饥饿对日本沼虾摄食节律的影响

本文研究了不同饥饿时间对开本沼虾Macrobrachium nipponense摄食节律的影响.结果表明,饥饿后恢复投饵初始日本沼虾表现出强烈的摄食,摄食节律为单峰型,随着时间的延长,多峰型摄食节律出现.饥饿4 d的日本沼虾在饥饿过程中并未出现饥饿死亡现象,恢复投喂后在较短时间内(5 d)即可恢复正常的摄食节律.饥饿8 d组在饥饿的第6～8 d便可明显观察到虾体色异常并有部分死亡,说明饥饿8 d已经影响到了日本沼虾的存活.饥饿8 d组日本沼虾摄食高峰的变化无明显规律,恢复到正常摄食节律需要较长时间.     

饵料淀粉水平对饥饿后日本沼虾生长代谢的影响

研究了饵料淀粉水平对饥饿后日本沼虾生长代谢的影响,探讨营养水平对日本沼虾补偿生长的作用.结果表明,在4 d饥饿后,饵料中20%、25%的淀粉水平能使日本沼虾达到完全补偿生长,机体代谢率高于对照组,而8 d的饥饿处理,各组日本沼虾的生长代谢均低于对照组,说明饥饿时间及恢复投喂后饵料淀粉水平对日本沼虾补偿生长有一定的影响.     

饥饿胁迫对克氏原螯虾生理生化和肠道健康的影响

研究旨在探究饥饿胁迫对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)血淋巴生理生化指标、肠道组织病理和肠道微生态的影响.对克氏原螯虾进行为期28d的饥饿胁迫,分别于饥饿0、7d、14d和28d采集血淋巴和肠道样品.血淋巴生化分析结果表明,谷丙转氨酶(ALT)没有发生显著变化,血糖(GLU)水平随着饥饿时间延长逐渐...     

日本沼虾继饥饿后补偿生长研究

在25.0±1℃条件下,对日本沼虾Macrobrachium nipponense (湿重, 0.52～0.64 g )进行了不同时间的饥饿处理后再供食的恢复生长实验.对照组C连续饱食投喂18 d;处理组S2、S4和S8分别饥饿2、4和8 d后再饱食投喂16、14和10 d.结果 饥饿结束时各处理组的湿重均显著低于对照组;实验结束时S2、S4组与对照组间的湿重差异不显著,而S8组的湿重仍显著低于对照组;恢复生长时各处理组的湿重摄食率、食物转化率和生长率开始显著高于对照组,但随着恢复时间延长又逐步达到对照组水平.随着饥饿时间延长,日本沼虾标准代谢率降低.在恢复投喂后又逐步回升到对照组水平.实验结果表明,日本沼虾继饥饿后再恢复喂食出现完全或部分补偿生长效应不仅是由于增加食欲,提高了摄食水平,同时也改善了食物转化率.因此,补偿生长是这两种生理因素共同作用的结果.     

饲料蛋白水平对低温应激下吉富罗非鱼血清生化指标和HSP70 mRNA表达的影响

在水温27℃条件下, 分别对吉富罗非鱼(27.642.79) g投喂3组不同蛋白水平的饲料, 养殖周期56d。饲养结束后, 进行14℃低温应激实验, 研究低温应激后0-24h内, 鱼体血清生化指标与肝脏HSP70　mRNA表达量的变化。结果表明, 短期投喂50%蛋白水平的饲料可以提高罗非鱼血清中葡萄糖、总蛋白、甘油三酯与胆固醇水平以及血清谷丙转氨酶与谷草转氨酶活力。在低温应激后, 50%蛋白组血清葡萄糖、总蛋白、甘油三酯与胆固醇水平呈下降趋势, 而血清皮质醇水平与谷草转氨酶活力表现为先上升后下降变化。25%和38%蛋白组血清葡萄糖水平与谷丙转氨酶活力在应激期间呈上升趋势, 而谷草转氨酶与碱性磷酸酶活力和总蛋白与胆固醇水平呈先上升后下降变化。各实验组溶菌酶活力与肝脏HSP70 mRNA的表达量呈先上升后下降的变化。由此可知, 短期投喂高蛋白饲料可以提高罗非鱼血液中蛋白、血糖与脂肪含量, 增强鱼体抗应激能力, 同时, 高蛋白水平的饲料也会引起肝脏产生分解压力以及增加饲料成本。在生产中, 需要根据实际需要合理确定饲料的蛋白含量。       

不同途径感染白斑综合征病毒 (WSSV) 对日本沼虾的致病性

日本沼虾肉质鲜美、经济价值高,但其对白斑综合征病毒(White spot syndrome virus,WSSV)的易感性尚不明确。采用流行病学调查、感染试验和荧光定量PCR(qPCR)等方法,研究了日本沼虾Macrobrachium nipponense对WSSV的易感性、感染发病率以及WSSV在其体内的增殖情况。结果表明:日本沼虾是WSSV的自然宿主,上海市附近省份地区120个样本的自然携带率为8.33%。日本沼虾可以通过注射、摄食、浸泡途径感染WSSV,10 d内累计感染率均为100%,累计死亡率分别为100%、75%和0%。其中注射途径感染日本沼虾,感染后5 d肌肉病毒含量达到感染后1 d的1 000倍,8 d死亡率达100%。用注射WSSV感染日本沼虾死亡率来测量病毒致死日本沼虾的半数致死剂量(LD_(50)),2.71×10~5病毒粒子/μL能使日本沼虾死亡率达到50%以上。在养殖生产中,日本沼虾可以通过摄食感染WSSV的病虾或死虾而感染WSSV,也能通过浸泡在含WSSV的水体中而感染,并因此成为一种传播媒介,从而影响了WSSV的迅速传播与致病。     

维生素E对三氯乙烯急性染毒大鼠

本文观察了用抗氧化剂维生素E预处理后,三氯乙烯(3000mg/kg B.W.)一次性经口染毒24h大鼠肝脏的超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等抗氧化酶活力及丙二醛含量的变化,结果表明三氯乙烯染毒组肝脏中丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶活力及血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活力均高于对照组(P＜0.01);而维生素E干预组的丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶活力及血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活力均分别低于三氯乙烯染毒组(P＜0.01),说明三氯乙烯急性染毒可引起肝脏脂质过氧化反应及肝损害,肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活力升高可能是机体受自由基及脂质过氧化反应刺激而诱导产生的一种适应性反应,维生素E对三氯乙烯所致的肝损害有一定的保护作用。     

对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒体内增殖模型的建立

应用对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒（WSSV）,对淡水克氏螯虾、罗氏沼虾、日本沼虾和两种淡水蟹（中华绒螯蟹、长江华溪蟹）进行人工感染实验。结果除淡水克氏螯虾之外,其它受试的虾蟹均不能感染WSSV。克氏螯虾3个不同剂量级感染至12d平均死亡率为94％。从发病或死亡个体采集血淋巴,经电镜负染色可观察到完整的病毒粒子,其形态大小、靶细胞组织病理均与从中国对虾中分离的WSSV相似或相同。同时,通过原位杂交技术进一步证明该实验的可靠性。克氏螯虾重复感染效果良好,有可能成为研究WSSV的一种理想的病毒体内增殖模型。     

环境因子对日本沼虾消化酶和碱性磷酸酶的影响

研究了水环境中不同Ca2 + 浓度 (2 0、35、6 0、80和 15 0mg·L-1)、盐度 (7、14和 2 0‰ )和 pH(7 6、8 8和 9 8)对日本沼虾 (Macrobrachiumnipponense)肝胰腺中消化酶 (胃蛋白酶和类胰蛋白酶 )和碱性磷酸酶的影响 .结果表明 ,Ca2 + 对日本沼虾的胃蛋白酶有促进作用 ,Ca2 + 浓度为 15 0mg·L-1时酶活力最高 ;高浓度的Ca2 + 对类胰蛋白酶有抑制作用 ,而在一定范围内 ,碱性磷酸酶活力随Ca2 + 浓度的增高而增高 .盐度为 14‰时 ,日本沼虾的胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶和碱性磷酸酶活力均高于 7‰和 2 0‰组 .随着 pH值升高 ,蜕皮率和 3种酶活力也随之增高 ,pH9 8时均达到最高值 ,但增长率和增重率则降低 .     

维生素E对三氯乙烯急性染毒大鼠肝脏脂质过氧化与抗氧化酶的影响

本文观察了用抗氧化剂维生素E预处理后,三氯乙烯(3000mg/kg B-W-) 一次性经口染毒24h 大鼠肝脏的超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等抗氧化酶活力及丙二醛含量的变化,结果表明三氯乙烯染毒组肝脏中丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶活力及血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活力均高于对照组(P< 0-01) ;而维生素E干预组的丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶活力及血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活力均分别低于三氯乙烯染毒组(P< 0-01) ,说明三氯乙烯急性染毒可引起肝脏脂质过氧化反应及肝损害,肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活力升高可能是机体受自由基及脂质过氧化反应刺激而诱导产生的一种适应性反应,维生素E对三氯乙烯所致的肝损害有一定的保护作用。     

Digestive and feeding characteristics of the chondrosteans

Synopsis Structure and function of the digestive system and feeding characteristics of the chondrosteans are reviewed. Although the group exhibits a wide diversity of feeding habits including piscivory, benthophagy, and planktivory, they are principally carnivores throughout their life history. Examination of digestive system structure reveals the basic structure to be similar among the species with some modification to accomodate the different food types. For the species studied, composition of the adult digestive enzyme complement is consistent with the carnivorous habits with proteases dominating and only low levels of carbohydrase activity. There are three secretory phases during development of the digestive system. Each corresponds with different food habits of the different life-history intervals. Vision is apparently not utilized for feeding in any interval. Instead food is recognized and located primarily by gustation, olfaction, textural qualities, and, possibly, electroreception.     

Digestive secretions of lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, during early development

Digestive secretions of lake sturgeon were analysed for 60 days post-hatch. Three developmental phases were observed. During the yolk-sac stage (days 1–16) the digestive system differentiated and digestive enzyme concentrations were low. Initiation of gastric secretion was concurrent with establishment of active feeding (days 14–18). Peptic and tryptic activities continued to increase thereafter. Amylolytic and lipolytic activities were highest during the larval feeding phase and then declined following metamorphosis of the larvae to juveniles (days 24–30). Changes in the digestive enzyme complement were age related, not dietarily induced, and appeared to correspond with the different feeding habits and, possibly, nutritional requirements of the distinct life history stages.     

襀翅目化石稚虫口器及其食性分析

本文概述了现生襀翅目稚虫的食性,其通常分为腐食-植食性、肉食性和杂食性;食性不同,其口器结构差异明显.古生物学家根据化石保存的口器结构,利用将今论古、形态功能分析等手段推测襀翅目化石稚虫的食性有腐食-植食性、刮食性、肉食性,以及因化石保存等因素导致的食性不确定.此外,选取热河昆虫群中襀翅目昆虫的优势种类Perlidae的一代表化石稚虫,对其保存的口器形态及其食性的关系进行了分析,推断其食性为捕食性.     

Effects of environmental conditions in the period of early ontogenesis on the formation of defensive behavior in juvenile roach Rutilus rutilus (Cyprinidae)

The feeding and defensive behavior of juvenile roach Rutilus rutilus (offspring of one pair of spawners) that were held at early stages of ontogenesis under conditions of differently enriched environments was studied. After the beginning of active swimming (the 12th day upon hatching), roach were reared for 95 days under different environmental conditions (feeding on active or immobilized organisms, the presence or absence of constant water flow, and the presence or absence of a predator), after which comparison of the efficiency of feeding behavior in the presence of a predator in juveniles of different groups was performed. It was established that the degree of environmental richness at early stages of ontogenesis exerts a determining effect on the formation of habits of defensive and feeding behavior. The most efficient behavior was observed in individuals that were held together with the predator during rearing.     

Morphological and biochemical studies on liver, kidney and gill of fishes affected by pesticides

Effect of a herbicide, paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridilium-dichloride), the fungicide copper sulphate, and zinc chloride was studied on the histological structure of liver, kidney and gill of three fish species with different feeding habits, viz.: a herbivorous, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix); an omnivorous, common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and a carnivorous, sheatfish (Silurus glanis L.). The organs were studied electron microscopically after fixation according to Karnovsky. The toxic effect manifested itself characteristically on the respective species, regardless of the type of the chemical applied and the species specificity. Upon the effect of the treatments applied the cytoplasm of the respiratory cells of the gill became electron transparent and the cytoplasmic organelles disappeared almost totally. In the chloride cells showing focal necrosis, residuals of nuclear, mitochondrial and endoplasmic origin were seen. Pillar cells and the pericytes remained intact. In the nucleus of the liver cells, electron dense heterochromatin was not present. The degree of the damage in the liver cells was indicated by swollen mitochondria with electron transparent matrix and by dilatation and vacuolation of the endoplasmic reticulum system. Epithelial cells decreased in electron density, the endoplasmic reticulum was vesiculated, mitochondria were swollen. Leucocytes increased in number, and empty vacuoles and vacuoles filled with dense granules appeared in them during toxicosis. Copper sulphate or paraquat increased serum transaminase enzyme activities (glutamic acid-oxalacetic acid transaminase, glutamic acid-pyruvic acid transaminase) in all the three fish species. These damages can cause serious disturbances in energy uptake and secretion processes of fish.     

Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the azo-dye p-dimethylaminoazobenzene in mice: a time-course study

The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of chronic feeding of the azo-dye p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (p-DAB) during 7, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days have been assessed in mice. The endpoints used for genotoxic analysis were chromosome aberrations (CA), micronuclei (MN) and mitotic index (MI) in bone-marrow cells, and sperm-head abnormality (SHA) in male gonads. The activities of marker enzymes for toxicity, such as glutamate oxalo-acetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) were also assayed periodically, as was lipid peroxidation (LPO). Chronic feeding of p-DAB produced increased numbers of chromosome aberrations, nuclear anomalies and sperm-head abnormalities, as compared with normal untreated controls, generally in a time-dependent manner until 60 days, after which the anomalies persisted, but rather erratically. However, although there was some noticeable modulation in enzyme activities in the corresponding p-DAB-fed mice as well, these were not strictly time-dependent.     

对人工饲料摄食性不同的家蚕品种Cph2基因的表达特征分析

家蚕Bombyx mori不同品种对人工饲料的摄食性存在很大差异。为探讨食性差异的分子机理, 本文基于对人工饲料摄食性不同的蚕品种（系）SAGE （serial analysis of gene expression）文库差异表达基因的分析, 发掘了1条家蚕假定表皮蛋白（cuticular protein hypothetical）基因BmCph2。采用半定量RT-PCR和实时荧光定量PCR方法, 对BmCph2在不同摄食性蚕品种（系）不同发育时期的表达特征进行了研究。结果表明： BmCph2基因在家蚕幼虫眠期和起蚕期高表达, 在胚胎期和幼虫将眠期几乎检测不到表达; 在幼虫头部与全蚕的表达特征相似, 而在中肠中表达活性很低, 推测该基因表达可能与家蚕新表皮的形成有关。BmCph2在对人工饲料摄食性不同的蚕品种（系）中的表达存在较大差异, 在摄食性好的高食性品种中表达量显著低于摄食性差的低食性品种; 饲料和忌避剂的气味刺激及取食刺激对不同品种（系）该基因的表达有不同的影响, 高食性蚕对诱导刺激比较敏感, 而低食性蚕受影响较小, 尤其是菁松A和菁松B的低食性品系几乎不受影响。本研究结果说明, BmCph2基因除可能参与表皮形成的同时, 还与家蚕的食性有密切关系, 但其具体机理有待于进一步研究。     

The effect of dietary autoxidized oils on immunocompetent cells in mice

Effects of dietary autoxidized oil on immunocompetent cells, such as splenocytes and thymocytes, were studied in mice. When the autoxidized methyl linoleate was administered orally to male C57BL/6 mice in a single dose, the DNA synthesis of thymocytes was remarkably depressed 1 day after the treatment, and then the mitogenic response to concanavalin A of splenocytes was increased 3 days after the dose. With long-term (90 days) feeding of slightly autoxidized soybean oil (with a peroxide value of 150 mequiv/kg) in mice, the DNA synthesis of thymocytes was depressed and the mitogenic response to concanavalin A of splenocytes was increased. No effect was observed on plasma glutamic acid-oxaloacetic acid transaminase and glutamic acid-pyruvic acid transaminase levels, nor on liver thiobarbituric acid reactants due to the dose of autoxidized soybean oil. These findings indicate that oral intake of autoxidized oil affects immunocompetent cells and causes depression of the DNA synthesis of thymocytes in mice.     

Non-selectivity in extinction of bivalves in the Late Cretaceous of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain of North America

It has been suggested that the biogeographic and clade-level characteristics of marine invertebrate groups important in survival through mass extinctions are different from those important in survival during normal times. The role played by ecologically important characters in survival across mass extinctions, however, has not been well-studied. We obtained information from the literature about the feeding mode and morphology, burrowing habits, size and depth below sea-level inhabited, temperature range, shell thickness, species richness and abundance of bivalve genera present in the Late Cretaceous of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain of North America. Non-parametric analysis revealed that there were no significant associations between any of these characteristics and survival across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. This lack of selectivity may be due to varying local conditions, which favor different ecological characteristics in each area and produce no overall pattern of selectivity. It might also be indicative of the severity of this extinction on bivalves — differences in ecological habits may have been virtually irrelevant to survivorship through this event.     

爬行动物消化道嗜银细胞的研究进展

对爬行动物消化道嗜银细胞的研究已经有不少报道,这些研究结果表明爬行动物胃肠嗜银细胞的类型和分布不仅与哺乳动物不同,且在爬行动物各个种间亦存在着较大的差异。本文总结了爬行动物消化道嗜银细胞的形态学特征和分布规律,概述了分类地位、食性和栖息地环境与细胞分布型的关系。