前胸背板宽(PW)性状特征及头长宽比(CI)、触角柄节比(SI)共12个度量特征为变量,进行主成分分析和聚类分析。【结果】研究表明,3个主成分在头长、头宽、头长宽比及触角柄节比有较高的载荷值,差异显著。聚类结果显示,13种厚结猛蚁聚成4支:第1支(短背厚结猛蚁P.brevidorsa(Xu)、拟黑厚结猛蚁P.melanaria(Emery)、红足厚结猛蚁P.rufipes(Jerdon)和列氏厚结猛蚁P.leeuwenhoeki(Forel))与第2支(片突厚结猛蚁P.lobocarena Xu、郑氏厚结猛蚁P.zhengi Xu和敏捷厚结猛蚁P.astute Smith)的相似度最高,亲缘关系最近;与第3支(多毛厚结猛蚁P.pilosior(Wheeler)、安南厚结猛蚁P.annamita(Andrè)、邵氏厚结猛蚁P.sauteri(Forel)和爪哇厚结猛蚁P.javana(Mayr))的相似度次之,亲缘关系较远;与第4支(中华厚结猛蚁P.chinensis(Emery)和黄足厚结猛蚁P.luteipes(Mayr))相似度最低,亲缘关系最远。聚类关系与传统分类的结果基本一致:中华厚结猛蚁与黄足厚结猛蚁外部形态特征相似,聚为一支;郑氏厚结猛蚁、敏捷厚结猛蚁、邵氏厚结猛蚁、爪哇厚结猛蚁与片突厚结猛蚁外部形态特征相似,聚为另一支,亲缘关系较近。【结论】研究结果证明形态测量学方法具有很好的应用价值,适用于蚁科昆虫分类研究。     

基于18S rDNA与ITS-5.8S rDNA对 重庆地区网状车轮虫的种内分化研究

本研究基于形态和分子数据对采自重庆地区5个地理株系的网状车轮虫(Trichodina reticulata)进行了比较研究及重描述。研究结果表明,网状车轮虫不同株系表现出不同的表型分化,含形态略有不同的齿体及有或无中央颗粒,因而具有明显的种内形态多样性。不同地理株系网状车轮虫的18S rDNA序列相似度在99.0%~100%之间,遗传距离为0.000~0.008,并在三大变异区(V4、V5与V7)均具一致的二级结构,表明不同株系的18Sr DNA相似度与遗传距离均属种内水平。综合18SrDNA和ITS-5.8S rDNA的变异位点和系统发育对种内分歧的研究分析显示,来自不同地理分布和宿主的网状车轮虫株系皆因相同的变异位点而聚为一枝,以此推断网状车轮虫的种内分化主要受其基因的影响,地理分布与宿主差异等环境影响在目前的种群分化阶段暂未突显。此外,本研究进一步验证了中央颗粒不能作为网状车轮虫的主要鉴别性特征的观点。     

芍药属牡丹组分类新注

自我们近年发表一系列牡丹组分类文章以来, 国内外基本上赞同我们8个种的分类系统,但对一些问题仍有不同见解。本文进一步申述牡丹Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews 是一个独立的种而不是人工杂种, 以及银屏牡丹P. suffruticosa ssp. yinpingmudan是牡丹P. suffruticosa的野生类型而不是逸生的P. ostii的理由。上述论点也得到了分子树的支持。P. jishanensis T. Hong &; W. Z. Zhao是一个合法名称, 而P. spontanea (Rehder) T. Hong &; W. Z. Zhao则确实是一个多余名。太白山紫斑牡丹的学名应是P. rockii ssp. atava (Brühl) D. Y. Hong &; K. Y. Pan, 因此P. moutan Sims ssp. atava Brühl不应是可疑的分类群。本文还对Halda的6个组合和两个杂交种名作了处理。结果, 本文包括了5个新异名和一个新组合。     

Assessing Genetic Diversity in Mexican Husk Tomato Species

Mexico is the center of diversity of the husk tomato (Physalis L., Solanaceae), which includes a number of commercially important edible and ornamental species. Taxonomic identification is presently based on morphological characteristics, but the presence of high inter- and intraspecific morphological variation makes this task difficult. Six ISSR primers were used on eight Mexican species of Physalis to determine their utility for interspecific taxonomic discrimination and to assess their potential for inferring interspecific relationships. The six ISSR primers amplified 101 bands, with 100% polymorphism across samples. The number of bands per primer varied from 10 to 21. All primers produced different fingerprint profiles for each species, confirming the ISSR value in taxonomic discrimination. Discrimination values based on Simpson’s diversity index varied from 0.48 to 0.58. Genetic interspecific similarity values ranged from 0.20 to 0.57, and intraspecific similarity values were highest for Physalis angulata (0.71), followed by Physalis philadelphica (0.63) and Physalis lagascae (0.55). The UPGMA analysis grouped accessions of the same species together and clustered together Physalis species of similar morphological traits. Thus, ISSR markers are useful in estimating genetic relationships in Physalis.     

基于ITS序列的栓菌属部分种的分子分类初步研究

栓菌属 Trametes 的一些近缘种宏观和微观形态学非常相近,传统分类学方法难于对其进行准确分类定位。测定了 34 个分类单元的 ITS(包括 5.8SrDNA)序列,并对得到的 43 个分类单元的 ITS 序列进行系统发生分析,构建了聚类分析树状图。该树状图显示,栓菌属类群与其他属类群明显分开,Trametes versicolor 聚类到一个高支持率的独立分支。形态学上定名为 T. hirsuta 和 T. pubescens 物种聚类到同一高支持率的独立分支,试验分析表明这两个种应视为同一物种。     

革质花盘亚组野生牡丹资源的调查及保护利用建议

革质花盘亚组野生种参与了栽培牡丹的起源,在生物多样性保护和牡丹品种改良中具有重要价值。为了科学合理地保护和开发利用我国特有的野生牡丹资源,本研究通过野外实地调查,结合文献记录,在全国尺度上对革质花盘亚组野生牡丹资源的生物学特性、地理分布特点进行了系统分析。结果表明:革质花盘亚组共有5个野生种和1个杂交种,分布在秦巴山区、陕甘黄土高原和川西北黄土高原地区,其中陕西省野生牡丹资源最为丰富,并在陕西省商南县和旬阳县发现了卵叶牡丹新的原生地分布点;同时对革质花盘亚组的种群特征进行了分析,并针对革质花盘亚组种质资源的药用、观赏和油用潜在利用价值和濒危现状提出了开发利用建议和保护对策。     

Phylogenetic relationships of the anamorphic genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusicladium</Emphasis> s. lat. as inferred by ITS nrDNA data

The genus Fusicladium s. lat. (incl. Pollaccia and Spilocaea) was phylogenetically analysed using ITS nrDNA sequences. Pollaccia and Spilocaea did not form monophyletic groups of their own, but were intermingled between Fusicladium species, together with which they formed a monophyletic clade. Thus, Pollaccia and Spilocaea should be included in a wider genus concept of Fusicladium, constituting a morphologically variable genus. Furthermore, all Venturia and Fusicladium isolates clustered together on the bases of available ITS data, providing support for the monophyly of the anamorphic genus Fusicladium and the teleomorphic genus Venturia. Within this clade several subclades can be recognized. All taxa on the host family Salicaceae were found in one subclade. Three other subclades comprised taxa on Rosaceae whereas taxa on other host families all clustered separately. Geographic specializations were not observed. Two examples of host switching could be demonstrated, but these were confined to instances involving host species belonging to the same family. Fusicladium convolvularum and F. effusum, two species with unknown teleomorphs, clustered within the Fusicladium/Venturia clade, supporting the correct placement of these taxa in Fusicladium. The placement of Pseudocladosporium hachijoense within the family Venturiaceae was also supported.     

中国与欧洲高卢蜜环菌的遗传多样性

高卢蜜环菌(Armillaria gallica)为北半球广布种,不同大陆间的菌株遗传相似性和多样性水平能反映出该种在洲际大陆尺度上的地理遗传变异关系。作者用ISSR(inter-simple sequence repeat)分子标记技术,对从中国和欧洲收集到的高卢蜜环菌79个菌株进行了遗传多样性分析。用6个ISSR引物扩增得到210个位点,其中多态性位点(频率<0.95)为202个,占96.2%,平均每个引物多态位点多达33.6个,表明ISSR标记在蜜环菌中存在较高的多态性。根据非加权类平均法(UPGMA)聚类分析,中国53个菌株中的49个在0.773的相似性水平上聚成了中国类群(China group);而欧洲26个菌株遗传分化较大,分别在0.775和0.763的相似性水平上聚成了欧洲类群A(Europe group A)和B(Europe group B);2个欧洲类群间的相似性水平仅为0.738,而欧洲类群A与中国类群间的相似性却达到了0.770;两个大陆均有少数菌株表现出较为明显的遗传分化,个别菌株的种内遗传相似性甚至低于蜜环菌种间的遗传相似性。结果表明,中欧两个大陆间的A.gallica菌株因地理隔离已经表现出明显的遗传分化,处于异域物种形成过程中;欧洲大陆的菌株遗传分化更为明显,可能是两个大陆A.gallica菌株的起源地。     

Molecular evidence for the interspecific relationships in Paeonia sect. Moutan: PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) gene

A portion (the big intron between exon 5 and 6, ca. 2 kb) of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) gene of 15 wild tree peony accessions collected from 15 populations, which represent all the eight wild species in sect. Moutan, was analyzed using PCR-RFLP technique, and this portion of nine accessions, which represent also all the eight wild species, was sequenced for a better understanding of the interspecific relationships in this section. A reduced-median (RM) network of sect. Moutan was constructed with Network 3.0 computer program using the PCR-RFLP data obtained from the digestion experiments of 12 selected restriction enzymes. Both maximum parsimony (MP) and neighbor-joining (NJ) trees of sect. Moutan were constructed with PAUP*4.0 program using the sequences newly obtained in this study and from GenBank. As a result, a well resolved and highly supported gene tree of sect. Moutan (by bootstrap values) was obtained. The tree is basically in accordance with that constructed from morphological data. The phylogenetic relationships among species in sect. Moutan are discussed in detail.     

芍药属牡丹组（Paeonia sect. Moutan）种间关系的分子证据：GPAT基因的PCR-RFLP和序列分析

为了探讨芍药属牡丹组Paeonia sect. Moutan的种间关系,对采自15个野生居群,代表牡丹组全部8个野生种的15份材料的GPAT 基因片段（外显子5和6之间2 kb的内含子）进行了PCR-RFLP分析,并对代表牡丹组全部8个野生种的9份材料进行了测序。 根据12个限制性内切酶的PCR-RFLP数据,使用Network 3.0计算机程序的RM (reduced-median)法建立了牡丹组种间亲缘关系网络树。同时根据8个种9份材料的GPAT基因片段序列,利用PAUP*4.0计算机程序建立了牡丹组GPAT基因的最大简约（MP）树和邻接(NJ)树。结果获得了具有很高自展值支持、分辨良好的牡丹组种间关系（GPAT基因）树。最重要的是,该基因树所显示的牡丹组种间关系与根据形态学证据提出的牡丹组的种间关系基本吻合,并得到其他研究证据的支持。根据这一结果,对牡丹组的种间关系进行了详细的讨论。     

The Classification and Distribution of Genus Deutzia in China

Discussed in the present paper are evolutionary trends of important morphological characters of Deutzia, systematic position of several closely related genera, geographical distribution and characteristics of floristic elements. Finally the classificatory revison of the genus is made and a key to species is given. As a result, evolutionary trends of the important morphological characters in Deutzia are suggested; petals from imbricate to valvate, stamens from indefinite to definite, filaments from edentate to dentate, ovary from half-inferior to inferior. Therefore, the section Neodeutzia with valvate corolla and infinite stamens with edentate filaments should be included in this genus. The sections Neodeutzia and Mesodeutizia seem to be better considered as primitive taxa, while the section Deutzia advanced one. There are 52 species of Deutzia in China , which are grouped into two sections ( Sect. Mesodeutzia, Sect. Deutzia), four subsections (Subsect. Deutzia, Subsect. Grandiflorae, Subsect. Stenosepalae, Subsect. Cymosae)and 17 series. Sixty- five species are so far recognised in the genus Deutzia. They are mainly distributed in E. Asia and disjunctively in N. America. China is therefore an area the richest in species of Deutzia in the world, making up 80% of the total species of this genus. The greatest concentration area is in Sichuan (23 species), Yunnan (21 species), Hubei (12 species) and Shanxi (10 species), this is boundary area between Sino-Himalayan subregion and Sino-Japanese subregion, where occur abundant species (including 39 endemic species) and diverse taxa (2 section and 4 subsection). Based on these facts it is proposed that the present center of distribution and differentiation of Deutzia be in the southern part of the Hengduan Mountains, the Qingling Range and C. China.