脂蟾毒配基诱导人肝癌细胞凋亡作用的研究

目的 通过体外脂蟾毒配基对人肝癌细胞（Bel7402）的凋亡诱导作用,为研究其抑制肿瘤细胞生长的作用机制提供依据。方法 通过应用流式细胞光度术检测细胞凋亡;采用细胞免疫细胞化学显色检测和Western blotting分析凋亡相关基因蛋白的表达来研究脂蟾毒配基对人肝癌细胞（Bel7402）凋亡的诱导作用。结果 表明脂蟾毒配基能够诱导Bel7402细胞发生凋亡,凋亡率大于50%;脂蟾毒配基提取液(浓度1.0 μm）作用于Bel7402细胞24小时后,bc1-2蛋白的表达下调,到48、72小时后下调更明显;而Bax蛋白的表达从24小时后开始上调,到48、72小时后表达上调明显。使用方差分析法与对照组相比较,P<0.05 ,统计学有显著意义。结论 提示诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡可能是脂蟾毒配基抑制、杀伤人肝癌细胞的机制之一。     

重组腺病毒Ad-PTEN-EGFP对肺癌细胞A549的体外实验研究

目的探讨Ad-PTEN-EGFP对肺癌细胞株A549的体外杀伤作用及机制。方法观察Ad-PTEN-EGFP感染肺腺癌A549细胞后的形态学变化;检测PTEN基因和蛋白在A549细胞中的转录及表达;观察Ad-PTEN-EGFP对A549细胞生长抑制作用;检测Ad-PTEN-EGFP对A549细胞凋亡率的作用。结果 Ad-PTEN-EGFP感染A549细胞后细胞形态明显出现变化,生长受到抑制,而其他对照组细胞正常生长;Ad-PTEN-EGFP感染A549细胞后可表达PTEN基因和PTEN蛋白;与对照组比较,Ad-PTEN-EGFP感染A549细胞后能明显抑制细胞的生长速度,并随着时间的延长其抑制率越强(P0.05);与对照组比较,Ad-PTEN-EGFP感染A549细胞后,细胞的凋亡率明显升高(P0.05)。结论 Ad-PTEN-EGFP能够有效抑制A549细胞的生长增殖,并诱导和促进A549细胞的凋亡。     

铜绿假单胞菌及L型诱导巨噬细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的研究铜绿假单胞菌（PA）及L型诱导巨噬细胞凋亡的能力,比较二者的差异。方法用生物素断端标记（TUNEL）法检测PA及L型感染巨噬细胞2、4、8、12、16和20h后各时间段的细胞凋亡率,Giemsa染色观察细胞凋亡情况,硝酸还原酶法检测培养液中一氧化氮（NO）的浓度变化。结果 PA及L型能诱导巨噬细胞发生凋亡,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;L型诱导细胞的凋亡率弱于原菌（P〈0.05）;PA及L型感染组培养液NO浓度较对照组明显升高（P〈0.05）。结论 PA及L型可诱导巨噬细胞发生凋亡,L型较其原型诱导细胞凋亡的能力弱,NO可能在巨噬细胞凋亡中发挥一定作用。PA及L型可通过诱导巨噬细胞凋亡,发挥致病作用。     

氯胺酮麻醉对乳鼠脑细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨临床上常用的麻醉剂氯胺酮对乳鼠脑细胞凋亡的影响。方法新生7日龄SD大鼠15只,随机分成3组：氯胺酮低剂量组、高剂量组分别腹腔注射20 mg/kg、80 mg/kg氯胺酮,对照组给予等量的生理盐水。麻醉后24 h,取脑组织作HE染色,用TUNEL法检测脑细胞的凋亡情况,用免疫组织化学法检测Caspase-3的表达水平。结果与对照组比较,氯胺酮低剂量组的凋亡细胞增多但不明显（P〉0.05）,神经元核固缩和Caspase-3阳性细胞数明显增多（P〈0.05）;氯胺酮高剂量组的凋亡细胞数、神经元核固缩及Caspase-3阳性细胞数显著性增加（P〈0.05）。神经元核固缩、凋亡细胞和Caspase-3阳性细胞均以皮层区多见。结论 80 mg/kg氯胺酮可引起乳鼠脑细胞凋亡,以皮层区为主,Caspase-3的激活可能是其作用机制之一;20 mg/kg氯胺酮对乳鼠脑细胞凋亡的影响较轻微,其临床等效剂量为3 mg/kg。氯胺酮小儿麻醉用量不宜过多,避免引起脑细胞的凋亡。     

细胞凋亡与肿瘤

一、细胞凋亡的机制 （一）凋亡过程中关键的生化事件 （二）Bcl-2家族蛋白 （三）凋亡抑制蛋白家族（IAPs） （四）p53 （五）相关证据 （六）基因敲除和转基因鼠体内实验结果 二、抗癌药物能诱导细胞凋亡,也能直接杀伤细胞 （一）直接毒性作用与诱导细胞凋亡的应激反应 （二）治疗指数与正常细胞的凋亡     

无花果果浆对肿瘤细胞增殖抑制和诱导凋亡作用

为了探讨无花果果浆(Fig fruit latex,FFL)对人肿瘤细胞的生长抑制作用及其机制,用无花果果浆处理体外培养的人肿瘤细胞,细胞增殖试验(MTT法)、克隆形成试验研究FFL对人肿瘤细胞的增殖抑制作用,Brdu掺人试验、吖啶橙/溴乙啶(AO/EB)染色、流式细胞术检测FFL对肿瘤细胞DNA合成、凋亡和细胞周期的影响.结果,用FFL处理后,肿瘤细胞增殖活性降低(P＜0.05),克隆形成下降(P＜0.05),Brdu标记指数降低(P＜0.05),吖啶橙染色凋亡细胞增多(P＜0.05);细胞周期分布改变,凋亡指数升高(P＜0.01),G0/G1期细胞数增加(P＜0.01),S期细胞数减少(P＜0.01),在一定剂量内对正常细胞无明显影响.试验结果提示,FFL对所试肿瘤细胞的增殖有显著地抑制作用,其作用机理可能与抑制肿瘤细胞DNA合成,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡及细胞周期阻滞有关.     

艰难梭菌毒素A对胆管癌细胞株FRH-0201增殖和凋亡的影响

目的：研究艰难梭菌毒素A（TcdA）对人胆管癌细胞株FRH-0201细胞凋亡影响及作用机制。方法：采用MTT法检测细胞增殖抑制率,荧光染色检测TcdA作用后细胞形态学变化,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,免疫细胞化学法检测Bcl-2表达水平,Caspase3活性检测试剂盒检测Caspase-3的活性。结果：TcdA能抑制胆管癌细胞株FRH-0201细胞增殖且呈时间、剂量依赖性,荧光染色和流式细胞仪检测到细胞凋亡,与对照组相比,TcdA作用后Bcl-2蛋白表达下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,Caspase-3活性增强,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：TcdA可以通过下调Bcl-2蛋白表达表达,激活Caspase-3而诱导FRH-0201细胞凋亡。     

明日叶查尔酮对小鼠肝癌细胞PCNA和BCL-2蛋白表达影响

目的：研究明日叶（Angelica keiskei Koidz）查尔酮对小鼠肝癌细胞PCNA和BCL-2蛋白表达的影响。方法：将50只皮下接种肝癌H22细胞株的小鼠随机分为5组,每组10只。高、中、低剂量组分别每日经口灌胃给予40、20、5mg/kg的查尔酮,肿瘤对照组给予等量生理盐水,连续10d,环磷酰胺组隔天腹腔注射环磷酰胺20mg/kg。取肝癌组织用四甲基偶氮噻唑蓝（MTT）法测各组小鼠肝癌细胞增殖活性,免疫组化法检测各组肝癌细胞增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）和凋亡相关蛋白BCL-2表达水平。结果：高剂量查尔酮组和肿瘤对照组的肝癌细胞增殖活性分别为（0.716±0.018）和（1.135±0.032）,差别有显著性（P〈0.05）。高剂量组PCNA和BCL-2蛋白表达率分别为28.33%和16.77%,肿瘤对照组分别为72.77%和65.17%,差异均有显著性（P〈0.05）。结论：查尔酮可降低小鼠肝癌细胞PCNA和BCL-2表达水平,对肝癌细胞增殖有一定抑制作用。     

补骨脂素抑制膀胱癌T24细胞增殖和迁移的作用及机制研究

目的探讨补骨脂素对人膀胱癌T24细胞存活率、细胞周期、细胞凋亡和迁移的影响及其分子机制。 方法分别用细胞培养液、3‰二甲基亚砜（DMSO）和不同浓度（10、30、50、100 μg/mL）补骨脂素处理膀胱癌细胞分成对照组、DMSO组和补骨脂素组,CCK-8检测细胞存活率。流式细胞术检测细胞周期和细胞凋亡。划痕实验检测划痕愈合率。RT-qPCR法检测磷脂酰肌醇3激酶（PI3K）和蛋白激酶B （AKT） mRNA表达水平、Western blot法检测PI3K和AKT蛋白的表达及磷酸化情况。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD-t检验。 结果与DMSO组比较,除10 μg/mL补骨脂素作用24 h外,其余浓度补骨脂素作用不同时间的细胞存活率随着补骨脂素浓度增高、作用时间延长而逐渐降低（P < 0.05）。与DMSO组比较,30、100 μg/mL补骨脂素干预24 h后,G1期细胞比例增多,G2/M期比例减少,细胞凋亡率[（9.16±0.97）%、（15.45±1.57）%比（1.02±0.36）%]升高,划痕愈合率[24 h：（45.00±3.44）%、（27.60±2.21）%比（66.10±2.61）%,48 h：（70.00 ± 3.40）%、（45.17±2.44）%比（85.17±3.85）%]降低,PI3K、AKT mRNA表达以及PI3K、AKT蛋白表达水平和磷酸化水平均降低（P均< 0.05）。 结论补骨脂素降低膀胱癌细胞存活率、阻滞细胞周期、诱导细胞凋亡和抑制细胞迁移,其机制可能与下调PI3K、AKT mRNA、蛋白表达及磷酸化水平有关。     

曲古霉素A诱导人膀胱癌细胞周期阻滞和凋亡的研究

目的:探讨组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂曲古霉素A(TSA)对人膀胱癌T24细胞周期和凋亡的影响。方法:以不同剂量TSA(0.1μM,0.3μM和1μM)处理T24细胞。采用MTT法检测细胞存活率,AnnexinV-PI染色检测细胞凋亡,流式细胞仪检测caspase-3活性,Western blot法检测P21蛋白表达。结果:TSA剂量依赖性降低膀胱癌细胞存活率,促进细胞凋亡,表现为AnnexinV阳性细胞明显增多,同时活化的caspase-3水平增高。TSA还可通过诱导膀胱癌细胞周期阻滞于G2/M期抑制细胞生长,且呈剂量依赖性。结论:TSA通过促进caspase-3激活诱导膀胱癌细胞凋亡,同时诱导细胞阻滞于G2/M期。     

Enhanced levels of the apoptotic BAX/BCL-2 ratio in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and high-risk features

It has been suggested that leukemia is characterized by an impaired balance between the proliferation of blood cells and their capacity to undergo apoptosis. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of key molecules related to apoptosis (BCL-2, BAX, FAS, FAS-L) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Measurement of BCL-2 and BAX mRNA was performed by quantitative real-time PCR, and membrane expression of FAS and FAS-L was assessed by flow cytometry in bone marrow mononuclear cells, both at diagnosis and at remission following induction chemotherapy. At diagnosis, increased levels of the apoptotic BAX/BCL-2 ratio were observed in children older than 10 years and with higher white blood cell counts. A DNA index < 1.16 was associated with increased BAX/BCL-2, both at diagnosis and at remission, and the del(9p) chromosome abnormality with increased BAX/BCL-2 at remission. The expression of the apoptotic receptor FAS was significantly higher at remission compared to diagnosis, which might reflect enhanced sensitivity of the leukemic clone to apoptosis and response to treatment. Altogether, our results highlight the association of apoptosis-related genes with clinical and cytogenetic prognostic parameters in pediatric ALL. A better understanding of the mechanisms and regulation of apoptosis should enable the design of novel targeted therapies for these patients.     

Overexpression of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) increases gemcitabine sensitivity in pancreatic cancer cells through S‐phase arrest and apoptosis

We previously established a role for HSP27 as a predictive marker for therapeutic response towards gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. Here, we investigate the underlying mechanisms of HSP27‐mediated gemcitabine sensitivity. Utilizing a pancreatic cancer cell model with stable HSP27 overexpression, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction were analysed by flow cytometry, nuclear staining, immunoblotting and mitochondrial staining. Drug sensitivity studies were performed by proliferation assays. Hyperthermia was simulated using mild heat shock at 41.8°C. Upon gemcitabine treatment, HSP27‐overexpressing cells displayed an early S‐phase arrest subsequently followed by a strongly increased sub‐G1 fraction. Apoptosis was characterized by PARP‐, CASPASE 3‐, CASPASE 8‐, CASPASE 9‐ and BIM‐ activation along with a mitochondrial membrane potential loss. It was reversible through chemical caspase inhibition. Importantly, gemcitabine sensitivity and PARP cleavage were also elicited by heat shock‐induced HSP27 overexpression, although to a smaller extent, in a panel of pancreatic cancer cell lines. Finally, HSP27‐overexpressing pancreatic cancer cells displayed an increased sensitivity also towards death receptor‐targeting agents, suggesting another pro‐apoptotic role of HSP27 along the extrinsic apoptosis pathway. Taken together, in contrast to the well‐established anti‐apoptotic properties of HSP27 in cancer, our study reveals novel pro‐apoptotic functions of HSP27—mediated through both the intrinsic and the extrinsic apoptotic pathways—at least in pancreatic cancer cells. HSP27 could represent a predictive marker of therapeutic response towards specific drug classes in pancreatic cancer and provides a novel molecular rationale for current clinical trials applying the combination of gemcitabine with regional hyperthermia in pancreatic cancer patients.     

Mechanisms of apoptosis regulation by viral oncogenes in infection and tumorigenesis

Apoptosis mediated by the proapoptotic BCL-2 family members BCL-2-associated X-protein (BAX) and BCL-2 antagonist/killer (BAK) is part of the antiviral response at the cellular level to limit virus replication. Viruses, in turn, have evolved to encode antiapoptotic BCL-2 homologs (v-BCL-2s) to prevent the premature death of the infected host cell to sustain virus replication. These same v-BCL-2 proteins cooperate with loss of retinoblastoma protein and p53 tumor suppressor function, by inactivating the BAX and BAK apoptotic pathway to promote epithelial solid tumor growth and resistance to chemotherapy. Analogously to infected cells, failure of apoptosis in tumors permits the survival of abnormal, damaged cells displaying chromosome instability that may further promote tumor progression. Thus, both infected cells and tumor cells require inhibition of the apoptotic host defense mechanism, the insights from which can be exploited for therapy development.     

下调脂肪酸合成酶表达对膀胱癌UMUC3细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭能力的影响*

目的: 研究脂肪酸合成酶(FASN)表达对膀胱癌UMUC3细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭的影响,探讨其内在可能机制。方法:免疫组化法检测30例膀胱癌和15例正常膀胱组织FASN蛋白的表达;用脂质体2000分别转染FASN siRNA和无义siRNA至UMUC3细胞,筛选、鉴定siFASN和siControl稳定的细胞,siFASN组细胞设为实验组,siControl组设为对照组;采用蛋白印迹法(Western blot)和实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)法分别检测siFASN组和siControl组细胞FASN蛋白及mRNA的表达,MTT法检测siFASN组和siControl组细胞增殖情况,划痕试验、Transwell试验分别检测siFASN组和siControl组细胞迁移、侵袭能力。结果:FASN蛋白在膀胱癌组织中过表达,且与病理分期、分级密切相关(P＜0.05)。与siControl组相比,siFASN组细胞FASN mRNA及蛋白表达下调(P＜0.05),细胞增殖活力明显下降(P＜0.05),迁移能力明显下降(P＜0.05),穿膜细胞数量明显减少(P＜0.05)。结论:FASN过表达在膀胱癌发生、发展中发挥重要作用,下调FASN表达能抑制膀胱癌细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭能力,抑制FASN表达有望成为一种新的膀胱癌治疗方法。     

miR-424-5p通过下调BCL-2的表达抑制人肺癌A549细胞增殖

microRNAs(miRNAs)是一类在真核生物中广泛存在的长度约为20～22个核苷酸的单链非编码小RNA,通过与其靶基因mRNA的3′非翻译区（3′UTR）结合发挥转录后抑制作用,参与调节细胞生长增殖、细胞代谢、细胞凋亡以及肿瘤的发生发展等过程。为研究microRNA-424-5p（miR-424-5p）在肺癌细胞中的作用及机理,利用lipo2000转染试剂将miR-424-5p mimics转染入人的非小细胞型肺癌细胞(NSCLC)A549中,流式细胞术检测A549细胞的周期变化及凋亡情况,发现细胞生长阻滞于G1/G0期且凋亡率显著上升。利用克隆形成实验和CCK-8法分别检测,发现miR-424-5p导致A549细胞增殖能力及活力降低。用在线数据库预测出抗凋亡基因BCL-2可能是miR-424-5p的靶基因,随后扩增BCL-2 mRNA 的3′UTR,采用双荧光素酶报告实验及Western印迹检测证明BCL-2确为miR-424-5p的靶基因。构建BCL-2的真核表达载体pCMV-HA-BCL-2,与空载分别转染A549细胞后发现过表达BCL-2可抵消miR-424-5p引起的细胞周期阻滞及细胞凋亡。以上结果提示,miR-424-5p可以通过下调BCL-2的表达来抑制肺癌细胞增殖。     

miR-30 functions as an oncomiR in gastric cancer cells through regulation of P53-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway

The present study was designed to investigate the role of miR-30 in the development of Gastric cancer (GC). miR-30 expression was increased in GC tissues and cell lines. Downregulation of miR-30 inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis in HGC-27 cells. Upregulation of miR-30 enhanced the proliferation and inhibited apoptosis. P53 expression was decreased in GC tissues. P53 expression was correlated with miR-30 expression. Downregulation of miR-30 increased P53 expression. Knockdown of P53 inhibited miR-30-inhibitor-induced suppression of cell proliferation and increase of apoptosis. Downregulation of miR-30 increased ROS generation which was inhibited by shP53. miR-30 inhibitors induced a decrease in mitochondrial oxygen consumption, cytoplasmic release of cytochrome c, and activation of Caspase 3 and 9, activating mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Downregulation of P53 and N-acetyl-cysteine suppressed miR-30 inhibitors-activated mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptotic events. In conclusion, we identified that miR-30 functioned as a potential oncomiR through P53/ROS-mediated regulation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.     

刺参酸性粘多糖对人宫颈癌Hela细胞株增殖的影响

目的:研究刺参酸性粘多糖(SJAMP)对人宫颈癌Hela细胞株增殖的影响,并探讨其可能的作用机制.方法:体外培养Hela细胞;采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝比色法(MTT法)测定SJAMP对Hela细胞的增殖抑制率;免疫细胞化学法检测SJAMP对Hela细胞内突变型P53、细胞周期抑制蛋白P21表达的影响.结果:SJAMP在体外抑制Hela细胞生长呈时效和量效关系;与对照组比,各SJAMP浓度组均能影响细胞周期调控因子p53、p21蛋白的表达:降低p53蛋白的表达(p＜0.05),刺激p21蛋白的表达(p＜0.05).结论:SJAMP可能通过调整细胞周期调节蛋白而在体外对宫颈癌Hela细胞起到生长抑制作用.     

Clustering of apoptotic cells via bystander killing by peroxides.

Clustering of apoptotic cells is a characteristic of many developing or renewing systems, suggesting that apoptotic cells kill bystanders. Bystander killing can be triggered experimentally by inducing apoptosis in single cells and may be based on the exchange of as yet unidentified chemical cell death signals between nearby cells without the need for cell-to-cell communication via gap junctions. Here we demonstrate that apoptotic cell clusters occurred spontaneously, after serum deprivation or p53 transfection in cell monolayers in vitro. Clustering was apparently induced through bystander killing by primary apoptotic cells. Catalase, a peroxide scavenger, suppressed bystander killing, suggesting that hydrogen peroxide generated by apoptotic cells is the death signal. Although p53 expression increased the number of apoptoses, clustering was found to be similar around apoptotic cells whether or not p53 was expressed, indicating that there is no specific p53 contribution to bystander killing. Bystander killing through peroxides emitted by apoptotic cells may propagate tissue injury in different pathological situations and be relevant in chemo-, gamma-ray, and gene therapy of cancer.