续随子ElFAD2基因的序列及表达特性分析

为了研究油酸脱氢酶(FAD2)基因ElFAD2对续随子(Euphorbia lathyris L.)中不饱和脂肪酸合成的调控作用,该研究在续随子转录组数据的基础上经筛选获得ElFAD2基因序列,并对其序列及表达特性进行分析。序列分析结果显示,ElFAD2基因全长1 907 bp,ORF长1 152 bp,共编码383个氨基酸,包含有典型的脂肪酸去饱和酶结构域。续随子ElFAD2蛋白理论等电点为8.08,属于稳定蛋白,包含4个跨膜区和3个保守的组氨酸簇。基于FAD2的系统发育分析表明,续随子与同科植物乌桕(Triadica sebifera L.)的亲缘关系最近。荧光定量PCR分析发现,ElFAD2基因在不同器官中均有表达,且在花后15 d的种子中表达量最高,在叶与花后30 d及45 d种子中的表达量相当,而在根、茎、花中的表达量最低。该研究结果为深入探讨续随子ElFAD2基因的生物学功能提供了基础数据,也为解析续随子种子中脂肪酸合成的分子机制奠定了基础。     

紫苏溶血磷脂酸酰基转移酶基因的克隆与功能分析

紫苏(Perilla frutescens)是一种重要食药同源油料作物,种子含油量高达46%−58%,其中α-亚麻酸(C18:3)含量占60%以上。溶血磷脂酸酰基转移酶(lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase,LPAT)是植物种子三酰基甘油组装过程中的一类关键限速酶。本研究从紫苏发育种子中克隆了其编码基因(PfLPAT2),并利用qRT-PCR技术检测PfLPAT2基因在紫苏不同组织及不同发育时期种子的表达特性。构建PfLPAT2/GFP融合表达载体并通过农杆菌介导瞬时侵染本氏烟草叶片,检测PfLPAT2蛋白的亚细胞定位。构建大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)表达载体、酵母表达载体和组成型植物过表达载体,分别转化大肠杆菌突变株SM2-1、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)野生型菌株INVSc1和普通烟草(Nicotiana tabacum),分析PfLPAT2蛋白的酶活性及生物学功能。结果表明,紫苏PfLPAT2基因ORF为1 155 bp,编码384个氨基酸。功能结构域预测显示PfLPAT2蛋白具有溶血磷脂酸酰基转移酶典型的保守区。PfLPAT2基因在紫苏根、茎、叶、花和开花后10、20、30、40 d的种子中均有表达,且在开花后20 d的种子中高表达。亚细胞定位结果显示PfLPAT2蛋白定位于细胞质。大肠杆菌功能互补测试表明,PfLPAT2可恢复SM2-1细胞膜脂生物合成,具有LPAT酶活性。与非转基因对照相比,转PfLPAT2基因酵母的总油脂含量显著提高,且脂肪酸各组分的含量发生改变,油酸(C18:1)含量增加明显,预示PfLPAT2对C18:1具有较高的底物偏好性。转基因烟草叶片总脂肪酸含量比对照组提高了约0.42倍,C18:1含量增加了约1倍。转基因株系总脂提高和脂肪酸组分的改变表明PfLPAT2异源表达可以促进宿主油脂合成和健康有益型脂肪酸(C18:1和C18:3)的积累。本研究为深入解析紫苏油脂特别是不饱和脂肪酸合成的分子调控机制和改良油料作物油脂品质提供理论依据和基因元件。     

‘沙糖橘’S蛋白同源基因CrSPH的克隆与表达分析

该研究利用组学方法从续随子(Euphorbia lathyris)基因组数据库中鉴定出续随子溶血磷脂酸酰基转移酶(lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, LPAT)家族基因,并对其基因结构、蛋白理化性质、进化关系进行生物信息学分析,利用qRT-PCR等技术对该基因家族的时空表达特性进行分析,以探讨ElLPAT家族基因在调控种子脂肪酸生物合成中的作用。结果表明：(1)从续随子基因组共检测出5个LPAT家族基因,分别命名为ElLPAT1~5;ElLPAT1~5基因编码氨基酸长度介于237~388 aa之间,理论等电点在6.23~9.56之间。(2)系统进化分析显示,5个ElLPATs蛋白分别属于3个亚类,其中ElLPAT1属于1型LPAT,ElLPAT2和ElLPAT3属于2/3型LPAT,ElLPAT4和ElLPAT5属于4/5型LPAT。(3)实时荧光定量qRT-PCR结果显示,5个ElLPATs基因在续随子不同组织中均有表达,ElLPAT1和ElLPAT4在各组织中表达量较低;ElLPAT2在各组织中表达量较高,且在种子中表达量最高。研究推测,ElLPAT2在续随子种子油脂合成代谢过程中可能发挥重要作用。     

外源H2O2对盐碱胁迫下苹果矮化砧木幼苗生理特性的影响

以2年生苹果矮化砧木M9 T337为试材,采用盆栽试验法,设置浇灌清水(CK)和盐碱胁迫(0.1 mol/L NaCl+NaHCO₃溶液)+ 喷施5种浓度的H₂O₂ ［0(T₁)、0.2 mmol/L(T₂)、0.4 mmol/L(T₃)、0.6 mmol/L(T₄)、0.8 mmol/L(T₅)］ 处理,测定各处理叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性和细胞膜透性,并利用相关性与主成分分析进行综合评价,以探讨外源过氧化氢(H₂O₂)增强其盐碱耐性的生理机制。结果表明：(1)随着盐碱胁迫(T₁)的时间延长,M9 T337幼苗叶片叶绿素a(Chl a)含量、叶绿素b (Chl b)含量、叶绿素总量(Chl t)、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、可溶性蛋白(SP)含量均呈逐渐下降趋势;胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、可溶性总糖(TSS)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性、相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量均呈上升趋势;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均呈先升后降趋势。(2)与CK相比,盐碱胁迫+外源H₂O₂(T₂- T₅)处理后M9 T337幼苗叶片各指标均呈现不同幅度变化,且存在明显浓度效应,并以T₃(0.4 mmol/L H₂O₂)处理叶片的Chl a、Chl b、Chl t、SP和G_s降幅最小,C_i、REC、MDA升幅最小,TSS、Pro、APX升幅最大。(3)M9 T337幼苗叶片P_n与T_r、G_s、Chl a、Chl b、Chl t、SP、SOD、POD呈显著正相关,与C_i、MDA、CAT、APX、REC呈显著负相关。(4)综合评价表明,各处理对M9 T337幼苗叶片生理特性的效应依次为：CK>T₃>T₄>T₂>T₅>T₁。研究发现,叶面喷施适宜浓度H₂O₂可有效改善盐碱胁迫下M9 T337幼苗光合能力,显著提高抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质的含量,降低细胞膜透性,从而达到缓解盐碱胁迫的作用,并以0.4 mmol/L H₂O₂处理效果最佳。     

大豆硬脂酰-ACP Δ^9脱氢酶(GmSAD)基因家族的鉴定及功能分析

硬脂酰-ACPΔ~9脱氢酶(Stearoyl-acyl carrier proteinΔ~9 desaturase,SAD)在质体中催化单不饱和油酸或棕榈油酸的合成,是控制植物细胞饱和脂肪酸与不饱和脂肪酸比例的关键酶。为解析大豆油酸合成积累调控机制,文中对大豆Glycine max GmSAD家族成员进行全基因组鉴定和保守功能域及理化性质等分析。应用qRT-PCR检测GmSAD各成员的时空表达谱,构建表达载体并通过农杆菌介导烟草Nicotiana tabacum瞬时表达和油酸缺陷型酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae突变株BY4389遗传转化测试GmSAD酶活性和生物学功能。结果表明,大豆基因组含有5个GmSADs家族成员,其编码酶蛋白均具有二铁中心和SAD酶特有的2个保守组氨酸富集基序(EENRHG和DEKRHE),预测其活性酶蛋白为同源二聚体。系统进化分析显示5个GmSAD分成2个亚组,分别与拟南芥AtSSI2和AtSAD6亲缘关系较近。GmSAD各成员在大豆根、茎、叶、花和不同发育时期种子等组织中表达谱差异明显,其中GmSAD5在发育种子中、晚期高量表达,与油脂富集时期相吻合。烟草叶片瞬时表达GmSAD5可使叶片组织中油酸和总油脂含量分别提高5.56%和2.73%,而硬脂酸含量相应降低2.46%。缺陷型酵母遗传转化测试显示,过表达GmSAD5能恢复缺陷酵母合成单不饱和油酸的能力和促进油脂积累。总之,大豆GmSAD5对硬脂酸底物选择性较强,能高效催化单不饱和油酸的生物合成,为大豆种子油酸和总油脂积累机制的研究奠定了基础,也可作为油脂品质遗传改良的优异靶标。     

水稻CPR5基因参与氧化胁迫响应

为探讨水稻(Oryza sativa L.)中CPR5 基因的功能,以其cDNA 文库为基础进行序列比对,并将1 个同源性较高的序列命名为OsCPR5.生物信息学分析表明,OsCPR5 的开放阅读框长度为1551 bp,编码516 个氨基酸.软件预测该编码蛋白可能是1 个具有5 个跨膜区的膜蛋白和核定位蛋白.组织表达和亚细胞定位分析表明,OsCPR5 在根中的表达水平较高,且广泛分布在细胞膜、细胞质和细胞核上.逆境胁迫分析实验表明,植物激素脱落酸(Abscisic acid, ABA)、过氧化氢(Hydrogen peroxide,H₂O₂)、氯化钠(NaCl)、甲基紫精(Methyl viologen, MV)等环境胁迫可诱导OsCPR5 的上调表达,其中氧化胁迫相关的MV 和H₂O₂ 处理效果最为明显.拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)转基因株系atcpr5/OsCPR5 在浓度为0.5 μmol L^-1、 1.0 μmol L^-1 的MV以及6 mmol L^-1、 8 mmol L^-1 的H₂O₂ 处理下,种子萌发率明显高于atcpr5 突变体.这揭示了OsCPR5 基因在植物抗氧化胁迫响应中具有一定的作用.     

华丽龙胆GsF3′5′H和GsFNS基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以华丽龙胆(Gentiana sino ornata)5个不同开放阶段(H₁~H₅)的蓝色花冠为试材,利用RT PCR技术克隆GsF3′5′H和GsFNS全长序列,并进行生物信息学分析,比较GsF3′5′H和GsFNS在不同组织和不同开放阶段的基因表达模式。结果显示：(1)所克隆的GsF3′5′H和GsFNS基因分别包含1 560 bp和1 590 bp开放阅读框(OFR),并分别编码520和529个氨基酸。(2)结构分析显示,GsF3′5′H和GsFNS均具有典型的F3′5′H和FNSⅡ蛋白保守结构域。(3)系统进化树分析表明,GsF3′5′H和GsFNS亲缘关系最近的物种是三花龙胆(Gentiana triflora)。(4)qRT PCR结果显示,GsF3′5′H和GsFNS基因在根、茎、叶和花冠中均表达,其中GsF3′5′H基因在花冠H₃阶段表达量最高。GsFNS在根中表达量最高,其次在花冠H₄阶段两基因的表达均较高。研究推测,GsF3′5′H基因表达产生的飞燕草素苷和GsFNS表达产生的黄酮共着色作用可能使华丽龙胆的花冠呈更稳定艳丽的蓝色,为蓝色花分子育种提供重要的基因资源。     

干旱条件下外源蔗糖对高表达玉米C4型pepc水稻种子萌发的影响

为揭示外源蔗糖参与干旱胁迫下高表达转玉米C₄ 型磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, PEPC)基因(C₄ pepc)水稻(简称：PC)种子萌发的生理机制,该研究以 PC及其未转基因野生型受体‘Kitaake’(简称：WT)的种子为材料,研究外施不同浓度蔗糖联合模拟干旱(10% PEG 6000)处理下,其种子发芽参数、总可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量、蔗糖非发酵1 (sucrose nonfermenting 1, SNF1)相关蛋白激酶(SNF1 related protein kinase 1s, SnRK1s)基因以及PEPC基因表达等参数的变化。结果表明：(1)PEG 6000模拟干旱处理均显著抑制两材料发芽,但明显促进胚根的生长;外施蔗糖则呈现浓度效应,高浓度蔗糖(>150 mmol·L^-1)进一步加剧了干旱对发芽的抑制效应,而低浓度(<30 mmol·L^-1)则可缓解干旱的抑制,但与WT(<30 mmol·L^-1)相比,促进PC水稻萌发的外施蔗糖浓度(<6 mmol·L^-1)更低,且各处理的发芽表现与其α 淀粉酶活性的动态表现一致。(2)与WT相比,外施3 mmol·L^-1蔗糖联合干旱处理下,显著提高了PC种子的发芽率,且伴随PC内源蔗糖含量、总可溶糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著增加;且外施3 mmol·L^-1蔗糖使PC中内源C₃ pepc基因表达下调,而外源导入C₄ pepc基因表达显著增加。(3)与WT相比,干旱处理下外施3 mmol·L^-1蔗糖,PC的糖信号相关基因SnRKs亚家族基因(包括SnRK1s：OsK1a OsK24 OsK35和SnRK2s:SAPK6)的表达也显著增加。研究发现,外施低浓度蔗糖通过上调PC水稻种子中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,增强SnRK1s亚家族基因和外源C₄ pepc基因的表达,提高了α 淀粉酶活性,从而缓解了干旱胁迫对PC种子萌发的抑制。     

烟草NtSKOR1基因的克隆及功能分析

该研究利用拟南芥AtSKOR蛋白序列,通过NCBI的Blast搜索获得烟草NtSKOR1基因CDS序列。设计全长CDS扩增引物,通过RT PCR方法从栽培烟草中克隆得到NtSKOR1基因,对其进行生物信息学、表达特性等分析,并利用CRISPR/Cas9技术获得NtSKOR1的敲除材料。结果表明：(1)NtSKOR1基因CDS由2 466 bp核苷酸组成,编码821个氨基酸,推测NtSKOR1蛋白等电点为6.36,分子量为94.21 kD。(2)NtSKOR1定位于细胞膜,有6个跨膜区,无信号肽序列;NtSKOR1蛋白含有孔形成区(P)及锚定蛋白区(ANK)等典型SKOR类蛋白功能域。(3)进化树分析表明,烟草NtSKOR1蛋白与番茄和马铃薯的SKOR蛋白遗传距离最近,与禾本科植物的SKOR蛋白遗传距离较远。(4)组织特异性表达分析表明,NtSKOR1基因主要在烟草根中表达,其表达模式与拟南芥一致;钾胁迫处理后,NtSKOR1基因呈先降低后升高再降低的表达模式。(5)CRISPR/Cas9敲除NtSKOR1基因,烟草叶片钾含量显著降低,表明NtSKOR1基因是控制烟叶钾离子的关键基因之一。该研究结果为解析烟草钾离子吸收转运的分子机制提供重要依据。     

百合LbCAT和LbGPX基因的克隆与表达分析

以切花百合(Lilium brownii var. viridulum)‘卡瓦纳’cDNA为模板,克隆了过氧化氢酶(LbCAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(LbGPX)基因。序列分析表明,这2个基因分别包含1 479 bp和519 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码492个和172个氨基酸。进化分析结果表明,LbCAT蛋白与岷江百合CAT蛋白的氨基酸序列相似性最高(99.19%),且亲缘关系最近;LbGPX蛋白与油棕GPX蛋白的氨基酸序列相似性最高(78.61%),亲缘关系最近。qRT PCR结果显示,LbCAT和LbGPX在百合根、鳞茎、叶和花中都有表达。LbCAT在叶中表达量最高,LbGPX在花中表达量最高。这2个基因在百合花蕾的生长发育过程中均有表达,且表达量逐渐增加;在PEG处理后2个基因的转录水平升高,但独角金内酯(SLs)处理却显著降低了这2个基因的转录水平;该结果为百合抗逆性机理研究以及抗逆育种奠定了基础。     

Coccystes undoxylophus

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Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

UeberAquila pennata undminuta

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Aquila pennata undminuta

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Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Flavonoids of Astilbe and Rodgersia compared to Aruncus

The flavonoid profiles of Astilbe (four taxa studied) and Rodgersia (two taxa studied) are based on simple flavonol glycosides. Astilbe has 3-O-mono-, 3-O-di-, and 3-O-triglycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin, while Rodgersia has only mono- and diglycosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Astilbe×arendsii was also shown to accumulate dihydrochalcone glycosides. The flavonoid profile of Rodgersia is the simplest recorded so far in the herbaceous Saxifragaceae. The flavonoids of two species of Aruncus were shown to be based upon kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-mono- and 3-O-diglycosides. One of the species also exhibited an eriodictyol glycoside. The triglycoside differences were not considered important, but the differences in myricetin occurrences were taken as evidence against derivation of Saxifragaceae from an Aruncus-like ancestor. Should such an event be proposed, however, serious consideration would have to be given to the current pattern of myricetin occurrence in the two families.