Taxonomical history and revision of Paeonia sect. Moutan (Paeoniaceae)

The taxonomical history of the woody group(peonies) in the genus Paeonia is reviewed in the present paper. The group is endemic to China, but Paeonia suffruticosa is commonly cultivated throughout the north temperate region and has long been known as “the King of Flowers” in China. However, the taxonomy of the group had been neglected before the 1990' s. Since 1990, a number of new species and subspecies have been published. With the support from the National Geographic Society, the senior author of the present paper and his coworkers have made expeditions to all parts of the distribution area of the group, visited all the type localities and sampled a total of 64 populations. Based on the character analysis and examination of the type specimens or photos, each taxon is reviewed with its name checked nomenclaturally, and finally the taxonomy of the whole group is revised. As a result, eight species, three of which each contains two subspecies, are recognized. They are Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews subsp. suffruticosa and subsp. yinpingmudan D. Y. Hong, K. Y. Pan et Z. W. Xie, P. jishanensis T. Hong et W. Z. Zhao, P. qiui Y. L. Pei et D. Y. Hong, P. ostii T. Hong et J. X. Zhang, P. rockii (S. G. Haw et L. A. Lauener )T. Hong et J. J. Li subsp. rockii and subsp. taibaishanica D. Y. Hong, P. decomposita Hand.-Mazz. Subsp. decomposita and subsp. rotundiloba D. Y. Hong, P. delavayi Franeh. and P. ludlowii (Stern et Taylor)D. Y. Hong. P. baokangensis Z. L. Dai et T. Hong and P. yananensis T. Hong et M. R. Li are considered as hybrids between P. rockii and P. qiui and between P. rockii and P. jishanensis respectively. In addition, the reduction of a number of names recently published to synonyms is explained.     

芍药属牡丹组分类新注

自我们近年发表一系列牡丹组分类文章以来, 国内外基本上赞同我们8个种的分类系统,但对一些问题仍有不同见解。本文进一步申述牡丹Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews 是一个独立的种而不是人工杂种, 以及银屏牡丹P. suffruticosa ssp. yinpingmudan是牡丹P. suffruticosa的野生类型而不是逸生的P. ostii的理由。上述论点也得到了分子树的支持。P. jishanensis T. Hong &; W. Z. Zhao是一个合法名称, 而P. spontanea (Rehder) T. Hong &; W. Z. Zhao则确实是一个多余名。太白山紫斑牡丹的学名应是P. rockii ssp. atava (Brühl) D. Y. Hong &; K. Y. Pan, 因此P. moutan Sims ssp. atava Brühl不应是可疑的分类群。本文还对Halda的6个组合和两个杂交种名作了处理。结果, 本文包括了5个新异名和一个新组合。     

紫斑牡丹及其一新亚种

本文回顾了有关紫斑牡丹的调查和分类历史。它曾被混同于 P．suffruticosa,P．papaveracea 及P．suffruticosa var．papaveracea。它以叶2至3回羽状复叶,小叶17～33,花瓣白色,基部有大紫斑, 花丝黄色,花盘和柱头淡黄色区别于近缘种。种下分化为两个异域的亚种;秦岭北坡的紫斑牡丹小叶全 部或大部分分裂,是一个新亚种,P．rockii subsp．taibaishanica,而P.rockii subsp．linyanshanii T.Hong et G．L.ostii则是P．rockii subsp．rockii的多余名。     

Paeonia rockii and Its One New Subspecies from Mt. Taibai,Shaanxi of China

The history of exploration and classification of Paeonia rockii is reviewed in the present paper. Two allopatric subspecies in this species are recognized. The new subspecies, subsp, taibaishanica Hong, found on northern slope of the Qingling Range has leaflets ovate or rounded, totally or mostly lobed. P. rockii subsp, linyanshanii T. Hong et G. L. Ostiis found to be a superfluous name of P. rockii subsp, rockii.     

Preliminary Report of RAPD Analysis in Paeonia suffruticosa Subsp. spontanea and Paeonia rockii

Ten different oligonucleotide primers of arbitrary sequence were used in Capillary and Air Thermocycler to amplify genomic total DNA of Paeonia suffruticosa subsp. spontanea and P. rockii isolated from several local populations in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces. Under the strictly standardized amplification condition for all the primers, these primers yielded clear and reproducible bands corresponding to amplified products and separable by agarose gel electrophoresis. Among a total of 71 bands amplified, 16(22. 5%) were polymorphic in a single individual of P. suffruticosa subsp. spontanea, while among a total of 76 bands 21(27.6%)were polymophic in a single individual of P. rockii. On an average,the pairwise marker difference between band profiles of conspecific individuals (different populations) was 7.9 for P. suffruticosa subsp. spontanea and 8.7 for P. rockii respectively. The average marker difference between P. suffruticosa subsp. spontanea and P. rockii was 10.3. Obviously, greater number of plants and primers will be required to detect satisfactorily level of genetic diversity. These preliminary results showed that intraspecific genetic diversity was low for the two endangered species. RAPD as a molecular marker was useful and feasible for detecting the genetic variation within species of wild moutans. And it was also potential for studying evolution and relationships between species.     

芍药属牡丹组基于形态学证据的系统发育关系分析

对芍药属牡丹组Paeonia L.sect.Moutan DC.（全部野生种）40个居群进行了基于形态学证据的系统学分析,试图建立组内种间的系统发育关系。利用PAUP （4.0）计算机程序分别构建了建立在25个形态学性状基础上的所有研究类群的距离树（UPGMA、NJ）和最大简约树（MP）。所得树的拓扑结构基本一致,差异只发生在距离树和简约树之间,在由形态和细胞学关系都很近的5个种（牡丹P.suffruticosa、矮牡丹P.jishanensis、卵叶牡丹P.qiui、紫斑牡丹P.rockii和凤丹P.o     

矮牡丹与紫斑牡丹RAPD分析初报

用10个任意序列的寡核苷酸片段作为引物,将采自陕西、山西、甘肃等地矮牡丹与紫斑牡丹基因组DNA,在毛细管气浴式PCR热循环仪上随机扩增。在对所有引物扩增条件严格标准化的条件下,这些引物可产生清楚的、可重复的与扩增产物相应的琼脂糖凝胶电泳区带。这10个有效扩增的引物在矮牡丹平均每一个体中扩增出71条带,其中多态的带16条(22．5％),在紫斑牡丹平均每一个体中扩增出76条带,其中多态的带2l条(27．6％)。对每两个个体,每条多态带进行成对比较,累加后求分子标记差异的平均值。在矮牡丹3个居群间的平均差异是7．9,在紫斑牡丹4个居群间的平均差异是8．7,在矮牡丹与紫斑牡丹2个种间的平均差异是10.3。显然,若用来扩增的植物个体数目和引物数目增加,将会得到更满意的结果。初步结果表明濒危植物矮牡丹与紫斑牡丹种内低水平的DNA多态性。RAPD技术用于检测野生牡丹居群内与居群间的遗传变异是有用的与可行的;用于研究种间的进化和亲缘关系也有潜力。     

Phylogenetic analysis of Paeonia sect. Moutan (Paeoniaceae) based on multiple DNA fragments and morphological data

Tree peony, being crowned the title “King of Flowers” in China, is of great medicinal, ornamental, and economic values. In the present study, the phylogeny of the wild tree peony species (section Moutan, Paeonia, Paeoniaceae), represented by twelve accessions collected from all eight species in the section, was investigated based on the DNA sequence in five DNA fragments from both nuclear (Adh1A, Adh2 and GPAT) and chloroplast (trnS-trnG and rps16-trnQ) genomes, as well as morphological characters. Both maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference of phylogeny (BI) trees were reconstructed based on the combined data of the DNA sequences and morphological data, respectively. The MP and BI trees have the similar topology, and the sect. Moutan clearly branched into two clades. One clade consists of two species, P. delavayi and P. ludlowii, corresponding to the subsect. Delavayanae, and another clade is composed of other six species. Within the second clade, the six species can be divided into three subclades consisting of P. rockii and P. decomposita, P. jishanensis and P. qiui, P. suffruticosa and P. ostii, respectively. Among the three subclades, P. jishanensis/P. qiui is most closely related to P. suffruticosa/P. ostii. These results provide up to date the clearest picture of the phylogeny of wild tree peony species in the sect. Moutan.     

基于多基因序列和形态性状的牡丹组种间关系

牡丹被认为是中国的国花,具有很高的医学、观赏和经济价值.野生牡丹被认为是栽培牡丹的野生祖先,因此弄清牡丹组的种间亲缘关系具有重要的理论和实践意义.由于受到信息量的限制,根据单基凼数据或形态数据往往无法对牡丹组的种间关系得到明确的结果.本研究用12份样品代表野生牡丹组(Paeonia section Moutan DC.,Paeoniaceae)8个种,利用包括核基因(Adh1A、Adh2和GPAT)和叶绿体基因(trnS-trnG和rps16-trnQ)的DNA序列以及形态性状的多套数据来探讨野牛牡丹的种间关系.合并分析得到具高支持率的牡丹组物种间的系统发育关系.结果表明,芍药属牡丹组8个野生种分为两个亚组,即肉质花盘亚组subseet.Delavayanae和革质花盘亚组subsect.Vaginatae.肉质花盘亚组包括滇牡丹P delavayi和大花黄牡丹P.ludlowii;革质花盘亚组包括其余6个种.革质花盘亚组中,四川牡丹P.decomposita ssp.decomposita和紫斑牡丹P. rockii ssp. rockii关系密切;卵叶牡丹P.qiui和矮牡丹P. jishanenMs关系密切;银屏牡丹P. suffruticosa ssp.yinpingmudan与风丹P. ostii关系 密切,并且后两个分支为姊妹群.     

芍药属牡丹组革质花盘亚组的系统演化探讨

芍药属牡丹组革质花盘亚组全部原产中国,它们对中国、日本、美国和欧洲的栽培牡丹品种影响甚大。作者在对本亚组9种牡丹(含3个亚种)形态学比较分析的基础上,结合花粉、染色体、蛋白质和DNA水平上的研究证据,提出了本亚组的系统演化的可能途径为:(1)卵叶牡丹→银屏牡丹→矮牡丹→圆裂四川牡丹→四川牡丹,(2)卵叶牡丹→凤丹→紫斑牡丹→太白山紫斑牡丹。另外作者对肉质花盘亚组的系统演化地位也进行了讨论。     

Yinpingmudan,the Wild Relative of the King of Flowers,Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews

Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews subsp. spontanea (Rehder) S. G. Haw et L. A. Lauener ( ＝P. spontanea ＝ P. jishanensis) has been considered as the wild form of widely cultivated P. suffruticosa. However, the subspecies differs from the cultivated one in shape, division and indumentum of leaves and reproductive biology. As a result of extensive field work, a form with two individuals in Yinping Shan, Caohu, Anhui, and Songxian, Henan, are found to be extremely similar to P. suffruticosa, but apparently different from P. jishanensis. The form is considered to be the wild one of P. suffruticosa and described as new: P. suffruticosa subsp, yinpingmudan Hong, K. Y. Pan et Z. W. Xie.     

银屏牡丹——花王牡丹的野生近亲

ＴｒｅｅｐｅｏｎｙｈａｓｂｅｎｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｅｄｆｏｒｔｈｏｕｓａｎｄｓｏｆｙｅａｒｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａ,ａｎｄｎｏｗｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｔｏｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｅｒｅｇｉｏｎ．Ｉｔｉｓｃａｌｅｄａｓ“Ｋｉｎｇｏ...     

牡丹一新种——中原牡丹,及银屏牡丹的订正

分子证据和新增加的形态证据显示,银屏牡丹Paeonia suffruticosa ssp．yinpingmudan作为新亚种发表时所依据的两份标本实为两个实体,产自安徽巢湖的（潘开玉和谢中稳9701,模式）实为凤丹户P.ostii的成员,而产自河南嵩县的（洪德元等H97010）实为一个新分类群。本文把P.suffruticosa ssp．yinpingmudan处理为P．ostii的异名,并依据河南的标本描述了一个新种——中原牡丹P.cathayana D．Y Hong＆K．Y.Pan。中原牡丹与风丹和矮牡丹P.jishanensis近缘,区别在于前者下部叶有ll-15片小叶,花白色：后者小叶背面有毛,裂片多,萼片顶端圆钝,花白色。     

A multivariate analysis of Hyospathe (Palmae)

Previous systematic treatments of the neotropical palm genus Hyospathe have recognized from two to 18 species. An explicit, quantitative, repeatable sequence of operations for delimiting and testing groups of specimens and applying species concepts is carried out. Multivariate statistical analysis of morphological data is used to delimit and test groups of specimens. Cluster analysis is used to distinguish between characters and traits. Analysis of qualitative and quantitative characters reveals six groups of specimens, and the Phylogenetic Species Concept is applied to these groups. Two species, H. peruviana Henderson and H. frontinensis Henderson, are described as new. One of the specimen groups is large and widespread, and six geographically separate subgroups can be recognized within it. These subgroups can be distinguished by one or more significantly different quantitative characters. A Phylogenetic Subspecies Concept is applied to these subgroups. Three subspecies, H. elegans subsp. costaricensis Henderson, H. elegans subsp. sanblasensis Henderson, and H. elegans subsp. tacarcunensis Henderson are described as new, and two new combinations are made: H. elegans subsp. sodiroi (Dammer ex Burret) Henderson and H. elegans subsp. concinna (H. E. Moore) Henderson. One subspecies occurring in the Amazon region is complex morphologically and is not resolved by the methods used here.     

The infraspecific taxa of Pleiotaxis huillensis (Mutisieae, Asteraceae)

The species from Angola Pleiotaxis huillensis (Mutisieae, Asteraceae) is subdivided into three subspecies and one variety. Specifically, P. huillensis subsp axillaris and P. huillensis subsp. huillensis var. macrocephala are described as new taxa, and a new nomenclatural combination is proposed ( P. huillensis subsp. argentea ).     

Microsatellite markers in the tree peony, Paeonia suffruticosa (Paeoniaceae)

? Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed in the tree peony, Paeonia suffruticosa, to perform paternity tests as well as assignment to variety in special Austrian collections. ? Methods and Results: Using SSR-enriched libraries and EST-mining, 8 polymorphic primer sets were identified in Austrian collections of Paeonia sect. Moutan DC. The primers amplified di- and trinucleotide repeats with 2-6 alleles per locus. All primers also amplified in P. ostii, P. pontaninii var. trolloides, P. delavayi, and P. lutea, and in the herbaceous species P. peregrina and P. tenuifolia (Paeonia sect. Paeon). ? Conclusions: These results show the usefulness of primers in P. suffruticosa for population genetic studies and their ability to cross amplify in related taxa across the genus.     

甘肃紫斑牡丹品种与中原牡丹品种银带和Giemsa C带的研究

分别对甘肃紫斑牡丹品种和中原牡丹品种进行了核型,Ａｇｇｋｐｈｔ Ｇｉｅｎｓａ Ｃ带的研究。发现紫斑牡丹品种核型组成为２ ＝１０＝８ｍ＋２ｓｔ;中原牡丹品种核型组成为２ｎ＝１０＝６ｍ＋２ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ。ＧｉｅｍｓａＣ带带型显示,供试品种均能显示染色体端带,但天染色体端带的数目及分布位置上具品种特异性。     

芍药属牡丹组的系统学研究——基于RAPD分析

芍药属牡丹组(Paeonia sect．Moutan DC)是落叶亚灌木,其野生类群为我国特有。长期以来不同 学者根据形态性状对这个组中种的分类处理不断修正,不断有新种描述。我们采用RAPD标记分析了 牡丹组种内与种间遗传关系。从10个RAPD引物获得121个多态位点。用UPGMA方法构建的树系 图表明每个种的所有个体都各自聚为一支,种内的相似性系数为0.60～0.90,因此现有的7个种能很好 地区分开来。P．delavayi与P．ludlowii相似性系数为0.60,聚为一支;P．jishanensis与P．rockii、P. ostii、P．qiui以及P．decomposita之间的相似性系数为0.48,聚为一大支。这两支与肉质花盘亚组和革 质花盘亚组相对应。这些结果与洪德元根据形态性状对该组所做的分类处理基本相符。我们认为RAPD技术用于牡丹基因组分析是灵敏而行之有效的工具。     

Taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeogràphy of the genus Oreobolus R.Br. (Cyperaceae), with comments on the biogeography of the South Pacific continents

SEBERG, O., 1988. Taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeogràphy of the genus Oreobolus R.Br. (Cyperaceae), with comments on the biogeogràphy of the South Pacific continents. The genus Oreobolus R.Br. (Cyperaceae) is revised. Fourteen species and three subspecies are recognized; two subspecies are described as new, O. obtusangulus subsp. unispicus and O. oxycarpus subsp. brownii; and a new subspecies combination is made, O. pumilio subsp. clemensiae. Comments are given on the classiciation and choice of phylogenetic and biogeographic methods. The sister-group of the genera Oreobolus and Schoenoides (which has recently been segregated from Oreobolus) is a subset of Costularia subgenus Costularia. Oreobolus is hypothesized to be monophyletic, and a phylogenetic hypothesis, based on a parsimony method, is presented. The scale-like tepals of Oreobolus are hypothesized to be apomorphic. Current vicariance biogeographic hypotheses on the relationships of the South Pacific continents are shown to be premature. Brief accounts are given on nomenclature, aspects of morphology, chromosome numbers, geographical distribution, and ecology.