小麦ph1b、ph2a、ph2b突变体与粘果山羊草杂种及其衍生后代的细胞遗传学研究

利用小麦品种“中国春”及其ph1b、ph2a、ph2b基因突变体与粘果山羊草杂交,分析了可交配性方面的差异,观察了F_1花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对,就ph1b、ph2a、ph2b 3个基因的作用进行了比较。首次获得了F_1回交种子和自交种子,调查了自交、回交一代植株染色体数目,分析了ph基因对配子育性的影响以及回交结实与染色体配对的关系。本文还分析了F_1自交结实的可能原因。     

ph1b基因在普通小麦与Ae.crassa、Ae.crassassp杂种中的作用

通过对(中国春ph1b突变体×Ae. crassa)F_1、(中国春×Ae.crassa)F_1;(中国春ph1b突变体×Ae.crassassp)F_1、(中国春×Ae.crassassp)F_4花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对的研究。第一次证明了中国春ph1b突变体在诱导Ae.crassa、Ae.crassassp与普通小麦部分同源染色体配对方面有显著作用。可以利用ph1b基因通过诱导部分同源染色体配对交换的方法以染色体易位的方式把Ae.crassa和Ae.crassassp的有益基因导入普通小麦中。Ae.crassa和Ae.crassassp中不含有拟ph1基因。Ae.crassa和Ae.crassassp的D染色体组与普通小麦的D染色体组有明显区别。     

中国春ph2b突变体×华山新麦草F1自交和回交一代细胞遗传学研究

用中国春ph2b突变体(Triticumaestivum L.cv.Chinese Spring)与华山新麦草(Psathyrostachys huashani-caKeng)杂种F1的部分进行自交,而另一部分与3个不同的普通小麦品种以及中国春ph2b突变体进行回交,并对自交和回交一代的形态学和细胞学进行研究。结果表明:(1)含有AABBDDNs的自交F2的花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ平均单价体数都在7以上,说明来自华山新麦草的Ns基因组可引起普通小麦ABD基因组中某一个(几个)同源组发生不联会或联会消失;(2)在回交一代(F1×CS、F1×CSph2b)中,平均单价体数都在7以下,说明其中的ph2b基因起到了促进染色体配对的作用;而在回交一代(F1×J-11、F1×郑麦-9023)中,则表现正常,与理论一致;(3)在所有自交和回交一代中,减数分裂期间均出现染色体桥、落后染色体、三分孢子体、多分孢子体以及微核等各种染色体异常行为,说明Ns基因组引起了所得材料细胞学上的不稳定性。从总体上讲,回交比自交能更快地恢复ph2b基因促进部分同源染色体配对的作用,为染色体重组提供更多的机会,期望在后代中获得新种质。     

小麦pl1b突变体与小黑麦杂交的细胞遗传学研究

本文利用普通小麦品系“中国春”（对照）、中国春ｐｈ１ｂ突变体分别与八倍体小黑麦、六倍体小黑麦杂交,杂种Ｆ１的减数分裂前期Ｉ染色体行为表现异常,中期Ｉ出现较多的单价体、棒状二价体和多价体,在后期和末期出现落后染色体、染色体片断和微核。原因是ｐｈ１ｂ基因的存在造成染色体联会机制紊乱,致使一些部分同源染色体配对并发生互换,有可能在以后的世代产生染色体易位与基因重组。     

中国春ph2b突变体×华山新麦草F1自交和回交一代细胞遗传学研究

用中国春ph2b突变体（Triticum aestivum L.cv.Chinese Spring）与华山新麦草（Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng）杂种F1的部分进行自交,而另一部分与3个不同的普通小麦品种以及中国春ph2b突变体进行回交,并对自交和回交一代的形态学和细胞学进行研究.结果表明：（1）含有AABBDDNs的自交F2的花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ平均单价体数都在7以上,说明来自华山新麦草的Ns基因组可引起普通小麦ABD基因组中某一个（几个）同源组发生不联会或联会消失;（2）在回交一代（F1×CS、F1×CSph2b）中,平均单价体数都在7以下,说明其中的ph2b基因起到了促进染色体配对的作用;而在回交一代（F1×J-11、F1×郑麦-9023）中,则表现正常,与理论一致;（3）在所有自交和回交一代中,减数分裂期间均出现染色体桥、落后染色体、三分孢子体、多分孢子体以及微核等各种染色体异常行为,说明Ns基因组引起了所得材料细胞学上的不稳定性.从总体上讲,回交比自交能更快地恢复ph2b基因促进部分同源染色体配对的作用,为染色体重组提供更多的机会,期望在后代中获得新种质.     

中国春Ph1基因的分子标记及冬小麦ph1b代换系的获得

利用大麦 (HordeumvulgareL .)第 5染色体上RFLP探针衍生的 19个序列标志位点PCR(STS_PCR)引物对“中国春”小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .) (CS)及其ph1b突变体基因组总DNA进行PCR扩增 ,筛选出Ph1基因的一个连锁标记 ,再用“中国春”第 5部分同源群缺体_四体系和CS×ph1b突变体F2 群体证明并定位于离Ph1基因近着丝点端 5 .7cM (centiMorgan)处。然后将该标记转换成特异的序列特征扩增区 (SCAR)标记。以“阿勃”5B缺体为桥梁亲本 ,冬小麦“京 411”为受体亲本 ,“中国春”ph1b突变体为供体亲本 ,进行三轮杂交和一轮自交 ,每一轮经减数分裂分析和SCAR标记的辅助选择 ,快速地筛选出了ph1b基因型 ,并选得一个冬小麦“京 411”的ph1b中间代换系。     

异细胞质八倍体小黑麦的获得及其细胞遗传

改变小黑麦细胞质有可能增加减数分裂的稳定性,提高小黑麦的结实率与籽粒饱满度。作者以不同细胞质的“中国春”小麦与黑麦杂交,F_1幼苗用秋水仙素加倍获得双二倍体、或以八倍体小黑麦为父本与F_1杂交,获得异细胞质八倍体小黑麦(Triticale 8x)8个品系。实验结果表明:细胞质不同的“中国春”小麦与黑麦杂交结实率差异显著,出苗率亦不同,F_1株型多为两亲的中间型,花药不开裂,个别组合出现雄蕊雌化现象,有的组合表现生长弱性,减数分裂中期Ⅰ常出现1至数个末端交叉的棒状二价体,其数量在不同组合间差异显著,表明异细胞质对染色体配对有影响。D类细胞质对改进八倍体小黑麦的结实率可能有一定的作用。     

小麦ph 1 b、ph2a,ph2b突变体与粘果山羊草杂种及其衍生后代的细胞遗传学研究

利用小麦品种“中国春”及其phlb, ph2a、ph2b基因突变体与粘果山羊草杂交, 分析了可交配性方 面的差异,观察了F,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I染色体配对,就phlb, Ph2a, ph26 3个基因的作用进 行了比较。首次获得了F：回交种子和自交种子,调查了自交、回交一代植株染色体数目,分析了ph基 因对配子育性的影响以及回交结实与染色体配对的关系。本文还分析了F：自交结实的可能原因。     

ph1b基因在Aegilops有益基因直接遗传转移中利用的可能性

第一次用中国春和中国春ph1b突变体对(中国春phlb突变体×Ae.uariabilis)F_1和(中国春ph1b突变体×Ae.turcomenica)F_1回交获得了成功,并通过连续回交,把Ae.turcomenica的抗白粉基因转移到了普通小麦中。证实了利用ph1b基因从山羊草属的一些种“直接遗传转移”有益基因到普通小麦中的可能性。     

利用分子标记将2Ai-2染色体转移到小麦ph1b遗传背景的研究

小麦ph1b突变体可诱导部分同源染色体配对和交换,产生遗传上较为稳定、补偿性较好的重组体。将外源染色体引入ph1b的小麦遗传背景是产生目标染色体重组体的基础,但ph1b植株没有明显而稳定的表型性状,难以从表型上进行选择。本研究利用CSph1b缺失区中的分子标记Mads及外源染色体特异的分子标记P4和P68,对小麦-中间偃麦草2Ai-2(2B)异代换系N420与CSph1b的杂种F2群体及其衍生的F5株系进行ph1b-2Ai-2染色体综合体的选择,高效地获得了目标基因型。     

Wheat chromosome instability in the selfed progeny of the double monosomics 1Rv-1A

Structural alterations of chromosomes are often found in wheat-rye hybrids. In the majority of cases modifications are observed for rye chromosomes, yet chromosome aberration cases are described for wheat, including the progeny of Triticum aestivum disomic and monosomic addition lines. Since wheat-rye substitution and translocation lines are the source of rye chromatin in wheat breeding programs, the information on possible chromosome changes in the genomes of introgressive forms is important. Chromosome behavior in F₁ meiosis and chromosomal composition of F₂ karyotypes for double monosomics 1Rv-1A were studied by applying C-banding, genomic in situ hybridisation (GISH) using rye genomic DNA, and sequential in situ hybridization using repetitive sequences pAs1, pSc119.2 and centromere specific pAet-06 as probes. The double monosomics 1Rv-1A were obtained by crossing of disomic substitution line with chromosome 1A replaced by Secale cereale 1Rv in the bread wheat Saratovskaya 29 (S29) background with S29. The results indicated a high frequency of bipolar chromosome 1Rv orientation, as compared to 1A, at metaphase I (MI) (58.6 and 34.7 % of meiocytes, respectively), and, at anaphase I (AI), chromatid segregation of 1Rv compared to 1A (70.53 and 32.14 % of meiocytes, respectively). In few cases desynapsis of wheat homologues was observed, at AI, the chromosomes randomly distributed between the poles or underwent chromatid segregation. At AI, the two wheat homologues separated onto sister chromatids in 10.89 % of cells.The plants F2 karyotypes were marked with aneuploidy not only of chromosomes 1A and 1Rv, but also of 1D, 2D, 3D, 3B, 3A, 4A, 6D, 6B, 6A, and 7D. Structural changes were observed for the chromosomes of the first homoeologous group (1Rv, 1A, 1D, 1B), as well as for 2B, 5D, 6B, and 7B. The chromosomes 1Rv and 6B often demonstrated aberrations. The types of aberrations were centromeric break, deletions of various sizes, and a changed repeat pSc119.2 localization pattern.     

Chemical induction of quadruple and octuple chromosomes in Chinese hamster CHO-K1 cells and relationship between their three-dimensional structure and spatial distribution of BrdU-labeled chromatids

Double endoreduplication of Chinese hamster CHO-K1 cells that exhibited quadruple chromosomes at metaphase was induced by a combination of rotenone and ammonium vanadate treatments. Analysis of sister chromatid differential staining patterns (using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine) revealed that approximately 50% of the quadruple chromosomes did not keep the scheme of outside replication of DNA. Based on the ratio of the staining patterns observed, we suggest that the two diplochromosomes forming a quadruple chromosome are held together by a physical link connecting the two original chromatids. Metaphases with octuple chromosomes were also produced by the same treatment. Each chromosome constituting an octuple chromosome was longer and thinner than ordinary metaphase chromosmes. This suggests incomplete chromosome condensation at metaphase. The majority of octuple chromosomes showed the eight constituent chromosomes to be so enmeshed that a planar alignment could not be observed in air-dried preparations.     

四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫染色体减数分裂观察

用精巢细胞直接制片法观察了异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和二倍体红鲫、湘江野鲤精母细胞染色体第一次减数分裂中期配对情况 ;作为对照 ,观察了上述四种鱼肾细胞的有丝分裂中期染色体。在精母细胞第一次减数分裂中 ,异源四倍体鲫鲤同源染色体两两配对 ,形成 10 0个二价体 ,没有观察到单价体、三价体和四价体 ;三倍体湘云鲫精母细胞形成 5 0个二价体和 5 0个单价体 ;红鲫和湘江野鲤精母细胞分别形成 5 0个二价体。肾细胞检测表明异源四倍体的染色体数目为 4n =2 0 0 ;湘云鲫为 3n =15 0 ;红鲫和湘江野鲤分别为 2n =10 0。减数分裂时染色体分布情况与肾细胞染色体检测结果相吻合。具有四套染色体的异源四倍体鲫鲤在减数分裂中只形成 10 0个二价体 ,而不形成 2 5个四价体或其它形式 ,为产生稳定一致的二倍体配子提供了重要的遗传保障 ,也为人工培育的异源四倍体鲫鲤群体能够世世代代自身繁衍下去提供了重要的遗传学证据。三倍体湘云鲫在减数分裂过程中出现二价体、单价体共存 ,同源染色体在配对和分离中出现紊乱 ,导致非整倍体生殖细胞的产生 ,为湘云鲫的不育性提供了染色体水平上的证据     

普通小麦与长穗偃麦草杂种及其衍生材料的细胞遗传学特性

对十倍体长穗偃麦草(Thinopyrum ponticum)与普通小麦杂交F1及其与普通小麦回交BC1F1的形态学和细胞学特性进行了分析。结果表明,长穗偃麦草与普通小麦‘兰考矮早八’衍生F1(‘兰考小偃麦’)的根尖细胞染色体数为56条;花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体构型平均值为19.81Ⅰ+15.78Ⅱ+0.75Ⅲ+0.59Ⅳ;基因组荧光原位杂交(GISH)显示,兰考小偃麦中含有35条完整的长穗偃麦草和21条小麦染色体。‘兰考小偃麦’/‘科育818’和‘兰考小偃麦’/‘Cp02-3-5-5’杂交F1的根尖细胞染色体数及其所遗传的长穗偃麦草染色体数分别为50~52和16~22条,且存在染色体易位;花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ平均染色体构型为14.54Ⅰ+17.40Ⅱ+0.55Ⅲ+0.14Ⅳ,平均49.4%的细胞出现多价体(三价体或四价体)。这些材料为创造小麦-长穗偃麦草新种质奠定了基础。     

Actin is Immunolocalized in the Nuclei and Chromosomes of Vicia faba

Meristematic cells of Vicia faba L. were labeled with rabbit anti-actin antibody and FITC-conjugated goat anti-rabbit lgG antibody and observed with fluorescence microscopy. Both the nuclei and chromosomes sent forth distinctive fluorescence, indicating that actin is present in the nuclei and chromosomes. Sections were reacted with the anti-actin antibody and protein A-colloidal gold and observed with transmission electron microscopy. Gold particles were found over the whole nuclei, and a lot of particles were concentrated in condensed chromatin areas and nucleoli, confirming the observations with the fluorescence microscopy. V. faba nuclei and chromosomes were treated with DNase Ⅰ and 2 mol/L NaC1, and DNA and histone-depleted nuclei and chromosomes were obtained. Indirect immunofluorescence tests showed that the DNA and histone-depleted nuclei and chromosomes reacted positively with the anti-actin antibody. These results demonstrated that actin exists not only in intact nuclei and chromosomes but also in DNA and histone-depleted nuclei and chromosomes of V. faba. In addition, the authors' results indicate that tropomyosin is present in the nuclei and chromosomes of V. faba. Presence of actin in nuclei and chromosomes as well as in DNA and histone-depleted nuclei and chromosomes of higher plants is discussed.     

Cytogenetic Studies on Five Intermediate Forms of Progeny of Triticum aestivum Agropyron glaucum

A stuty has been made of the chromosome number of root-tip cells and the chro- mosome configuration of PMCs in five intermediate forms of progeny of Triticum aestivum × Agropyron glaucum. The somatic cells in each of these intermediate forms have 28 pairs of chromosomes (2n=56) and the PMCs at diakinesis or metaphase Ⅰ of meiosis have 28 bivalents. The process of meiosis in most PMCs is regular. Lagging chromosomes and fragments at anaphase Ⅰ or telophase Ⅰ were observed only in few PWCs. According to our results, all the five intermediate forms of progeny of T. aestivum × Ag. glaucum are allooctoploids. The application of these allooctoploids is also briefly discussed.     

Occurrence of multiple sexual chromosomes (XX/XY1Y2 and Z1Z1Z2Z2/Z1Z2W1W2) in catfishes of the genus Ancistrus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Amazon basin

Loricariid catfishes show a predominance of homomorphism in sex chromosomes, but cases of simple and multiple systems were also found. Here we describe two cases of multiple sex chromosome systems in loricariids from Brazilian Amazonia. Males of Ancistrus sp.1 "Balbina" have a modal number of 2n = 39 chromosomes, fundamental number (FN) of 78, and karyotypic formula of 27 m + 10 sm + 2 st; females have 2n = 38 chromosomes, FN = 76, and 26 m + 10 sm + 2 st. Ancistrus sp.2 "Barcelos" has 2n = 52 chromosomes for both sexes, FN = 80 for males and FN = 79 for females. Karyotypic formula is 12 m + 12 sm + 4 st + 24a for males and 11 m + 12 sm + 4st + 25a for females. The two species show different arrangements of constitutive heterochromatin blocks, which are coincident with NORs and absent in sex chromosomes. We suggest a XX/XY(1)Y(2) mechanism for Ancistrus sp.1 "Balbina", and a Z(1)Z(1)Z(2)Z(2)/Z(1)Z(2)W(1)W(2) mechanism for Ancistrus sp.2 "Barcelos". The XX/XY(1)Y(2) mechanism here reported is the second known occurrence of this type of multiple sex chromosomes for Loricariidae and the third for Neotropical fishes; the mechanism Z(1)Z(1)Z(2)Z(2)/Z(1)Z(2)W(1)W(2) represents the first record among fishes. The presence of different sex chromosome systems in Ancistrus indicates a probable independent origin and suggests that the differentiation of sex chromosomes is evolutionarily recent among species in this genus.     

兴义维蚋多线染色体研究（英文）

首次在国内对兴义维蚋Simulium (Wilhelmia) xingyiense的多线染色体进行研究, 并提供其多线染色体标准图。选取兴义维蚋的成熟幼虫, 用改良苯酚品红染色法进行唾腺多线染色体制备, 并进行测量、 描述及分析。结果表明： 兴义维蚋多线染色体数目为3对（2n=6）。Ⅰ号染色体具中央着丝粒, Ⅱ和Ⅲ号染色体均为亚中央着丝粒染色体。核仁组织者区位于Ⅰ号染色体短臂近着丝粒端。巴尔比尼氏环和双泡位于Ⅱ号染色体短臂近中央位置。3对染色体的着丝粒区可形成明显的染色中心。兴义维蚋多线染色体具有多态性的倒位, 倒位频率为0.64。兴义维蚋多线染色体的着丝粒、 核仁组织区、 巴氏环、 双泡等主要特征性结构的位置及形态恒定一致,可作为该种的重要鉴别特征。其多态性的倒位可为该蚋种在细胞水平上进行蚋类分类鉴别和系统发育等研究提供基础资料。     

鸭跖草科杜若(Pollia japonica Thunb.)的减数分裂研究

首次对鸭跖草科杜若(Pollia japonicaThunb.)进行了花粉母细胞减数分裂观察,并重新报道了该种的染色体数目为2n=32。结果显示,减数分裂中期I构型为16Ⅱ,并且观察到次级联会现象。减数分裂后期I和后期Ⅱ存在落后染色体、染色体断片、二次分裂不同步等异常现象,统计各时期畸形率都低于10%。随机统计花粉粒活性,成熟率达到90%以上。这说明杜若的减数分裂过程基本正常,也证明了2n=32的体细胞染色体数目是可信的。     

Translocation breakpoint mapping and sequence analysis in three monosomy 1p36 subjects with der(1)t(1;1)(p36;q44) suggest mechanisms for telomere capture in stabilizing de novo terminal rearrangements

Monosomy 1p36 results from a variety of chromosome rearrangements, including terminal deletions, interstitial deletions, derivative chromosomes, and complex rearrangements. Our previous molecular studies on a large cohort of monosomy 1p36 subjects suggest that a significant percentage of terminal deletions of 1p36 are stabilized by the acquisition of telomeric sequences from other chromosome ends, forming derivative chromosomes (i.e., telomere capture). However, the molecular mechanism(s) that results in and/or stabilizes terminal deletions of 1p36 by telomere capture is poorly understood. In this report, we have mapped the translocation breakpoints in three subjects with der(1)t(1;1)(p36;q44) chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). These results indicate that the breakpoint locations are variable in all three subjects, with no common 1p deletion or 1q translocation breakpoints. In addition, sequence analysis of the 1p and 1q breakpoint-containing clones did not identify homologous sequences or low-copy repeats in the breakpoint regions, suggesting that nonallelic homologous recombination did not play a role in mediating these rearrangements. Microsatellite marker analysis indicates that two of the three derivative chromosomes were formed by intra-chromosomal rearrangements. These data are consistent with a number of recent reports in other model organisms that suggest break-induced replication at the site of a double-strand break may act as a mechanism of telomere capture by generating nonreciprocal translocations from terminally deleted chromosomes. Alternative models are also discussed.