蔡家河湿地土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被和土壤因子的关系

为明确蔡家河湿地土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被和土壤因子的关系, 采用野外调查取样和室内萌发实验相结合的方法, 对芦苇群落, 野艾蒿群落和林下杂草群落3种不同植被类型的土壤种子库密度, 物种组成, 地上植被以及土壤理化性质进行了调查研究。结果表明: 蔡家河湿地3种植被类型的土壤种子库密度分别为(7725±1286) 粒•m-2, (2535±556) 粒•m-2和(5085±984) 粒•m-2; 物种数量分别为36种, 28种和39种。3种植被类型土壤种子库的物种丰富度以及多样性均高于地上植被, 并且3种植被类型间土壤种子库物种组成的相似性高于地上植被, 说明土壤种子库比地上植被具有更高的稳定性。芦苇群落的种子库密度, 物种多样性指数以及土壤种子库和地上植被物种组成的相似性均高于野艾蒿群落和林下杂草群落。土壤含水量与土壤有机质是影响土壤种子库物种组成的主要土壤因子, 在土壤水分以及有机质含量高的芦苇群落中含有大量湿生植物种子, 但在水分和有机质含量低的野艾蒿和林下杂草群落未发现柳叶菜(Epilobium hirsutum)、马先蒿(Pedicularis resupinata)、问荆(Equisetum arvense)等湿生植物的种子。因此, 蔡家河湿地土壤种子库已出现一定程度的退化, 芦苇群落土壤种子库可用作退化湿地植被恢复的种源, 在植被恢复时要满足种子萌发对土壤水分和有机质的需求。     

民勤绿洲边缘梭梭林衰败过程中土壤种子库动态及其与地上植被的关系

为了探明民勤绿洲边缘梭梭林衰败过程中土壤种子库演变特征及其与地上植被的关系,以民勤西沙窝——民勤治沙综合试验站1987年建植的未衰败(ND)、轻度衰败(SLD)、中度衰败(MD)以及重度衰败(SD)梭梭林为对象,通过野外调查及室内萌发的方法对林地土壤种子库物种组成、密度、物种多样性及其与地上植被的关系进行了研究。结果表明:1)梭梭林由未衰败向重度衰败演变过程中,种子库草本植物物种数先急剧增大再缓慢减小(峰值在SLD阶段),木本植物物种数先急剧减小再保持恒定;种子库优势种呈现出由沙生植物向沙旱生植物演替的趋势;大部分林地种子库与地上植被物种间存在较高的相似性。2)梭梭林衰败过程中,草本植物种子库密度呈现出急剧增大后缓慢减小趋势,SLD、MD及SD的密度分别是ND的2.57、2.32、2.28倍;木本植物种子库密度处于持续增大状态,SLD、MD、SD的密度分别是ND的5.25、11.38、14.74倍;种子库与地上植株密度间存在正相关关系,其中,草本植物为对数曲线,木本植物为二次函曲线。3)梭梭林从衰败初期(SLD)演变到后期(SD),种子库中草本植物物种多样性指数D_(ma)、D_(sim)、H'、J_(sw)均呈现出先稳定后变化的状态,而木本植物的4种指数一直呈现出减小的趋势;种子库草本植物物种多样性指数变化趋势与其地上植被存在差异,但其变化幅度基本一致;种子库木本植物与地上植被的物种多样性指数变化趋势完全一致,其种子库的变化幅度小于地上植被。基于以上结果得出,民勤梭梭林衰败过程中林地植物群落发生了由沙生植物向沙旱生植物的演替,林地植被与土壤种子库间存在很强的依赖性,衰败梭梭林林地土壤种子库具有较高的植被恢复能力。     

铜尾矿废弃地与相邻生境土壤种子库特征的比较

土壤种子库是植被群落的重要组成部分,其特征决定了群落的演替方向。对铜陵杨山冲尾矿库6个植被群落及相邻两处生境的土壤种子库进行了研究。结果表明,尾矿内各植被群落种子库的种子密度间存在较大差异,变化范围为57—593粒/m2,平均种子密度为370粒/m2,尾矿坝体和周围山体种子库种子密度分别为999和121粒/m2,各样地土壤中种子均主要集中在0—5 cm范围内。尾矿种子库与坝体种子库间的相似性指数大于其与周围山体种子库的相似性指数,但尾矿内各植被群落种子库间的相似性较差,相似性指数的变化范围为0.308—0.636。可见,群落微生境对土壤种子库的种子密度和物种组成产生了较大的影响。尾矿种子库种类与地上植被的平均相似指数为0.355,低于坝体种子库种类与地上植被相似性系数。3处样地土壤种子库的物种多样性、丰富度和均匀度指数均表现为坝体>尾矿>山体。尾矿种子库在农田土壤中萌发并正常生长的幼苗为16科44属53种,而在尾矿基质中仅为9科36属45种,均以禾本科、菊科和豆科植物萌发和生长状况较好,这3科构成了尾矿地上植被的主要类型。尾矿种子库在尾矿基质中萌发成活率为62.2%—91.2%,约为坝体和山体土壤种子库在尾矿基质中萌发成活率的2倍。说明,组成尾矿种子库的种子大部分已经适应了尾矿的极端恶劣环境或者其本身就是耐性极强的植物类型。     

兰坪铅锌矿区植被恢复初期土壤种子库与地上植被关系的研究

尾矿废弃地是一种极端的生态系统,其植被恢复的研究将丰富传统的生态学理论。该研究通过野外植被调查与室内萌发实验相结合的方法,探讨了兰坪铅锌矿区植被恢复初期不同群落类型地上植被、土壤种子库及其相互关系。结果显示:（1）与对照群落（云南松林、高山栎灌丛）相比,尾矿区恢复期各群落（早熟禾人工草地、魁蒿群落、马桑灌丛）地上植被及土壤种子库的物种数、物种多样性均较低。（2）植被恢复时间较短的2个群落（魁蒿群落、人工草地）土壤种子库较地上植被物种多样性高。（3）尾矿区恢复期各群落地上植被及土壤种子库的优势种均主要由风播、种子繁殖的植物组成,菊科、禾本科占较大比例,这些植物在尾矿区植被恢复初期起重要作用。（4）尾矿区恢复期各群落土壤种子库与地上植被的物种相似性较高,各群落之间地上植被及土壤种子库的相似性则较低。研究表明,尾矿区恢复初期土壤种子库与地上植被紧密联系,群落改造方式、恢复时间对土壤种子库具有重要影响。     

荒漠草原土壤种子库对草地管理方式的响应

以宁夏中部不同封育年限(封育1a、3a、5a和7a)、不同放牧方式(中等强度自由放牧、中等强度4区轮牧)、补播改良(2006年补播沙打旺Astragalus adsurgens和紫花苜蓿Alfalfa stiva)及未封育等管理方式下的荒漠草原为研究对象,采用空间梯度代替时间梯度法,于2012年3月下旬用样线法采集土壤样品,采用温室萌发法,统计土壤种子库物种组成和种子数,研究了不同草地管理方式下的种子库与地上植被相似性、多样性等特征。结果表明:1)宁夏荒漠草原土壤种子库中共出现14种植物,分属6科14属,除牛枝子(Lespedeza potanimii)为半灌木外其余均为草本植物。多年生植物占土壤种子库植物总数的65.3%,一年生植物占土壤种子库植物总数的35.7%;多年生植物种子数量随封育年限增加而表现为下降趋势,封育1a和未封育草地最多;2)不同管理方式下土壤种子库和地上植被的共有物种数为2—6种,封育时间延长导致土壤种子库物种与地上植被相似性下降,土壤种子库和地上植被共有物种数有减少趋势,自由放牧降低了土壤种子库和地上植被的共有物种数,补播恢复的草地土壤种子库中未出现补播物种;3)种子库物种多样性与管理方式无明显的相关性;种子库物种多样性指数4区轮牧草地最高,封育7a草地最低,物种丰富度指数封育1a草地最高,均匀度指数自由放牧草地最高,补播草地最低。若荒漠草原仅依靠土壤种子库恢复自然植被,则不建议封育时间过久,需间以适当的干扰(放牧);补播外来种未对荒漠草原土壤种子库产生贡献,反而对乡土种产生了一定限制。     

元江流域干热河谷灌草丛土壤种子库与地上植物群落的物种组成比较

土壤种子库与地上植被之间的关系和相似性是长期争议的群落生态学问题之一。本研究旨在通过比较元江流域干热河谷典型灌草丛群落与其土壤种子库的物种组成, 探讨土壤种子库与地上植物群落存在怎样的相似性关系。在元江干热河谷上、中、下游选取典型灌草丛群落, 采用典型样地调查法进行植物群落调查, 同时在样方内采集0-5 cm、5-10 cm、10-15 cm三层土壤样品, 采用萌发实验研究土壤种子库的种子数量和物种组成, 并与地上植物群落进行比较。结果表明: (1)全部调查样方的地上植被中共包含种子植物76种, 隶属于25科64属, 主要集中在豆科、禾本科、菊科、大戟科, 群落物种组成以多年生草本为主、灌木为辅; (2)土壤种子库中共发现33种植物, 隶属于14科32属, 以旱生型禾本科、豆科、菊科物种为主; (3)土壤种子库中的植物种子密度在表层土壤中最高, 随着土层的加深而递减; (4)各样方的土壤种子库与地上群落共有物种数较少, 相似性较低; 土壤种子库密度与地上群落的种群密度没有显著的相关性。总体而言, 本研究发现元江流域干热河谷典型灌草丛群落其土壤种子库与地上群落之间没有显著的相关性, 并且地上群落和土壤种子库都有外来入侵种类。     

塔里木河下游不同退化区地表植被和土壤种子库特征

对塔里木河下游不同退化程度的4个典型断面进行了植被和土壤种子库的取样调查,采用种子萌发试验研究了不同退化区植被和土壤种子库的特征,结果表明:(1)塔里木河下游地表植被表现为严重的逆行演替,具体体现为胡杨林都为过熟林,几乎没有胸径在10cm以下的幼林;植被盖度、密度和多样性指数均维持在一个较低的水平上;随退化程度不断加重,地表植被中草本植物的相对密度、相对盖度和相对频度逐渐降低,而灌木和乔木的相对密度、相对盖度和相对频度逐渐增加;(2)研究区土壤种子库的基本特征是:土壤种子库种类贫乏、密度低、多样性指数和相似性系数不高;(3) 随退化程度的加重,土壤种子库物种数不断减少、密度明显下降、优势种组成趋于单一、表层种子库比例升高、1年生草本植物占优势逐渐向多年生草本植物和灌木植物转变及土壤种子库物种组成与地上植被物种组成上差异显著.     

天山中部天山云杉林土壤种子库年际变化

通过定点采样,采用萌发法对天山中部天山云杉(Picea schrenkiana Fisch.et Mey.)近熟林(101-120a)和成熟林(121-160a) 2004-2011年(8a)土壤种子库物种组成、种子密度的年际变化和不同间隔年限土壤种子库物种组成的相似性进行了分析.结果表明:(1)土壤种子库中共萌发鉴定出种子植物87种,隶属29科70属,其中乔木种子植物2种,灌木种子植物2种,草本种子植物83种,土壤种子库中草本植物种子密度远远大于木本植物种子密度;8个采样年份土壤种子库恒有种仅有6种;(2)土壤种子库种子密度及其中天山云杉种子密度存在巨大的年际变动,且不具有同步性;土壤种子库种子密度最大(2009年)值为(953.75±66.12)粒/m2,最小(2008年)值为(186.50±20.37)粒/m2,其中天山云杉种子密度最高(2006年)达到(584.50±53.58)粒/m2,最低(2005年)仅有(0.25±0.26)粒/m2;(3)天山云杉林土壤种子库年际间物种组成的相似性不高,Czekanowski相似系数均值仅为0.344,并随间隔年限的增加呈现减小—增大—减小的变化趋势.天山云杉林土壤种子库物种组成和种子密度稳定性差,年际间相差悬殊,物种组成的相似性不高,种子库中天山云杉种子密度主要受其种子库采样前一年天山云杉结实丰歉的影响,属间断型.土壤种子库年际变化特征可为天山森林的更新恢复和可持续经营提供科学依据.     

丹江口水库消落带土壤种子库与地上植被和环境的关系

以丹江口水库消落带为研究区域,利用层次聚类法将海拔140～145 m区域内37个样地的土壤种子库分为6个组,比较不同组间的种子库物种组成、密度及多样性指数之间的差异;利用相似性指数分析土壤种子库与地上植被的差异;运用主成分分析和多元回归分析土壤种子库密度与地上植被、环境因素的关系.结果表明: 在丹江口水库消落带同海拔区域内,土壤种子库在物种组成上呈明显的异质性,不同组间的种子库密度、多样性指数均存在显著差异;土壤种子库与地上植被的差异较大,而且土壤种子库中的物种数明显少于地上植被中的物种数;土壤种子库密度与地上植被盖度、地上物种数和土壤质地呈显著正相关,而与田间持水量和土壤孔隙度呈显著负相关.     

高寒干旱草原披针叶黄华植物群落土壤种子库与地上植被的关系

以祁连山高寒干旱退化草地披针叶黄华(Thermopsis lanceolate)群落为研究对象,采取野外调查取样和室内分析相结合的方法,对群落土壤种子库与地上植被的关系进行了对比研究。结果表明:地上植被物种共调查出15种,土壤种子库检测出植物18种,地上植被阿尔泰针茅(S.krylovii)、赖草(A.dasystachys)和扁穗冰草等可食草以及不食草披针叶黄华和阿尔泰狗哇花(H.altaicus)优势度明显,其它物种不明显;土壤种子库与地上植被物种组成的相似性程度较低;土壤种子库与地上植被中可食草的物种数多于不食草,土壤种子库的物种数均不小于地上植被中的物种数,地上植被中存在而未在土壤种子库中检测到的可食草物种有阿尔泰针茅和赖草,土壤种子库中存在而地上植被中未被发现的物种有早熟禾(P.annua)、灰绿藜(C.glaucum)、碱韭(A.polyrhizum)、酸模(R.patientia)、独行菜(L.apetalum)和秦艽(G.macrophylla);原生禾草物种在可食草功能群中生物量所占比例较低,毒杂草物种生物量所占比例增加显著,而土壤种子库的数量百分含量较低;可食草与不食草的生物量在植被梯度下的变化呈显著负相关(r=-0.940,P=0.018),而土壤种子库密度变化无相关性;可食草生物量变化与其土壤种子库密度变化不相关,不食草生物量变化与其土壤种子库密度的增加呈显著正相关(r=0.902,P=0.036)。     

Persistent soil seed banks in old-growth Hyrcanian Box tree (Buxus hyrcana) stands in northern Iran

Little is known about the soil seed bank and the influence of plant communities on the interaction between the seed bank and aboveground vegetation in the Hyrcanian temperate deciduous forest. We surveyed species composition and diversity of the persistent soil seed bank and the aboveground vegetation in six community types in old-growth Hyrcanian Box tree (Buxus hyrcana) stands in northern Iran. Fifty-two species with an average of 3,808 seeds/spores m⁻² germinated; forbs accounted for 64% of the seed bank flora. Thirty-four species in the aboveground vegetation were not presented in the seed bank, 32 species in the seed bank were not found in the vegetation, and 20 species were in both. The dominant tree species were Diospyros lotus and Alnus subcordata with an average of 17 and 4.6 seeds m⁻², respectively. Our results suggest that (1) vernal geophytes and shade-tolerant perennials are not incorporated in the seed bank, (2) early successional species are well represented in the seed bank, (3) plant community type has significant impacts on seed bank densities, and seed bank richness and diversity were significantly related to presence/absence of Box tree in the aboveground vegetation. The persistent seed bank contained species that potentially have a negative impact on the regeneration of forests, thus forest managers should retain old-growth Hyrcanian Box tree stands to conserve disturbance-sensitive indicator forest species.     

Soil seed bank and floristic diversity in a forest‐grassland mosaic in southern Spain

Abstract. Soil seed bank and floristic diversity were studied in a forest of Quercus suber, a forest of Quercus canariensis and a grassland, forming a vegetation mosaic in Los Alcornocales Natural Park, southern Spain. The soil seed bank was estimated by the germination technique. In each community patch, diversity, woody species cover and herbaceous species frequency was measured. Three biodiversity components – species richness, endemism and taxonomic singularity – were considered in the vegetation and the seed bank. Forest patches had a soil seed bank of ca. 11 200–14 100 seed.m^?2 and their composition had low resemblance to (epigeal) vegetation. The grassland patch had a more dense seed bank (ca. 31 800 seed.m^?2) and a higher index of similarity with vegetation, compared with the forests nearby. The complete forest diversity was 71–78 species on 0.1 ha, including 12–15 species found only in the seed bank; the grassland species richness was higher (113 species on 0.1 ha). We discuss the role of soil seed banks in the vegetation dynamics and in the complete plant biodiversity of the mosaic landscape studied.     

洮河上游不同海拔紫果云杉根际与非根际土壤细菌多样性及影响因子

【背景】紫果云杉天然林在维护洮河上游生态环境安全方面发挥着重要作用,不同海拔梯度如何影响紫果云杉根际与非根际细菌多样性、土壤养分因子及三者之间的相关性尚不清楚。【目的】深入探索紫果云杉根际与非根际土壤细菌群落结构组成及受控因子。【方法】采用Illumina Miseq平台对洮河上游不同海拔紫果云杉天然林根际与非根际土壤细菌进行测序分析,分析土壤理化因子与细菌多样性随海拔的变化趋势,并通过相关性与冗余分析探究环境因子对细菌群落的影响。【结果】土壤养分因子随海拔升高呈先增加后降低趋势;根际土养分因子组间差异显著(P<0.05),非根际组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。随海拔升高根际微生物物种多样性指数(H)、均匀度指数(E)、丰富度指数(Chao1/ACE)和OTU数目呈单峰型变化趋势;非根际多样性指数随海拔升高呈双峰型变化趋势。土壤细菌多样性与养分因子密切相关,其中有机质、全氮和碱解氮呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而土壤pH和有效磷与细菌多样性呈负相关但不显著(P>0.05)。不同海拔梯度下紫果云杉天然林细菌群落结构一致性较高,从30个样本中获得7 159个细菌OTU,注释到37个门;细菌优势类群为放线菌门、变形菌门、酸杆菌门和绿弯菌门。不同细菌门对土壤养分因子的响应各不相同,有机质、全氮和碱解氮与变形菌门呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。【结论】土壤理化因子能够显著影响紫果云杉根际与非根际细菌多样性和组成,海拔和水热条件等环境因子对植物和土壤的驱动影响是细菌群落结构稳定组成的重要原因。本研究有助于深入理解紫果云杉天然林土壤细菌多样性的变化和驱动机制,为洮河上游天然林恢复与生态恢复提供借鉴。     

草海国家级自然保护区华山松群落特征及物种多样性研究

为探讨喀斯特地区森林群落的演替动态和生物多样性维持机制,采用样地调查法对草海国家级自然保护区的华山松(Pinusarmandii)群落的物种组成、植物区系特征、种群结构和物种多样性等进行了分析。结果表明,样地内共有种子植物37科69属81种,其中乔木11种、灌木32种、草本38种;群落内植物的科、属区系成分类型多样,以温带成分为主;生活型谱主要以高位芽植物(46.91%)和地面芽植物(27.16%)为主;乔木层华山松的重要值达58%,为群落的单优势种;径级结构呈左偏正态型分布,树高分布集中在12～21 m,冠幅分布呈V型;乔木层与灌木层、草本层间的多样性差异显著(P0.05),物种丰富度指数S和D_M、多样性指数H和D_S均为草本层灌木层乔木层,物种均匀度指数J为灌木层草本层乔木层。因此,草海国家级自然保护区内的华山松群落特征和物种多样性具有明显的地域特点。     

Restoration potential of invaded abandoned agricultural fields: what does the seed bank tell us?

Soil seed banks can play an important role in the restoration of degraded ecosystems, especially where indigenous species are well represented in, and invasive species are largely absent from, the seed bank. Here, we studied the potential contribution of the soil seed bank to the restoration of invaded, abandoned agricultural fields in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. We recorded the aboveground cover and belowground abundance of all vascular plant species from 120 quadrats that differ in cover of the extralimital woody invader, Pteronia incana. Our results show that higher cover of P. incana is associated with lower species richness, aboveground cover, and belowground seed abundance. Furthermore, community similarity between the above‐ and belowground component was low, with the seed bank and standing vegetation having only 15 species in common and 49 species being recorded only from the seed bank. We suggest that this large number of seed bank‐only species is a relic of previous vegetation, prior to large‐scale invasion by P. incana. The most important finding from our study is the absence of P. incana from the soil seed bank. This finding, combined with the large number of mostly native species from the seed bank, holds promise from a restoration perspective. However, given the susceptibility of the invaded systems to erosion, coupled with the low grazing value of the seed bank species, we suggest that P. incana removal should be accompanied by both erosion control measures and reseeding with palatable grass species, to secure the livelihoods of local communities.     

Shrub invasion into subalpine vegetation: implications for restoration of the native ecosystem

The ability of plant communities to recover after non-native species invasion will depend upon the nature of their soil seed bank and seed rain characteristics. This study assessed changes in the soil seed bank and seed rain associated with the invasion of the non-native shrub Cytisus scoparius in subalpine vegetation. Soil seed bank and seed rain composition, density and richness were investigated at three areas of different stages of invasion: (i) recent (8–10 years), (ii) mature (15–16 years) and (iii) long-term (25 years). There were few changes in seed bank composition or richness regardless of invasion stage. By contrast, the seed rain composition, richness and density was substantially different within long-invaded areas. Very few seeds were able to colonise the dense barrier characteristic of larger, more mature C. scoparius stands. Some prominent herbs from the native vegetation were under-represented or absent from the seed bank, both in invaded and uninvaded areas. Laboratory germination experiments demonstrated that most native species germinate easily, which may imply a transient seed bank, rather than a persistent one. The majority of herbaceous and shrub species were capable of resprouting vegetatively. Therefore, regeneration appeared more reliant on the bud and tuber bank than a persistent soil seed bank. The dominance of graminoid species and C. scoparius rather than other herbaceous, shrub or tree species suggests that the regenerating vegetation will be dominated by grass species and/or C. scoparius. Hence, in areas where long-invaded C.␣scoparius stands are present the recovery of native subalpine vegetation maybe difficult. Recovery may only be possible through wind dispersal from the surrounding intact vegetation or through actively reseeding the area. This study highlights the importance of early intervention in invasive species management.     

Comparison of aboveground vegetation and soil seed bank composition at sites of different grazing intensity around a savanna-woodland watering point in West Africa

Grazing removes a plant’s aboveground vegetative and reproductive tissues and can modify the soil seed bank, potentially impacting the restoration of preferred species. Knowledge about aboveground vegetation and species composition of soil seed bank and the processes that contribute to vegetation recovery on and surrounding watering points subjected to grazing is lacking. Successful restoration strategies hinge on addressing these knowledge gaps. We assessed the effects of livestock grazing on aboveground vegetation and soil seed bank characteristics along a river bank and surrounding areas subject to different grazing intensities and draw implications for restoration. Plots (50?×?50 m) were established along five transects representing differing levels of grazing intensity. Soil samples were taken from three layers within each plot to determine soil properties and species composition of soil seed bank using the seedling emergence method. Heavy grazing resulted in the disappearance of perennial grasses, a reduction in species diversity and a decrease in soil nutrients with increased soil depth. Overall, the similarity between the extant aboveground vegetation and flora within the soil seed bank was low. The soil seed bank was dominated by herbaceous species and two woody species, suggesting that many woody species are not accumulating in the soil. With increasing soil depth, the seed density and richness declined. Canonical correspondence analyses (CCAs) showed that emerged seedlings from the soil seed bank were significantly influenced by soil carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, total potassium and soil cation exchange capacity. This finding suggests that current grazing practices have a negative impact on the vegetation surrounding watering points; hence there is a need for improved grazing management strategies and vegetation restoration in these areas. The soil seed bank alone cannot restore degraded river banks; active transfer of propagules from adjacent undisturbed forest areas is essential.     

桂北喀斯特石漠化地区不同植物群落土壤种子库特征及其与土壤养分关系

土壤种子库作为地上植被遗传信息库，对植被自然演替更新以及生态修复建设具有重要作用。为探明桂北喀斯特石漠化地区植被自然恢复潜力和恢复策略，该文选取恭城瑶族自治县喀斯特石漠化地区3种典型植物群落为研究对象，分析不同群落的土壤种子库结构、多样性及其对土壤养分特征的响应，以期为该地区石漠化治理和植被恢复提供理论依据。结果表明：(1)共计监测到幼苗3 648株，隶属于33科51属55种，其中1年生和2年生草本幼苗共20种，多年生草本幼苗21种，藤本幼苗5种、灌木幼苗3种、乔木幼苗6种；不同植物群落土壤种子库平均密度为三华李经济林(22 493 grain·m^-2)>青冈次生林(1 033 grain·m^-2)>金竹灌丛(793 grain·m^-2)。(2)土壤种子库植物生活型方面，三华李经济林主要分布1年生恶性杂草，青冈次生林和金竹灌丛则以多年生草本为主，木本植物占比较少；不同植被类型中土壤种子库物种多样性和相似性总体较低，同时与地上群落物种组成的相似性也较低。(3)研究区域的土壤元素存在高氮低磷的现象，其中磷元素为金...     

湿地土壤种子库与地上植被相似性关系研究评述

土壤种子库与地上植被的关系是土壤种子库研究的重要组成部分。当前,湿地生态系统面临严重威胁,研究湿地土壤种子库和地上植被关系既可以加强对土壤种子库和植物群落特征的认识,又可以为湿地保护与管理提供理论指导。检索了科学引文索引扩展版(SCIE)数据库中收录的1900—2012年间研究湿地土壤种子库与地上植被关系的文献,通过分析土壤种子库与地上植被的Srensen相似性系数,结果发现:不同湿地类型的土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性存在显著差异,河流湿地中两者的相似性最小;不同植被类型中土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性差异显著:草本群落的相似性大于乔木群落;不同气候带的湿地中两者的相似性也存在显著差异,其中亚热带地区相似性最小。总结了湿地种子库与地上植被相似性关系的时空变化特征。二者的相似性通常随着植物群落的演替而减小,在空间上也随着环境梯度而变化。分析了两者关系的影响因素,如种子传播、环境条件和繁殖策略等。对研究中存在的问题及发展方向提出建议。     

Persistent soil seed banks and floristic diversity in Fagus orientalis forest communities in the Hyrcanian vegetation region of Iran

We assessed the size of seed bank, species diversity and similarity between seed bank and standing vegetation in four oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) community types of the central Hyrcanian forests of northern Iran. For this purpose a total of 52 relevés was established in two associations and two subassociations of the beech forests, and six soil samples (20 × 20 cm square and to a depth of 10 cm) were collected in each relevé in mid-spring, after the germination season had ended. Soil seed bank was investigated using the seedling emergence method. A total of 63 species, 57 genera and 36 families was represented in the persistent soil seed bank of the forest communities. The seed bank contained 28 species not found as adult plants in the vegetation, but these were mostly early successional species. Size of the seed bank ranged from 3740 to 4676 individuals m⁻² in the Rusco hyrcani-Fagetum orientalis and Danae racemosae-Fagetum orientalis associations, respectively. Species composition of seed banks and aboveground vegetation had low similarity with an average of 24.3% in the four plant communities, because only 38% of the species were the same in the vegetation and the seed banks. Most seeds in the seed bank were from early successional species, and the only tree with a large persistent seed bank was the fast-growing pioneer Alnus subcordata. DCA ordination also demonstrated low similarity between soil seed bank and vegetation. The soil seed banks of the four beech communities did not differ significantly in size, composition, diversity and uniformity. Although above ground vegetation in the four community types is floristically distinct, there is considerable overlap among the soil seed banks because they contain in a similar way early successional species. Further, the absence of typical forest species in the soil seed bank indicates that restoration of forest tree species cannot rely on the soil seed bank.