雌激素受体关联受体α 调节脂肪细胞甘油三酯分解

雌激素受体关联受体a (Estrogen-related receptor a,ERRα) 是调控机体能量代谢的关键转录调控因子,也是脂肪生成的关键调控者。为研究ERRα对脂肪细胞甘油三酯分解的影响及其分子机制,分化的猪脂肪细胞在PKA (Protein kinase A) 或/和ERK (Extracellular signal-related kinase) 抑制剂预处理和不处理的情况下,再用Ad-ERRα侵染或XCT790处理48 h。通过测定脂肪细胞中甘油三酯浓度和培养液中的甘油释放量分析脂肪细胞的脂解变化;Western blotting方法检测PPARγ (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ,PPARγ)、perilipin A、p-perilipin A、HSL (Hormone sensitive lipase,HSL) 和ATGL (Adipose triglyceride lipase,ATGL) 蛋白表达。结果显示,ERRα显著促进猪脂肪细胞分化及甘油三酯积累,同时促进了甘油三酯水解;分别及同时阻断PKA和ERK通路并不影响ERRα对脂肪细胞甘油释放的促进作用;ERRα显著上调HSL、ATGL、PPARγ及perilipin A蛋白表达,但p-perilipin A水平并未发生变化。推测过量表达ERRα可能导致HSL和ATGL蛋白表达上调并促进甘油三酯水解,从而为脂肪细胞分化提供更多的游离脂肪酸 (Free fat acid,FFA) 作为甘油三酯合成周转的底物。     

基因沉默孤儿核受体ERR-alpha抑制前列腺癌细胞的体内转移

目的:研究孤儿核受体ERRα对前列腺癌细胞E-cadherin(上皮细胞钙粘蛋白)的表达水平和体内转移能力的影响。方法:利用慢病毒介导的sh RNA构建稳定下调ERRα表达的DU145-sh ERRα和PC-3M-sh ERRα前列腺癌细胞模型,同时用ERRα特异性抑制剂XCT790抑制其活性,并利用Western Blotting(免疫印迹)检测上皮细胞标志物E-cadherin的表达水平。将PC-3M-sh ERRα细胞和PC-3M-scramble对照细胞用荧光素酶标记后原位注射小鼠前列腺,8周以后通过体内成像系统检测原位瘤的形成及其体内转移情况。结果:基因沉默ERRα表达水平和用其特异性抑制剂XCT790处理DU145后,E-cadherin的表达水平明显降低。在PC-3M-sh ERRα细胞中,E-cadherin的表达水平明显低于对照组,同时由其构建的6只原位前列腺癌小鼠模型中没有发生转移,而由对照组细胞构建的7只原位前列腺癌小鼠模型中有4只发生了转移。结论:在前列腺癌细胞中下调ERRα的表达水平抑制其E-cadherin的表达和体内转移能力。     

灰飞虱雌激素相关受体基因的克隆、序列分析及在氟啶虫胺腈胁迫下的表达模式

【目的】雌激素相关受体(estrogen-related receptor,ERR)是一类依赖配体激活的转录因子,能感受外源物质胁迫调控靶基因的转录,参与外源物质的代谢过程。本研究旨在通过克隆灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus ERR基因,分析其序列和在氟啶虫胺腈胁迫下表达谱,探析其生理功能及在杀虫剂代谢中的作用。【方法】根据灰飞虱转录组数据信息,利用RT-PCR克隆灰飞虱ERR基因,并进行生物信息学分析;通过实时荧光定量PCR,分析暴露于氟啶虫胺腈(0.76 ng/头)后,灰飞虱4龄若虫ERR基因在不同时间点和不同组织中的表达量。【结果】从灰飞虱中克隆到ERR基因,命名为Ls ERR(Gen Bank登录号:KY210878),其c DNA序列全长1 854 bp,开放阅读框长1 260 bp,编码419个氨基酸,预测编码蛋白的分子量为47.70 k D。序列分析显示,Ls ERR具有核受体(nuclear receptors,NRs)家族成员的共同特征性结构:DNA结合区(DNA-binding domain,DBD)(第75-168位氨基酸)和配体结合区(ligand-binding domain,LBD)(第194-416位氨基酸)。采用APSSP2法预测Ls ERR蛋白二级结构,其中α螺旋占43.53%,β折叠占5.49%,无规则卷曲占50.98%。其中,在DBD区,有6个β折叠和3个α螺旋;在LBD区,有3个β折叠和11个α螺旋。系统发育分析表明,Ls ERR与褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens ERR亲缘关系最近。灰飞虱4龄若虫暴露于氟啶虫胺腈后,12 h时其体内Ls ERR基因上调表达,24 h时达到表达高峰,48 h时表达量下调;Ls ERR在头部微弱表达,在腹部特异性高表达。【结论】Ls ERR是参与灰飞虱代谢氟啶虫胺腈的候选基因。本研究为解毒酶基因的调控和新分子靶标农药的研制提供分子基础。     

Errα通过抑制β-Catenin促进猪前体脂肪细胞成脂分化

雌激素相关受体α（Errα）和Wnt/β-Catenin 信号通路都能够调控成脂分化.研究表明Errα和wnt/β-Catenin信号通路之间存在互作,β-联蛋白（β-Catenin）是Wnt/β-Catenin 信号通路的关键因子. 为了研究Errα和β-Catenin在脂肪生成中的相互作用,在293A细胞中包装得到Errα腺病毒并侵染猪前体脂肪细胞. LiCl 和XCT790被用于不同处理的猪前体脂肪细胞. 蛋白质印迹实验发现,在成脂分化过程中,Errα表达升高,β-Catenin表达降低. 显微观察绿色荧光发现,Errα腺病毒能够侵染猪前体脂肪细胞. 蛋白质印迹实验显示,在猪前体脂肪细胞中,Errα腺病毒促进Errα表达,XCT790抑制Errα表达. 油红O染色结果表明,β-Catenin抑制成脂分化,而Errα通过抑制β-Catenin促进成脂分化. 进一步的蛋白质印迹实验表明,在猪前体脂肪细胞成脂分化过程中,LiCl能够稳定β-Catenin表达,Errα抑制β-Catenin表达. 这些发现提示,Errα通过抑制β-Catenin表达来促进成脂分化.     

家蚕雌激素相关受体基因的克隆与表达分析

【目的】黑腹果蝇 Drosophila melanogaster 雌激素相关受体（estrogen-related receptor, ERR）通过调节糖酵解过程进而控制果蝇的能量代谢。本研究在克隆家蚕Bombyx mori ERR 基因 (BmERR) 的基础上,对其分子特性和系统演化进行生物信息学分析, 并检测该基因在家蚕生殖腺中的表达,为进一步研究ERR功能奠定基础。【方法】采用PCR技术克隆 BmERR 基因的全长cDNA序列,进行生物信息学分析;利用半定量RT-PCR检测该基因在停食后家蚕幼虫生殖腺中的表达情况。【结果】BmERR 基因全长cDNA序列为1 296 bp,编码431个氨基酸残基;具有ERR蛋白家族典型的结构特征;系统进化分析显示BmERR与其他昆虫ERR氨基酸序列一致性较高;半定量 RT-PCR 检测表明,BmERR 在家蚕上簇到化蛾期间的精巢和卵巢中均有表达,表达具有时期特异性,化蛹第1天达到表达高峰。【结论】本研究首次从鳞翅目昆虫中克隆获得ERR cDNA序列。ERR基因在家蚕生殖腺中表达量无明显性别差异,但具有发育时期特异性。     

山羊Wnt10b基因生物学特征及组织细胞表达模式分析

为了获得山羊Wnt10b基因序列,并阐明其组织表达谱及在前体脂肪细胞和成肌细胞分化过程中的表达模式。本研究利用胶原酶消化法获得山羊皮下和肌内前体脂肪细胞,利用组织块法获得成肌细胞;采用RT-PCR方法克隆山羊Wnt10b基因序列,荧光定量PCR技术检测该基因在各组织、前体脂肪细胞与成肌细胞诱导分化过程中的表达情况。由分析可知,获得山羊Wnt10b基因序列1 232 bp(Gen Bank登陆号:KU950832),其中CDS为1 176 bp,5'UTR 44 bp和3'UTR 12 bp,编码391个氨基酸残基,山羊Wnt10b氨基酸序列与绵羊的氨基酸序列同源性达98%;Wnt10b m RNA在山羊脂肪组织中表达水平最高,极显著高于其他组织(p0.01);Wnt10b m RNA随着山羊肌内前体脂肪细胞和成肌细胞的分化表达呈上升趋势,但其在皮下前体脂肪细胞中的表达模式却相反。结果表明,山羊Wnt10b基因在脂肪组织中表达水平最高,可能在脂肪沉积和脂代谢中发挥重要的调控作用,但在皮下和肌内前体脂肪细胞成脂分化的表达模式不同,提示该基因在山羊不同部位脂肪沉积中可能发挥不同的调控作用。     

香猪雌激素受体α、β基因cDNA的克隆及分析

本文采用RT-PCR技术,分别从香猪的子宫和卵巢总RNA中扩增了雌激素受体α和β(Erα、Erβ)两种cDNA,分别长1788 bp和1581 bp,包括起始密码子和终止密码子,碱基序列与大白猪的Erα、Erβ基因的相似性为99.3%和99.6%.Erα、Erβ两个基因编码595、526个氨基酸,N-末端的20、24个氨基酸残基为信号肽,成熟肽序列与大白猪之间均有4个氨基酸不同.三维结构分析发现,与大白猪相比,香猪Erα成熟肽第192、231位氨基酸由Ser、Met变为Gly、Thr,位于DNA结合结构域,成熟肽438位氨基酸由Val变为Gly,位于Erα的配体结合结构域;Erβ成熟肽中,167位和360位氨基酸由Asp和Phe变为Glu和Pro,位于受体的DNA结合域和配体结合域,这五个位点的氨基酸替代可能影响Ers蛋白与雌激素受体应答元件、雌激素等配体的结合,改变相关基因的转录效率,并可能影响香猪的卵巢、子宫等繁殖系统的发育,与香猪的低繁殖力有关     

雌激素相关受体 ERR 的功能及其调控

雌激素相关受体 (estrogen -related receptor , ERR) 属于核受体超家族,是第一个发现的孤儿核受体,包括 ERRα, ERRβ和 ERRγ . ERR 的生物学功能主要体现在以不同的方式参与雌激素信号途径, ERR 与雌激素受体 (estrogen receptor , ER) 在骨骼组织和乳腺组织中拥有共同的靶基因,其中 ERRα和 ERRγ的表达状况还可作为乳腺癌诊断标志 . 另外, ERR 还在代谢调控中起重要作用 . 由于至今未在体内找到 ERR 的小分子配体,因而找到 ERR 活性调节因子对理解与雌激素相关的疾病如骨质疏松症、乳腺癌和糖尿病等将是非常有用的 .     

过表达鸡Gata2或Gata3基因抑制Pparγ基因的转录

脂肪细胞分化是脂肪组织发育的一个重要过程. 目前,鸡脂肪细胞分化的分子调控机制还不十分清楚. 哺乳动物的研究结果表明,转录因子GATA结合蛋白2(Gata2)和GATA结合蛋白3(Gata3)具有抑制脂肪细胞分化的功能,它们在白色脂肪组织和棕色脂肪组织中的表达模式不同. 鸡没有棕色脂肪组织,目前还没有关于Gata2 和Gata3作用于鸡脂肪细胞分化的研究报道. 本研究利用半定量RT PCR的方法分析了Gata2和Gata3基因在鸡腹部脂肪组织和前脂肪细胞中的表达规律,发现鸡腹部脂肪组织中高水平表达Gata2 基因,低水平表达Gata3基因|鸡前脂肪细胞中Gata2 基因的表达水平远高于Gata3基因的表达水平,油酸诱导分化后的鸡前脂肪细胞Gata2基因的表达水平明显下调.此外,鸡过氧化物酶体增殖体激活受体γ(Pparγ)启动子（－1985/－89）报告基因荧光素活性分析和半定量RT PCP发现,在DF1细胞中过表达Gata2 或Gata3抑制鸡PPARγ基因的转录. 本研究结果为进一步研究鸡脂肪细胞分化的分子调控机制和Gata2和Gata3基因的生物学功能提供了参考.     

中华蜜蜂气味受体基因AcerOR58的序列与时空表达分析

[目的]通过分析中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana气味受体基因AcerOR58编码蛋白的理化性质、结构特征,明确AcerOR58时空表达特性,为该基因后续的功能研究奠定基础.[方法]利用多种生物信息学软件预测分析AcerOR58序列及其编码蛋白的结构特性,采用邻接法构建系统进化树.利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析AcerOR58在不同发育阶段工蜂触角及采集蜂不同组织的表达差异.[结果]AcerOR58基因的开放阅读框(ORF)长1 230 bp,编码409个氨基酸,成熟蛋白分子量为47.147 ku,理论等电点8.46,无信号肽,含有6个跨膜结构且N端位于胞内,31个潜在的磷酸化位点,在第80-405位氨基酸之间存在一个昆虫气味受体家族7tm_6 superfamily保守结构域.AcerOR58与西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera的AmelOR58亲缘关系最近,核苷酸序列一致性高达96.67％,氨基酸序列一致性高达97.31％.AcerOR58在采集蜂(15-25日龄)阶段的表达量较高,且在触角中的表达量极显著高于其他组织(P＜0.01).[结论]AcerOR58具有昆虫气味受体的结构特征,该基因特异性高表达于中华蜜蜂采集蜂触角中,推测其功能与识别外界蜜粉源的花香气味物质有关.     

Oestrogen‐related receptor alpha inverse agonist XCT‐790 arrests A549 lung cancer cell population growth by inducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production

Objective: Although oestrogen‐related receptor α (ERRα) is primarily thought to regulate energy homeostasis, it also serves as a prognostic marker for cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate any connection between ERRα activity and cell population growth. Materials and methods: XCT‐790, an ERRa specific inverse agonist, was employed to suppress ERRa activity in human non‐small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC) A549. Gene expressions were detected using quantitative real‐time PCR and Western blot analysis. Mitochondrial mass, membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were measured by staining with Mitotracker green, JC‐1 and CM‐H₂DCFDA dyes respectively. Rate of progression through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was analysed by measuring activities of citrate synthase and succinate dehydrogenase. Cell cycle analysis was performed by using flow cytometry. Results: We found that XCT‐790 treatment reduced mitochondrial mass but enhanced mitochondrial ROS production by increasing rate through the TCA cycle, elevating mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ_m) and down‐regulating expression of superoxide dismutase. It was further demonstrated that XCT‐790‐induced ROS modulated p53 and Rb signalling pathways and suppressed cell replication. Conclusions: ERRα affects cell cycle mechanisms through modulating mitochondrial mass and function. Dysregulation of this essential pathway leads to elevation in mitochondrial ROS production, which in turn modulates activities of tumour suppressors, resulting in cell cycle arrest.     

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibits adipocyte differentiation and mediates TNFα action in obesity

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a negative regulator of systemic glucose and insulin homeostasis; however, its exact role in adipocytes is poorly understood. This study was to elucidate the role of PTP1B in adipocyte differentiation and its implication in obesity. During differentiation of 3T3-L1 white preadipocytes, PTP1B decreased progressively with adipocyte maturation. Lentivirus-mediated PTP1B overexpression in preadipocytes delayed adipocyte differentiation, shown as lack of mature adipocytes, low level of lipid accumulation, and down-regulation of main markers (PPARγ2, SREBP-1c, FAS and LPL). In contrast, lentivirus-mediated PTP1B knockdown accelerated adipocyte differentiation, demonstrated as full of mature adipocytes, high level of lipid accumulation, and up-regulation of main markers. Dominant-negative inhibition on endogenous PTP1B by lentivirus-mediated overexpression of PTP1B double mutant in Tyr-46 and Asp-181 residues (LV-D/A-Y/F) also stimulated adipogenesis, more efficient than PTP1B knockdown. Diet-induced obesity mice exhibited an up-regulation of PTP1B and TNFα accompanied by a down-regulation of PPARγ2 in white adipose tissue. TNFα recombinant protein impeded PTP1B reduction and inhibited adipocyte differentiation in vitro; this inhibitory effect was prevented by LV-D/A-Y/F. Moreover, PTP1B inhibitor treatment improved adipogenesis and suppressed TNFα in adipose tissue of obese mice. All together, PTP1B negatively regulates adipocyte development and may mediate TNFα action to impair adipocyte differentiation in obesity. Our study provides novel evidence for the importance of PTP1B in obesity and for the potential application of PTP1B inhibitors.     

Development of a stable cell line with an intact PGC-1α/ERRα axis for screening environmental chemicals

The estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) play critical roles in the control of several physiological functions, including the regulation of genes involved in energy homeostasis. However, little is known about the ability of environmental chemicals to disrupt or modulate this important bioenergetics pathway in humans. The goal of this study was to develop a cell-based assay system with an intact PGC-1α/ERRα axis that could be used as a screening assay for detecting such chemicals. To this end, we successfully generated several stable cell lines expressing PGC-1α and showed that the reporter driven by the native ERRα hormone response unit (AAB-Luc) is active in these cell lines and that the activation is PGC-1α-dependent. Furthermore, we show that this activation can be blocked by the ERRα selective inverse agonist, XCT790. In addition, we find that genistein and bisphenol A further stimulate the reporter activity, while kaempferol has minimal effect. These cell lines will be useful for identifying environmental chemicals that modulate this important pathway.     

Fat-specific protein 27, a novel lipid droplet protein that enhances triglyceride storage

Fat-specific protein (FSP)27/Cidec is most highly expressed in white and brown adipose tissues and increases in abundance by over 50-fold during adipogenesis. However, its function in adipocytes has remained elusive since its discovery over 15 years ago. Here we demonstrate that FSP27/Cidec localizes to lipid droplets in cultured adipocytes and functions to promote lipid accumulation. Ectopically expressed FSP27-GFP surrounds lipid droplets in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and colocalizes with the known lipid droplet protein perilipin. Immunostaining of endogenous FSP27 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes also confirmed its presence on lipid droplets. FSP27-GFP expression also markedly increases lipid droplet size and enhances accumulation of total neutral lipids in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes as well as other cell types such as COS cells. Conversely, RNA interference-based FSP27/Cidec depletion in mature adipocytes significantly stimulates lipolysis and reduces the size of lipid droplets. These data reveal FSP27/Cidec as a novel adipocyte lipid droplet protein that negatively regulates lipolysis and promotes triglyceride accumulation.     

Roles for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and PPARγ coactivators 1α and 1β in regulating response of white and brown adipocytes to hypoxia

Obese white adipose tissue is hypoxic but is incapable of inducing compensatory angiogenesis. Brown adipose tissue is highly vascularized, facilitating delivery of nutrients to brown adipocytes for heat production. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which white and brown adipocytes respond to hypoxia. Brown adipocytes produced lower amounts of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) than white adipocytes in response to low O(2) but induced higher levels of hypoxia-associated genes. The response of white adipocytes to hypoxia required HIF-1α, but its presence alone was incapable of inducing target gene expression under normoxic conditions. In addition to the HIF-1α targets, hypoxia also induced many inflammatory genes. Exposure of white adipocytes to a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) ligand (troglitazone) attenuated induction of these genes but enhanced expression of the HIF-1α targets. Knockdown of PPARγ in mature white adipocytes prevented the usual robust induction of HIF-1α targets in response to hypoxia. Similarly, knockdown of PPARγ coactivator (PGC) 1β in PGC-1α-deficient brown adipocytes eliminated their response to hypoxia. These data demonstrate that the response of white adipocytes requires HIF-1α but also depends on PPARγ in white cells and the PPARγ cofactors PGC-1α and PGC-1β in brown cells.     

Effects of fetal versus postnatal sera upon adipose tissue stromal-vascular cells in primary culture

Summary This experiment was conducted to determine if serum factors are responsible for differences in cellularity of prenatal and postnatal pig adipose tissue as determined by in vitro measurement of cellular proliferation and enzyme-histochemical metabolic development. Cellular proliferation of stromal-vascular cells derived from rat inguinal adipose tissue was measured by [³H]-thymidine incorporation. Coverslip cultures were used for analysis of histochemical differentiation. Cells were incubated in media containing 10% fetal bovine, fetal pig, mature pig, or various combinations of these sera. Fetal bovine serum promoted more [³H]-thymidine incorporation than fetal or postnatal pig sera. Fetal pig sera also stimulated more [³H]-thymidine incorporation than mature pig sera. Sera from adult pigs promoted differentiation and lipid filling of adipocytes. Fetal pig sera stimulated histochemical expression of enzymes, but did not induce lipid filling. Fetal bovine serum produced histochemically undifferentiated cells. Addition of fetal bovine serum to media containing mature pig sera reduced lipid accumulation and histochemical reactivity of cells. This effect of fetal serum was thus due to specific inhibition of lipid deposition and not substrate restriction. These experiments demonstrated that serum factors have a major influence on morphological development of fetal and postnatal adipose tissue.     

Overexpression of a short human seipin/BSCL2 isoform in mouse adipose tissue results in mild lipodystrophy

Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy type 2 (BSCL2) is a recessive disorder characterized by an almost complete loss of adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and fatty liver. BSCL2 is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the BSCL2/seipin gene, which encodes seipin. The essential role for seipin in adipogenesis has recently been established both in vitro and in vivo. However, seipin is highly upregulated at later stages of adipocyte development, and its role in mature adipocytes remains to be elucidated. We therefore generated transgenic mice overexpressing a short isoform of human BSCL2 gene (encoding 398 amino acids) using the adipocyte-specific aP2 promoter. The transgenic mice produced ～150% more seipin than littermate controls in white adipose tissue. Surprisingly, the increased expression of seipin markedly reduced the mass of white adipose tissue and the size of adipocytes and lipid droplets. This may be due in part to elevated lipolysis rates in the transgenic mice. Moreover, there was a nearly 50% increase in the triacylglycerol content of transgenic liver. These results suggest that seipin promotes the differentiation of preadipocytes but may inhibit lipid storage in mature adipocytes.