襀翅目化石的研究进展

回顾中国及世界襀翅目化石研究进展,列出已发表的化石种类名录、分布及年代,共19科、85属、225种;襀翅目化石世界分布,但主要集中在前苏联地区,中国仅14种.不同地质年代发现的襀翅目种类、数量和特征不同.本文并简要介绍稚虫食性、系统学、古地理和古生态等方面的研究成果,并初步分析了研究中存在的一些问题和今后需要解决的问题.     

缅甸克钦琥珀白垩纪石蝇(襀翅目: 襀科)新属种记述

文中简述了襀翅目缅甸琥珀研究概况,并基于一件保存较好的雌虫标本,报道了襀翅目襀科新属种Burperla decolorata gen. et sp. nov.。该化石具有以下重要特征:体较长,体色浅,触须与触角较长, RP脉末端接近翅端部,下殖板宽大、圆形,后缘中部突出。这些形态特征显著区别于襀科的其它化石及现生类群。     

云南香格里拉叉襀科昆虫病原菌的鉴定

叉襀科Nemouroidea是襀翅目中数量最多的一个科,叉襀科昆虫也是水生生态系统环境监测的重要指示生物.为明确云南香格里拉叉襀科稚虫自然病死虫体上的病原菌并研究该病原菌对叉襀科稚虫的致病性,本研究利用常规组织分离法分离云南香格里拉叉襀科稚虫病原菌,结合形态学与分子生物学方法对两株病原菌进行鉴定,利用柯赫法则及二项式回归模型分析病原菌致病性.结果表明,菌株PN1为细囊霉菌Leptolegria sp.,菌株PN2为冻土毛霉Mucor hiemalis;PN1及PN2处理组对叉襀科稚虫的致病性稍弱,其中PN1处理组的致病性低于PN2处理组,PN2处理组的致病性与对照组无明显差异.综上所述,本研究首次在襀翅目昆虫中报道了细囊霉菌Leptolegnia sp.和冻土毛霉M．hiemalis,两株病原真菌均属于水生弱寄生菌,在稚虫处于亚健康状态及抵抗力降低时易感,病原菌加速寄生过程使稚虫死亡.     

中国襀翅目昆虫系统分类研究进展

襀翅目昆虫广泛分布在多种类型的水域中,对水中的化学物质较为敏感,是一类重要的水质监测指标生物。本文回顾了我国襀翅目分类的研究历史,其中Klapálek、Navás、Banks及胡经甫对我国早期的襀翅目分类研究做出了重要贡献。同时总结了我国襀翅目物种多样性的研究现状,即我国已记录襀翅目10科、66属、657种(包括台湾分布的31种、香港分布的4种),约占世界已记录种类的17.8%;我国学者定名的种类占全国记录种类的74.7%,其中1949年建国后的70年间定名的种类占67.4%。此外,还对我国襀翅目昆虫的地理分布及系统发育研究进行了总结分析,其中我国学者共测序襀翅目昆虫全线粒体基因组60种,占已测序种类的90.9%,为襀翅目的分子系统发育研究积累了重要分子数据;同时利用这些数据对襀翅目的分子系统发育进行研究,取得了较好的研究结果。最后,文章分析了我国襀翅目系统分类研究存在的主要问题,并对未来的研究进行了展望。     

对食性分类的商榷

昆虫的食性很复杂,但目前常用的分类,是按昆虫所取食物的性质分为:植食性、肉食性和杂食性。取食活植物的为植食性,取食动物的为肉食性,既能取食动物又能取食植物的为杂食性。植食性昆虫,又以选择食物种类多寡而分为单食性,寡食性和多食性。昆虫仅取食一种植物的为单食性。寡食性是指以某一类群的植物为食的昆虫。多食性是以多种不同类群的植物为食的昆虫。     

华东襀翅目昆虫-新属种（Ji科：钮Ji亚科）

本文根据采自黄山的标本描记襀翅目昆虫(Plecoptera)—新种东方华钮JiSinacroneuria orientalis Yang et Yang,并以此为模式种在Ji科(Perlidae)钮Ji亚科(Actoneuriinae）中建立一新属(Sinacroneuria),模式标本保存在北京农业大学昆虫标本室。     

捕食性颏花金龟口器形态的适应进化及功能研究(鞘翅目:金龟科:花金龟亚科)

颏花金龟为捕食性,是花金龟亚科12族中食性最为特殊的类群,以其下唇的前颏极度扩大而得名。依据捕食对象及对应形态变异类型的不同,其可分为蚁食性和蚜食性两类。由于颏花金龟的食性异于其他种类花金龟的植食性,栖息环境也有极大的不同,故其口器适应进化出诸多形态类型。通过比较颏花金龟、花金龟亚科其他种类、其他植食性金龟(丽金龟和犀金龟两个亚科为代表)以及典型肉食性甲虫口器的形态,对颏花金龟口器特殊结构及功能进行了分析,并初步探索了取食机制及颏花金龟的生存策略。     

中国石蝇(昆虫纲,襀翅目)二新纪录种

记述分别采自云南和辽宁的中国襀翅目2新纪录 研究标本保存在中国农业大学博物馆.种,沙巴爪(蟥)Cerconychia sapa和莱氏皮(赜)Perlomyia levanidovae.     

中国华襀属一新种记述（襀翅目：襀科）

记述中国襀科 Perlidae 华襀属 Chinoperla 1 新种:勐满华襀 Chinoperla mengmanensis sp. nov.。本新种与其他华襀属种类的区别在于:第9背板前缘中部骨片短小且强骨化,呈倒V形;半背片细长,紧挨第 9 背板中部骨片;阳茎部分骨化,阳茎囊未完全翻出,但是明显呈三叶,背外侧两叶完全覆盖小棘刺,中叶呈球形囊泡,无棘刺。模式标本保存于扬州大学昆虫标本室。     

贵州省襀翅目昆虫之三(襀翅目:襀科、卷襀科)

贵州省的(衤责)翅昆虫种类丰富,作者(1990)在第一篇报道中除整理了贵州省此目已知纪录外,增加贵州2个新记录种和1个新种,第二篇(1991)又报道了贵州3个新记录种及1个新种,均刊载在《贵州科学》上。本文为贵州茂兰自然保护区的(衤责)翅目昆虫研究报告,增加了3个贵州省新记录种并描记2新种,模式标本保存在北京农业大学昆虫标本室。     

Feeding of Perla grandis nymphs (Plecoptera: Perlidae) in an Apennine first order stream (Rio Berga,NW Italy)

Feeding habits of Perla grandis (Rambur) nymphs have been investigated in the Rio Berga, an Apenninic stream of Northwestern Italy. In this study, we analysed gut contents of 50 nymphs of this species, with the aim to investigate feeding preferences. Nymphs were collected from a single riffle, of which benthic coenosis was also determined. We detected a change in the diet during ontogenesis, with small instars feeding mainly on detritus and large instars strictly carnivorous. We also detected the existence of an evident trophic selection: diet was almost entirely dominated by Chironomidae, independently from their availability on the substratum. This finding is discussed on the basis of ecological and ethological considerations.     

The Structure of the Mouthparts of Some Galypterate Dipteran Larvae in Relation to Their Feeding Habits

The anatomy of the head and the structure of the mouthparts is described for calypterate larvae of differing feeding habits. The way in which the skeletal parts of the cephalopharynx and the musculature are adapted to the type of food is discussed and particular reference is made to the action of the mouthparts in the carnivorous larva of Limnophora riparia Fallen.     

Growth patterns and food habits of Baetis rhodani, Capnia pygmaea and Diura nanseni in a West Norwegian river

As a part of weir-pond-ecosystem project, the growth patterns and food habits of Baetis rhodani (Ephemeroptera), Capnia pygmaea (Plecoptera), and Diura nanseni (Plecoptera) were investigated. B. rhodani was bivoltine. The winter generation consisted of three cohorts. C. pygmaea and D. nanseni accomplished their nymphal growth in one year. The predominate food consumed by B. rhodani and C. pygmaea was detritus. Variations in the diet of these detritivores are discussed in relation to microdistribution and possible competition. The most common prey items of the carnivorous D. nanseni were chironomids and nymphs of B. rhodani and C. pygmaea . Prey shortage is suggested to be the reason for small D. nanseni eating detritus.     

A test of crypsis and predator avoidance in the stonefly Paragnetina media (Plecoptera: Perlidae)

Few studies have considered whether cryptic coloration is protective. As a model predator/prey system, the visually foraging fish rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and the stonefly nymph were used to examine cryptic coloration and anti-predator behaviour of prey. In both the laboratory and field, stonefly nymphs selected dark substrates on which they were inconspicuous and therefore less vulnerable to predation by trout. In the laboratory, substrate colour selection by nymphs ceased approximately 2 h after the lights were turned off but resumed within 1 h of lights being turned on. Stoneflies also selected dark patches, rather than light, on the surface of multi-coloured substrate. Colour selection behaviour was not different in the presence versus absence of trout. Stoneflies perceived colour through a combination of visual input from their compound eyes and oceli.     

Quantitative Bestimmung isometrischer Pflanzen-Viren mit Hilfe des Radialimmundiffusionstestes

Abstract

This study compared the nutritional indices in third instar female nymphs of the tropical grasshopper, Poecilocerus bmtonius, after feeding on Calotropis procera or wheat seedling. Analysis of the main and interactive effects of feeding on C. procera indicates that nymph performance was not affected by the cardenolides present in C. procera. The rate of consumption and assimilation on C. procerawas higher when compared with that of wheat seedlings and weight gain of the nymphs on C. procera was correlated to higher assimilation. The relative consumption rate (RCR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were significantly higher in nymphs fed on C. procera than in those fed on wheat seedlings. Feeding on wheat seedlings significantly reduced the approximate digestibility (AD), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD). Feeding on wheat seedlings resulted in 60% mortality of nymphs before moulting to the fourth instar stage. The nutritional indices were also estimated after feeding on C. procera only by fourth instar nymphs.     

Effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation on growth and phenology of stream insects

Climatic variation associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) influences terrestrial and marine ecosystems, but its effects on river and stream ecosystems are less well known. The influence of the NAO on the growth of stream insects was examined using long-term empirical data on the sizes of mayfly and stonefly nymphs and on water temperature data. Models of egg development and nymphal growth in relation to temperature were used to predict the effect of the NAO on phenology. The study was based in two upland streams in mid-Wales UK that varied in the extent of plantation forestry in their catchments. Winter stream temperatures at both sites were positively related to the winter NAO index, being warmer in positive phases and colder in negative phases. The observed mean size and the simulated developmental period of mayfly nymphs were significantly related to the winter NAO index, with nymphs growing faster in positive phases of the NAO, but the growth of stonefly nymphs was not related to the NAO. This may have been due to the semivoltine stonefly lifecycle, but stonefly nymph growth is also generally less dependent on temperature. There were significant differences in growth rates of both species between streams, with nymphs growing more slowly in the forested stream that was consistently cooler than the open stream. Predicted emergence dates for adult mayflies varied by nearly two months between years, depending on the phase of the NAO. Variation in growth and phenology of stream insects associated with the NAO may influence temporal fluctuations in the composition and dynamics of stream communities.     

昆虫口器及其进化简史

昆虫口器有着很高的分化率,可细分为34个现生和2个化石类型,大部分出现在自泥盆纪以来的5个历史发展时期:早泥盆、中石炭、早二叠、三叠-侏罗、侏罗-白垩。文章依据时间线索,介绍每种口器的特征以及所属主要类群,对整个昆虫纲的口器做出了归类和描述。     

Behaviour of drifting insect larvae

The larval drift behaviour of 23 species representing Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera was investigated in the laboratory using different current regimes. Mayfly nymphs often performed swimming, while caddis larvae were reluctant to do so. Stonefly nymphs were intermediate. In mayflies swimming seemed to be used to reach the substrate as soon as possible. In contrast most stonefly nymphs by swimming prolonged the time spent in the water column. Modes of swimming and sinking posture differed markedly between the orders. Living passively sinking animals often reached bottom faster than dead control specimens, so consequently behaviour did not always express itself in activity. Some caddis larvae spun adherent anchor lines. Differences among taxa seemed more important in explaining swimming activity compared to preferred habitats (as stream, river and lake) in each species. However, observed differences among closely related species indicated subtle differences related to microhabitat to be of profound importance in explaining the alternative behavioural strategies used.     

Utility of geometric morphometrics for inferring feeding habit from mouthpart morphology in insects: tests with larval Carabidae (Insecta: Coleoptera)

Feeding habits are important life‐history traits in animals; however, methods for their determination are not well established in many species. The larvae of the beetle family Carabidae are an example. The present study tested the utility of geometric morphometrics of mouthpart morphology to infer the feeding habits of carabid larvae. Using Pterostichus thunbergi as a model system, larval feeding habits were inferred using geometric morphometrics of mouthparts and the results were compared with those obtained from rearing experiments. The rearing experiments indicated that P. thunbergi larvae are carnivores that require snails as an essential part of the diet. Through geometric morphometrics, associations between mouthpart morphology and larval feeding habits were confirmed for species in which these two traits are known. A discriminant analysis using these associations classified P. thunbergi larvae as snail/slug feeders, which is a result compatible with the rearing experiments. Geometric morphometrics also revealed that morphological integration and ontogenetic shape change might play roles in the diversification of mouthpart morphology. Overall, these results demonstrate the utility of the geometric morphometrics of mouthparts to infer feeding habit and to clarify the mechanisms of mouthpart morphological diversification in the study group, and the results also serve as a basis for future studies of other insect groups.